Application of Prevention through Design for hearing loss in the mining industry

INTRODUCTION: Overexposure to noise remains a widespread and serious health hazard in the U.S. service providing and goods producing industries. Excessive noise can lead to poor verbal communication and reduce the ability to recognize warning signals. These dangerous work conditions can also cause stress and fatigue. Occupational hearing loss is a permanent illness, with no recovery currently possible. METHOD: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recognized Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) as one of the ten leading work-related diseases and injuries in the United States, and has emphasized its importance as one of the critical areas expressed in the National Occupational Research Agenda. RESULTS: One of the most serious noise problems in the goods producing industries is the operation of continuous mining machines during underground coal mining. In order to minimize occupational hearing loss, noise hazards are "designed out" early in the design process. NIOSH is leading a national initiative called Prevention through Design (PTD) to promote this concept. This paper describes the quiet-by-design approach of a noise control that reduced noise exposures of continuous mining machine operators by 3dB(A) using the four functional areas of PTD, namely Practice, Policy, Research, and Education.     

基于热像技术的电力变压器热故障的诊断方法

提出了一种基于变压器表面的红外热像对变压器热故障进行在线诊断的方法.根据变压器的表面温度、结构参数、物性参数和环境温度通过建立其传热模型,对变压器内部热故障温度进行反演计算,并与DGA诊断结果进行比较,证明了该方法的可行性,实现了变压器热故障的非接触、在线诊断.     

A Study of Annoyance Caused by Low-Frequency Noise During Mental Work

This article presents the results of an analysis of annoyance caused by low-frequency noise (including infrasonic noise) that occurs at work stations located in offices. The tests covered measurements of acoustic parameters specific for this type of noise and a survey conducted in the working environment and in laboratory conditions at a model of a work station.     

A study of annoyance caused by low-frequency noise during mental work.

This article presents the results of an analysis of annoyance caused by low-frequency noise (including infrasonic noise) that occurs at work stations located in offices. The tests covered measurements of acoustic parameters specific for this type of noise and a survey conducted in the working environment and in laboratory conditions at a model of a work station.     

On Evaluation and Localization of Auditory Warning Devices for Adequate Audibility

This paper presents an analytic procedure to assist safety practitioners in evaluating the audibility of an existing auditory warning system in their workplaces. Two alarm location models are described: (a) a model with an unknown signal sound level, and (b) a model with a known signal sound level. A heuristic algorithm to determine a minimum number of alarm devices and their locations so that the warning signals can be clearly heard by workers is also proposed. The algorithm considers the ambient noise level, noise levels generated by individual machines, locations where workers are likely to be present, and noise levels at worker locations. From the numerical examples and the computation experiment, both the optimization and heuristic approaches yield solutions that satisfy the 15-dBA constraints. The heuristic approach is efficient in solving large alarm location problems due its capability to find near-optimal solutions within reasonable computation time.     

Location of noise sources in fluid power machines.

This paper discusses noise generation mechanisms and techniques for noise reduction in fluid power units. Major noise sources in fluid power units can be identified with a sound intensity method. It has been proved that components of power units with larger sound radiating surfaces such as an electric motor and an oil reservoir produce a major part of global noise radiation.     

基于灰色关联分析的变压器油池火灭火有效性评估

为对比不同灭火系统扑灭变压器油池火灾有效性,提升变压器油池火灭火效能,从效能评估工具、灭火临界参数、行业法规中提取并确定变压器油池火灭火有效性评估指标集,包括3个观测变量,6个具体指标。采用Otsu’s算法处理火灾图像确定火焰面积,通过层次分析法确定各观测变量和具体指标权重,应用灰色关联法构建变压器油池灭火有效性评估模型。以水喷雾、细水雾、泡沫-水喷雾以及泡沫-细水雾扑灭变压器油池火为例,分别计算4种不同灭火系统下的灭火有效性。研究结果表明：灭火方案有效性为泡沫细水雾(1.000)>纯水细水雾(0.653)>泡沫水喷雾(0.447)>纯水水喷雾(0.333)。该评估模型可以将消防监测终端采集的消防大数据与人工智能技术有效结合,有助于提升变压器消防安全管理智能化水平。     

A Digital Filter for the State Estimation of Impulsive Noise Under the Existence of a Background Noise and its Experiment in the Work Environment

In the actual work environment, a specific objective noise, like machine and industrial noises, shows impulsive fluctuation form. Furthermore, it often occurs that a specific noise is partially or completely contaminated by background noise. In that case, the fluctuation wave form of the specific noise has to be estimated moment by moment in order to evaluate and/or improve the work environment. In this study, a digital filter for estimating an impulsively fluctuating specific noise is proposed. More specifically, after introducing a generalized time series regressive model of the specific noise, a method for estimating the impulsive noise based on an observation contaminated by the background noise is theoretically derived. Furthermore, the proposed method is applied to the actual task of estimating an industrial impact noise.     

