对“三北”防护林体系工程的思考与展望

“三北”防护林体系工程是一项宏伟的工程,她不仅是中国生态环境建设的伟大创举,也是全球生态环境建设的重要组成部分。始于1978年的这项生态工程,23年来累计造林保存面积2203.72×104hm₂,“三北”地区的森林覆盖率已从工程开始实施时的5.05%提高到目前的9%,一些重点地区的区域性防护林体系已初具规模,生态效益、经济效益、社会效益都有了不同程度的提高。这一工程体系突破了传统的单一模式,实行带、片、网相结合,人工造林、飞播造林、封山封沙育林相结合,造(林)、封(育)、管(护)相结合,丰富了防护林体系建设的科学内涵。21世纪前50年是“三北”防护林体系建设的攻坚期,也是决战期,必须重视科技成果的推广运用,加快工程建设步伐,并采取切实措施巩固建设成果。     

对我国食育行动的思考与展望——吃好还是吃对?

新中国成立70周年以来,中国居民的饮食生活习惯发生了巨大的变化。当前我国居民的饮食生活面临营养结构失衡、食品安全问题频发、饮食生活多样性与外部化趋势加重、饮食文化受到冲击、食物浪费严重等问题。基于以上的现状和问题,食育在我国开始越来越受到重视。加强食育行动的推进,有助于促进居民饮食结构的改善,促进居民对食物供应链的正确理解,促进居民对食品安全的理解和认识,促进居民对传统饮食文化的继承与发展等。本文通过文献分析结合实地调研的方法,系统梳理了国内外有关食育的研究,分析了食育对当前改善中国居民饮食生活现状的重要作用。并在此基础上提出了应推进各级政府跨部门跨领域合作、整合多主体资源,传达食育理念、扎根校园,深耕食育课程、鼓励食育终身学习等政策建议。     

改变世界的联合国理念——对实现我国"十二五"规划的启示

目前,联合国(UN)正式公布了联合国思想史项目的总结报告<改变世界的联合国理念>(UN IdeasThat Changed the World),该报告系统阐述了改变世界的9个联合国理念并分析了联合国正面临的10个全球挑战及下一步行动计划.     

“引江济太”工程对太湖水体交换的影响研究

为了探究"引江济太"工程对太湖水体的交换范围及能力的影响，本研究耦合对流扩散及水体交换模型，依据不同流量与常规风场共设置10种工况，对太湖水体的交换区域及交换周期进行数值模拟.结果表明：（1）流量是影响水体交换率的主要因素，200m³/s下贡湾的半交换周期与常规风场联系不大，稳定在8~9d左右；（2）常规风场对局部交换区域的空间分布有着明显影响，在北风和西北风条件下，太湖水体的交换区域主要集中在东湖区，东风和东南风条件下，太湖水体的交换区域主要集中在西北湖区；（3）为降低长江水体对太湖水质的不利风险，"引江济太"工程引水时间/方案应结合太湖区域气象预报，尽量选择在以东风或者东南风为主的条件下进行引水工作.     

海伦&#183;伊丽莎白&#183;克拉克

海伦&#183;伊丽莎白&#183;克拉克（Helen Elizabeth Clark）,1950年2月26日出生于新西兰哈密尔顿市。她早年就读于提帕胡小学、奥克兰爱普松女子语言学校,后在奥克兰大学攻读文学学士和文学硕士学位,于1976年获得大学格兰特委员会奖学金,随后出国留学,之后在奥克兰大学政治系执教8年。     

胡利娅&#183;卡拉维亚斯&#183;利略

胡利娅&#183;卡拉维亚斯&#183;利略。墨西哥前环境、资源和渔业部部长,墨西哥国立自治大学生物学教授。卡拉维亚斯教授1954年出生于墨西哥城,在墨西哥国立自治大学获得学位后留校教授环境科学并从事热带雨林保护、自然资源管理和环境保护方面的研究。     

环境治理投入对经济增长的异质性影响研究——基于城市化的视角

在城市化水平不断提高的背景下,探究环境治理投入促进还是阻碍了经济增长,城市化在两者关系中扮演什么角色具有重要的现实意义。论文基于中国大陆2003—2015年31个省份的数据,运用面板门槛模型、系统广义矩估计方法探究环境治理投入与经济增长之间的关系。结果表明：1）环境治理投入与经济增长之间存在参数异质性,具有显著的门槛效应;2）环境治理投入对省际经济增长的影响因环境治理投入量的差异分为前期影响不显著、后期促进两个阶段;3）适度的城市化水平可以提高环境治理投入的效率,从而促进经济增长。基于此,论文认为应在继续增加环境治理投入的同时提高城市化水平,以城市化助力环境治理投入取得环境和经济效益的双赢。     

