广西铁山港海域环境现状分析评价及变化研究

依据2011年3月和9月在广西北海市铁山港附近海域进行的海洋环境综合调查结果,应用水质标准指数法、富营养化指数法、营养状态质量指数法和有机污染综合指数法对该海域的海水水质的现状和季节间的变化进行了分析和评价,结合历史资料探讨了主要污染因子在近30 a间的累年变化趋势。结果显示:该海域2011年3月和9月表层海水各评价要素中分别有部分超过一类海水水质标准,但基本符合海水水质二类标准,最主要的污染因子为无机氮、活性磷酸盐和化学耗氧量,主要污染区域位于铁山港和营盘港附近海域;近30 a间主要环境因子的变化趋势总体水平是逐渐增加的;该海域整体的富营养化水平处于季节性富营养化状态,春季为贫营养化,秋季为富营养化临界状态;该海域正处于开始受到有机污染的阶段。     

龙口附近海域海水现状分析及变化趋势研究

依据2010年11月秋季在龙口附近海域进行的海洋环境综合调查结果,应用水质标准指数法、富营养化指数法和有机污染综合指数法对该海域的海水水质现状进行了分析和评价,结合历史资料探讨了主要污染因子在近25年间的累年变化趋势。结果显示:该海域2010年11月表层海水中各评价要素基本符合海水水质二类标准,最主要的污染物为石油类;近25年间主要污染因子的变化趋势总体是增加的,但相对幅度不大;该海域整体的富营养化水平处于临界状态,正处于开始受到有机污染的阶段。     

湛江港湾域水质状况调查及其评价

根据1998年11月到2001年5月对湛江港湾海域6期的监测结果，初步探讨了该海域环境因子的变化特征和营养水平。结果表明，该海域水质处于高氮状态，pH、SS、DO和CODcr的含量符合GB3097-1997第二类海水水质标准；DIN和油类超过第二类海水水质标准；DRP含量的逐年增高，湛江港湾海域目前已处于中度富营养化水平阶段。     

丹东近岸海域水质污染现状及防治

对北黄海丹东近岸海域海水污染源、监测点位设置、监测频次基本情况的调查的基础上，采用GB3097—1997《海水水质标准》，运用综合污染指数法、污染分担率法，对2002年2004年三年的水质监测数据进行了评价分析，分析表明，北黄海丹东近岸海域水质主要污染物监测指标的平均值都达到Ⅱ类和Ⅳ类环境水质标准，并接近Ⅰ类水质标准，水质状况良好，但有受到污染的趋势。为确保海域水质不遭到污染和破坏，保持海洋经济的持续发展，结合丹东地区实际情况，提出水质污染防治对策。     

粤东柘林湾海域人工鱼礁投放前海水环境质量分析与评价

2007年9月丰水期间对广东省饶平县柘林湾附近海域七星礁和虎屿2个拟建人工鱼礁区海水环境质量进行了调查分析,分别采用水质单项标准指数法、综合污染指数WQI法、富营养化评价法和有机污染评价法对该海域海水环境质量进行了比较分析和评价.结果表明:该调查海域海水中主要污染物为石油类和重金属Pb,平均浓度分别为0.075 mg/...     

2009-2018年天津近岸海域水质状况及变化趋势分析

本文基于天津近岸海域2009－2018年的调查资料,系统分析了海水水质污染状况、变化趋势以及不同环境监测项目水质类别的情况。结果表明,天津近岸海域海水水质总体上呈现逐渐好转的趋势,但趋势并不明显,尚未形成根本改善的态势;主要污染物为氮和磷,化学需氧量（COD）和石油类的污染不明显,重金属浓度基本处于优良水质的范围;陆源输入是该海域主要污染物的主要来源,但大气沉降和海水养殖的输入也不可忽视;围填海工程对纳潮量和局地水动力的改变会导致沿岸区域物质的输运受阻,导致污染物集聚而影响局部海域的水质。建议在严控氮、磷污染物陆源排海的同时,加强对大气输入和水产养殖业的监管,优化产业结构,制定精准减排方案,确保陆海统筹下渤海湾环境保护与经济社会发展的和谐统一。     

连云港港口海域主要污染物环境容量研究

较为系统地研究了港口海域水质观状及发展趋势,在对入海污染源、污染物进行全面调查的基础上,对水质现状进行了监测评价,并利用港湾水体动力学数学模型计算主要污染物COD、活性磷酸盐、无机氮、石油类等的环境容量,对港口海域入海污染物总量控制研究奠定基础.     

象山港海域N、P污染特征及潜在性富营养化程度评价

根据2002年4～9月份象山港海域表层海水N、P营养盐监测基础资料,分析探讨了象山港海域在赤潮多发期N、P污染的时空变化特征,并利用潜在性富营养化评价模式,对整个象山港海域水质富营养化程度进行了评价。结果表明：在赤潮多发期,象山港海域水质N、P污染严重,表层海水DIN指标数倍于Ⅳ类海水最大允许值,明显呈现高N、低P的污染特征;由于受港湾季节性生态环境的演变和陆源径流的影响,象山港海域N、P污染存在明显的空间分异和时间变化特征。NO2-N含量也会因硝化细菌活动的加剧而增加;潜在性富营养化评价结果表明：在赤潮多发期,整个象山港海域由于P的限制,总体上处于潜在性富营养化阶段。     

湛江港湾海域水质状况调查及其评价

根据 1 998年 1 1月到 2 0 0 1年 5月对湛江港湾海域 6期的监测结果 ,初步探讨了该海域环境因子的变化特征和营养水平。结果表明 ,该海域水质处于高氮状态 ,pH、SS、DO和CODcr的含量符合GB30 97- 1 997第二类海水水质标准 ;DIN和油类超过第二类海水水质标准 ;DRP含量的逐年增高 ,湛江港湾海域目前已处于中度富营养化水平阶段。     

深圳近岸海域环境质量调查和评价

根据深圳近岸海域环境质量调查资料，用海水标准（GB3097－1997），按超标分类法和污染指数法对深圳近岸海域水质（含潮间带）、沉积物、生物质量状况分别进行评价，查清了该区域环境质量现状，确定了影响环境质量的主要污染物。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.