不同因素对特高压变压器励磁涌流的影响

为了研究特高压变压器产生的励磁涌流对特高压变压器差动保护的影响,运用MATLAB/SIMULINK,建立了特高压变压器仿真模型,参数按照晋东南—南阳—荆门1000kV特高压交流试验示范工程中的相关数据设置。利用所建立的模型进行空载投切的仿真,分析了合闸角与剩磁对励磁涌流的影响。仿真结果验证了控制合理的合闸角与剩磁可以限制励磁涌流的出现,从而避免特高压变压器差动保护误动,为提出新的识别励磁涌流判据提供了理论基础。     

电力变压器无线温度监测系统的研究

我国变配电用变压器数量众多、分布广泛,充分利用现有的无线电通讯技术、以太网等监测技术、可以构建一个安全可靠的变压器无线温度监测网。本文介绍了在配电变压器上安装无线温度监测系统,通过实时监测变压器的温度变化情况,及时发现变压器存在的缺陷或发生故障的位置,并通过中短距离无线网络转发方式,将信号传递至以太网,彻底解决现场监测配电变压器参数的困难,从而实现变压器数据的实时采集和传输,实现区域内乃至全国性的变配电变压器信息的汇集与监测体系。     

基于FXLMS算法的矿用有源耳罩的研究

基于矿井中低频噪声突出,存在时间长、危害大,尤其周期性噪声比重较大,而传统降噪技术对其降噪效果并不明显,提出了基于fxlms 算法的自适应有源降噪耳罩降低矿井中的低频周期性信号,并采用离线建模方法建立了次级通道模型,利用MATLAB8.0拟合了64阶的滤波器,对 矿井中具有代表性的1kHz低频周期噪声和伴有随机噪声的1kHz低频周期性噪声进行了降噪仿真研究。结果表明:1kHz低频周期性噪声的降噪量 达到了30dB。而且在本模型下,随机噪声对低频周期性噪声的降噪效果几乎没有影响。     

Development and validation of a numerical prediction model to estimate the annoyance condition at the operation station of compact loaders

This paper describes the results of a study aimed at developing and validating a prediction model to assess the annoyance conditions at the operator station of compact loaders by using noise signal objective parameters only. For this purpose, binaural measurements were carried out on 41 compact loaders, both in stationary and real working conditions. The 62 binaural noise recordings were objectively analysed in terms of acoustic and psychoacoustic parameters and then divided into 9 groups and used in specific jury tests to obtain the subjective annoyance scores. Finally, multiple regression technique was applied to the first 6 groups of noise stimuli to develop the model while the remaining groups were used to validate it.     

铁路扩能改造工程声环境影响预测分析

以某铁路扩能改造工程项目为例,根据具体工况条件,采用模式预测法进行既有铁路噪声预测和验证,并利用验证的预测方法进行改造后铁路噪声影响预测。预测结果表明,与既有铁路实际监测值相比,改造后噪声值昼间降低0.4～3.4 dB(A),夜间降低2.0～4.8 dB(A),说明铁路电气化改造对沿线噪声敏感点的改善较为明显。     

火源功率对室内变压器火灾燃烧特性影响研究

为了研究不同火源条件下变压器火灾动力学过程,利用全尺寸变压器火灾试验,验证了隐蔽、立体、多尺度的变压器火灾数值模拟的有效性,模拟5,10,15,18 MW火源功率下变压器室内火灾烟气蔓延、温度分布变化。研究结果表明:火源功率对烟气蔓延速度和温度分布影响较大,当火源功率在18 MW以内时,变压器油燃烧时间在30 s内,产生的热均不会使变压器室内壁面和顶棚处的烟气温度超过300 ℃,没有达到混凝土的耐火极限。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

Problems of railway noise-a case study

Under Directive 2002/49/EC relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise, all European countries are obliged to model their environmental noise levels in heavily populated areas. Some countries have their own national method, to predict noise but most have not created one yet. The recommendation for countries that do not have their own model is to use an interim method. The Dutch SRM II scheme is suggested for railways. In addition to the Dutch model, this paper describes and discusses 3 other national methods. Moreover, discrepancies between the HARMONOISE and IMAGINE projects are analysed. The results of rail traffic noise measurements are compared with national methods.     

Application of Neural Networks in Active Noise Reduction Systems

Active noise reduction systems based on a control unit in the form of a finite impulse response filter assume the linearity of every single component. Neural networks, which have so far been seldom used in this field, are a kind of a filter with the ability to project nonlinear characteristics of an active noise reduction system. This paper presents some simulation research studies of active noise reduction systems based on neural networks. Also presented are results of the operation of systems with different levels of complexity as well as the influence of different parameters of a neural network and of the system itself on those results.     

变压器油池火燃烧规律的实验研究*

为对变压器油池火灾进行准确有效的灭火,研究不同尺寸和不同厚度下变压器油的火灾动力学特征和基本燃烧特性,具体分析变压器油的燃烧过程和变压器油燃烧速率、火焰温度以及辐射热流随油池直径以及厚度的变化规律。结果表明:整个油品的燃烧过程分为预热燃烧阶段、稳定燃烧阶段和火焰熄灭阶段。对于厚度大于10 mm的油池燃烧,稳定阶段的燃烧速率与油层厚度无关,稳定阶段的燃烧速率随着油池直径的增加而增加。同时,变压器油火灾连续火焰区温度接近750 ℃。对于稳定燃烧阶段下的变压器油燃烧,基于辐射通量可得出在燃烧过程中,辐射热量占总燃烧热的占比约为1/3。研究结果可丰富变压器油燃烧的基础数据,为变压器火灾的灭火提供参考。     

Organizational influence on working people's occupational noise protection in Hong Kong

INTRODUCTION: While there is some evidence of the influences of personal knowledge and organizational factors on workers' hearing protection, a causal model examining relationships between these variables is lacking. METHOD: To create and test such a model, this study collected data from 1,701 workers in Hong Kong through a random sample telephone survey. RESULTS: Fitting the model to the data revealed that organizational regulation of occupational noise protection was a root cause of workers' protective behavior, whereas workers knowledge about the protection exhibited only a minimal effect. CONCLUSIONS: These findings cast doubt on the significance of personal knowledge as a unique factor contributing to noise protection. The study also finds that organizational regulation was predictable by a number of organizational and industrial factors. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: To prevent occupational deafness, organizational regulation accompanied by regular inspection and a norm of noise protection is important.