漓江流域δD和δ18O对蒸发的指示作用

以漓江流域为例查明不同水体之间氢氧稳定同位素组成特征,并探讨氢氧稳定同位素对漓江流域的蒸发过程指示作用.结果表明：流域内不同水体之间,氢氧稳定同位素表现出不同的组成特征,地表水和地下水,在丰水期δD值和δ¹⁸O值要比枯水期更容易富集,地下水的δD值和δ¹⁸O值分布范围较地表水小;随着水温的升高,δ¹⁸O的变化趋势比d-excess明显.从漓江上游到下游高程逐渐下降,河水线的斜率和截距也在逐渐减小,其中漓江下游河水线的斜率和截距要低于当地大气降水线,表明下游受到蒸发作用较强烈;地下河水线、地表河水线在一定程度上偏离当地大气降水线,但偏离程度较小,表明三者之间有很好的水力联系.受温度和湿度的共同影响,漓江干流丰水期河水的蒸发量占最初水体总量的0.7%~9.1%,枯水期河水的蒸发量占最初水体总量的2.6%~9.7%,丰水期的蒸发比例低于枯水期,从上游到下游蒸发比例在逐渐上升.研究区蒸发量估算值为959.40mm,与多年实测值少43.11mm,相对误差4.70%.氢氧稳定同位素对研究区降水、地表水、地下水之间的转换规律具有重要的实际意义,在今后的漓江流域水文研究中有着更加广阔的空间.     

干旱区城市化对生态系统碳库的影响——以乌鲁木齐市为例

城市化是影响区域生态系统碳循环的主要原因,也是评估生态系统碳循环的最大不确定因素。论文利用1990与2010年Landsat TM数据,基于V-I-S城市土地覆被模型和决策树分类法,获得乌鲁木齐土地变化时空格局;结合野外实测数据和文献检索得到研究区不同土地覆被类型的土壤与植被碳密度,估算了城市土地变化对生态系统碳库的影响。结果表明：1）1990—2010年间,乌鲁木齐城市不透水地表（impervious surface areas, ISA）以中部南部内部填充与北部扩张的形式约增加62%,主要占用农田（27%）与荒漠（62%）。2）乌鲁木齐市生态系统碳库主体（95%）分布在土壤中,城市土地覆被变化导致约25%的碳库损失,由农田、裸土/残存荒漠以及城市绿地转变为ISA解释了68%的土壤有机碳和63%的植被碳损失量,其空间分布与ISA的扩张相一致。城市植被及其土壤具有较高的碳密度,合理的城市规划可以抵消部分因土地变化而损失的生态系统碳。     

土地利用变化对区域水—能源—粮食系统耦合协调度的影响——以京津冀城市群为研究对象

将土地因素引入水—能源—粮食系统,运用耦合协调模型对京津冀城市群2005— 2018年水—能源—粮食—土地系统的时空变化特征进行研究。结果表明：（1）从空间尺度上来看,京津冀城市群建设用地由中心向四周扩散;从京津冀城市群土地利用格局来看,耕地和建设用地面积分别呈现较为明显的下降和增长趋势。（2）将土地纳入水—能源—粮食系统降低了京津冀城市群大多数城市水—能源—粮食系统间的耦合度和耦合协调度。（3）土地与水—能源—粮食子系统组成的两要素系统的协调水平会进行叠加或抵消进而影响水—能源—粮食—土地系统耦合协调度。本文的研究启示在于：京津冀城市群在考虑水、能源、粮食协调发展的同时,应考虑土地对水—能源—粮食系统整体及内部子系统的影响,根据城市自身资源优势合理配置资源、优化产业布局以实现可持续发展。     

Analysis of the Henze precipitate from the blood cells of the ascidian<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Phallusia mammillata</Emphasis>

The Henze precipitate, a peculiar blue-green microparticulate obtained by lysis of the blood cells of the ascidian Phallusia mammillata (Protochordata), was investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis. The precipitate was collected from the Henze solution, an unstable red-brown product obtained by treating blood with distilled water, whose degradation yields a characteristic blue-green product. The microparticulates measured 50–100 µm in diameter and appeared irregular in shape. SEM examination showed smooth, roughly round boundaries. The microparticulate surface examined with AFM appeared as an irregular matrix formed by 70–320-nm-wide mammillate composites, including and embedding small (500–800 nm wide) crystal-like multilayered formations. X- ray analysis showed that the elements present in these same precipitates were mainly C, Si, Al and O. The microparticulate composition appeared close to those of natural waxes or lacquers, embedding amorphous silicates and/or other Si–Al components. The unusual occurrence of Si in ascidian blood and its role are discussed.     

Do "White" and "Green" Look the Same to a Bee?

 The hexagon model of color vision predicts that white flowers which reflect ultraviolet light resemble green foliage to a bee's eye, whereas, according to other models of the bee color vision, UV-reflecting white is discriminable from foliage green. The hexagon model is widely used in ecologically and evolutionary oriented literature, and the predicted similarity between white and green has been recently presented as a well established fact (Waser and Chittka 1998). We show that bees detect UV-reflecting white objects presented on a green background, a finding that is in disagreement with the predictions of the hexagon model. Received: 22 March 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 2 July 1999     

2015年北京“阅兵蓝”特征及成因探讨

利用大气成分和气象要素观测数据,对2015年8~9月北京田径世锦赛和抗战胜利70周年纪念活动期间的北京PM_2.5浓度变化特征及其相关的大气污染气象条件进行了研究,并采用大气化学数值模式模拟了气象条件、减排措施和区域减排联合行动对北京PM_2.5浓度下降的作用和贡献.结果表明：纪念活动期间北京地区空气质量显著改善,PM_2.5平均浓度仅为18.7μg/m³,比前期8月1~19日下降70%,比2014年同期降低74.0%;东北冷涡长时间稳定少动为空气质量改善提供了良好的大气环流条件,北京地区混合层高度相比前期升高20%,相对湿度降低17%,风速增大7%,气象要素变化为庆祝活动期间PM_2.5浓度下降提供了良好的气象条件,尤其是地面主导风向转为偏北风后,阻止了北京城南及华北中南部地区的污染物输入北京城区;CAMx模式的模拟结果表明,与2014年同期相比,气象条件变化在北京PM_2.5浓度降幅中的贡献率达73%;纪念活动期间有无减排的模拟分析显示,在相同的气象条件下,减排措施使北京PM_2.5浓度下降约33%;期间北京PM_2.5来源以本地排放为主,本地的减排措施对改善空气质量的贡献率约为72%,周边地区减排的贡献率约为28%.     

淮河中游北岸地区“四水”转化研究

针对近期强人类活动对区域水循环的影响,以淮河中游北岸典型区为研究对象,利用分布式水文模型研究该地区的"四水"(大气水、地表水、土壤水和地下水)转化定量关系。结果表明,研究区水循环受人类活动影响剧烈,产生了明显的自然-社会二元性特征,对"四水"间的相互转化产生重要影响;2003—2010年研究区地表水、土壤水和地下水存在正向补给趋势,增加了当地水资源可利用量;研究时段内研究区需要来自区域外的水汽补给来支持年均39.77×108m3的降水量。最后在定量分析的基础上给出了当地水资源管理与合理利用的若干建议。区域"四水"转化关系研究可为当地的水资源评价、规划和管理提供基础性的技术支持。     

Technology transfer of an innovative remediation technology from the laboratory to the field: a case study of <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> aerobic cometabolic bioremediation

Scaling-up an environmental remediation technology from the laboratory to the field to commercial use may be problematic at various levels. There could be a number of scientific and engineering problems that must be overcome when transitioning a technology from the laboratory to the field. Mass transfer limitations, large-scale spatial heterogeneities, and fluctuating environmental conditions, all of which may not play a role in the laboratory, must be addressed in the field. Added to these considerations are regulatory and legal issues. Questions regarding liability and permitting must be satisfactorily dealt with in order to demonstrate and evaluate a new remediation technology in the field. Finally, to commercialize an innovative technology that has been successfully demonstrated, cost and performance data must be presented in a manner that convinces stake-holders (site owners, regulators, consultants/contractors, and the public) that the technology can accomplish remediation more economically, safely, and efficiently than conventional technologies.     

The role of microgynes in the reproductive strategy of the neotropical ant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ectatomma ruidum</Emphasis>

Miniaturized queens, microgynes, are regarded as an alternative reproductive strategy sparsely present through the ant world. The described roles of miniaturized queens include alternative short-distance dispersal morphs, an adaptation to polygyny and inquiline parasites. Some of these inquiline parasite microgynes have been described as a separate species from their host. In the poneromorph group, miniaturized queens are only reported in two Mexican populations of two Ectatomminae: Ectatomma tuberculatum, in which small queens represent an inquiline species (Ectatomma parasiticum) and Ectatomma ruidum. E. ruidum presents apparently facultative polygyny with microgynes. We used mitochondrial DNA markers and newly developed microsatellite loci to investigate the status as well as the role of microgynes in E. ruidum. We confirmed that microgynes and macrogynes are from the same species. This species is almost exclusively monogynous and monoandrous, supernumerary dealate queens of both types being actually daughters of the mother queen. An apparently polygynous nest was more often headed by a macrogyne than a microgyne. We didn't find any inbreeding or isolation by distance in the studied population, indicating that new gynes are inseminated by unrelated males and can establish a new nest far from their natal nest. However, re-adoption of daughter queens seems to be the rule and rate of microgyny appears to be linked to nest density and environmental factors.     

Development of regional sustainability indicators and the role of academia in this process: the Portuguese practice

There are several different approaches to evaluate regional environmental and sustainability performance, where regional indicators are an emerging issue. Academia could play an important role in many sustainable initiatives, giving credibility, scientific and technical support and contribute to increasing public participation. This paper intends to trace the Portuguese profile on regional Sustainable Development Indicators (SDI) initiatives and contribute to an understanding of the key factors related to the role of academia in those processes. A national survey was conducted to obtain data on SDI initiatives on a regional scale and the Portuguese profile was defined. Overall results show that SDI implementations are concluded in one region and are being implemented in three of the total of seven regions, despite a significant lack of institutional guidelines and policy guidance from national authorities. The particular approach conducted in the Algarve, the most southerly region of Portugal, was analysed. The indicators developed for this region are a practical example of how academia and regional public authorities can cooperate efficiently, involving multi-stakeholders, to obtain the desired outcomes.     

台风“杜鹃”降水δ18O的云雨区效应初探

我国东南地区台风降水显著,但对这种强降水事件中的稳定同位素研究较少,限制了对短时间极端降水稳定同位素变化过程和影响因素的认识。论文根据2015年9月28日至29日第21号台风“杜鹃”两次登陆（台湾宜兰、福建莆田）前后台北、福州两地气象数据和降水稳定同位素数据,分析了此次台风的降水稳定同位素变化特征及影响因素。台风期间,两地降水δ¹⁸O波动范围为-3.4‰~-15.0‰,变化幅度达11.6‰。台风前端和尾端两地降水同位素值相对偏正,平均值为-4‰~-6‰而台风中端两地降水同位素值极其偏负,平均值分别为-12.4‰和 -13.2‰。台风前端与尾端降水同位素值偏正,水汽受蒸发效应影响明显;而台风中端降水δ¹⁸O值极端偏负主要受“云雨区效应”的影响,即云雨区气流急剧上升,水汽在过饱和环境中快速凝结降落,受动力分馏作用小,降水δ¹⁸O极端偏负。结合降水δ¹⁸O变化特征、过量氘及模拟水汽轨迹,得到台风“杜鹃”降水主要的水汽来源为西太平洋海域。     

Mitigation of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emissions from the road passenger transport sector in Bahrain

There is much optimism that the 2015 Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention will yield an agreement on mitigation of climate change, to become effective in 2020. In this context, Bahrain represents a developing country with insufficient data to assess mitigation opportunities: its per capita carbon emissions rank among the world’s highest, yet there has been no research on the reduction potential of its rapidly growing transport sector. We examine this reduction potential and the costs of various mitigation measures and, further, explore barriers and the view of policymakers and experts. Potential benefits of combined mitigation scenarios are also identified based on their acceptability. We adopt a modified participatory method to develop the scenarios, using the long-range energy alternative planning (LEAP) modelling system, and find that an integrated policy approach can deliver a 23 % reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, costing 108 United States dollars per avoided metric tonne, with politically acceptable scenarios. Better performance, however, would require less acceptable approaches. These findings are significant for decision-making in Bahrain and other Gulf Cooperation Council countries; national target preparation and the setting of fuel economy standards should be begun promptly. We offer lessons to other developing countries on the timely regulation of technical specifications and numbers of passenger vehicles. Participatory approaches to the assessment of mitigation measures can advance environmentally effective, economically feasible and politically acceptable scenarios. The global community can use these results to provide necessary technical and financial assistance to developing countries.     

Occurrence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">myo</Emphasis>-inositol and alkyl-substituted polysaccharide in the prey-trapping mucilage of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosera capensis</Emphasis>

The chemical composition of the exudate mucilage droplets of the carnivorous plant Drosera capensis was investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The mucilage was found to contain beside a very large molecular weight polysaccharide a significant amount of myo-inositol. It appears that myo-inositol escaped detection due to the commonly applied methodology on the chemical analysis of plant mucilage, such as dialysis, precipitation of polysaccharide component with alcohol, acid hydrolysis and detection of the resultant monosaccharide (aldose) units. The possible functions of myo-inositol in the mucilage droplets and the fate after being washed off from the leaf tentacles are proposed. On the polysaccharide component, the presence of methyl ester and alkyl chain-like moieties could be confirmed. These lipophilic moieties may provide the prey-trapping mucilage with the unique adhesive property onto the hydrophobic insect body parts, as well as onto the nature’s well-known superhydrophobic surfaces such as the leaves of the sacred lotus plants. A re-evaluation of the mineral components of the mucilage, reported 40 years ago, is presented from the viewpoints of the current result and plants’ natural habitat. A case for re-examination of the well-studied plant mucilaginous materials is made in light of the new findings.