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1.
Xiaoming Xu Jie Tang Zhaoyang Li Chang Liu Weizheng Han 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(6):721-731
In this study, paddy fields in Jilin province which are flooded parcel of arable lands used for growing rice (Oryza sativa Linn.) were selected as the object. Long-term exploitation of paddy fields led to variations of soil organic carbon (SOC) and green
house gases (GHGs) emissions which might contribute to global warming. In order to calculate the amount of global warming
potentials (GWPs) of emissions from ricepaddies and find the correlations among rice yield, SOC storage and GWP, DeNitrification-DeComposition
(DNDC) model was used to simulate SOC densities and fluxes of main GHGs emitted from paddy fields. After verification, simulation
results were used to calculate SOC storages and 100-year GWPs from 1949 to 2009. Results indicated that SOC densities in depths
of 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm all kept increasing. Average methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were 278.55 kg carbon (kgC) ha−1 a−1 and 2.22 kg nitrogen (kgN) ha−1 a−1. The SOC storage (0–30 cm) had increased from 3.96 × 109kgC in 1949 to 47.85 × 109kgC in 2009. In addition, GWP emission was increasing exponentially in the past 61 years, from 0.16 × 106 Mg carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-equivalents) to 66.36 × 106 Mg CO2-equivalents. Both SOC storage and GWP presented obviously linear relation to rice yields. Overall, the research suggested
that long-term rice yields could be used to estimate the SOC storage and GWP variations. 相似文献
2.
Shengjie Liu Manxia Zhang Xiang Li Xiaojia Tang Lingling Zhang Yimin Zhu Chengyu Yuan 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2011,5(4):610-614
To fulfill the requirements of Guidelines for approval of ballast water management system (G8), a set of onshore ballast water treatment equipment utilizing micro-pore ceramic filtration (MPCF) and UV radiation
(MPCF&UV) system was designed and set up with a maximum flow rate of 80 m3·h−1. Technical feasibilities of MPCF&UV system were evaluated in three areas: removal efficiencies of indicator organism and
oceanic bacteria, perdurability of a ceramic filter, and application on native seawater. The results showed that no indicator
organism (Dunaliella) or oceanic bacteria was detected after treatment of 20 L MPCF and UV radiation at 1.3×104 μW·s·cm−2. A 20 L ceramic filter can run continuously for 5.3 h at the flow rate of 15 m3·h−1 before its pressure drop up to 0.195 MPa. The removal percentage of total plankton amounts were 91.9% at a flow rate of 70
m3·h−1 by 80 L MPCF and UV radiation at 1.3×104 μW·s·cm−2. 相似文献
3.
Stephan Baumgartner Martin Wolf Peter Skrabal Felix Bangerter Peter Heusser André Thurneysen Ursula Wolf 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(9):1079-1089
Quantitative meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials investigating the specific therapeutic efficacy of homeopathic remedies
yielded statistically significant differences compared to placebo. Since the remedies used contained mostly only very low
concentrations of pharmacologically active compounds, these effects cannot be accounted for within the framework of current
pharmacology. Theories to explain clinical effects of homeopathic remedies are partially based upon changes in diluent structure.
To investigate the latter, we measured for the first time high-field (600/500 MHz) 1H T1 and T2 nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation times of H2O in homeopathic preparations with concurrent contamination control by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Homeopathic preparations of quartz (10c–30c, n = 21, corresponding to iterative dilutions of 100−10–100−30), sulfur (13x–30x, n = 18, 10−13–10−30), and copper sulfate (11c–30c, n = 20, 100−11–100−30) were compared to n = 10 independent controls each (analogously agitated dilution medium) in randomized and blinded experiments. In none of the
samples, the concentration of any element analyzed by ICP-MS exceeded 10 ppb. In the first measurement series (600 MHz), there
was a significant increase in T1 for all samples as a function of time, and there were no significant differences between homeopathic potencies and controls.
In the second measurement series (500 MHz) 1 year after preparation, we observed statistically significant increased T1 relaxation times for homeopathic sulfur preparations compared to controls. Fifteen out of 18 correlations between sample
triplicates were higher for controls than for homeopathic preparations. No conclusive explanation for these phenomena can
be given at present. Possible hypotheses involve differential leaching from the measurement vessel walls or a change in water
molecule dynamics, i.e., in rotational correlation time and/or diffusion. Homeopathic preparations thus may exhibit specific
physicochemical properties that need to be determined in detail in future investigations.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
4.
Qianlai Zhuang Tonglin Zhang Jingfeng Xiao Tianxiang Luo 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(1):85-99
Net primary production (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystems provides food, fiber, construction materials, and energy to humans.
Its demand is likely to increase substantially in this century due to rising population and biofuel uses. Assessing national
forest NPP is of importance to best use forest resources in China. To date, most estimates of NPP are based on process-based
ecosystem modeling, forestry inventory, and satellite observations. There are little efforts in using spatial statistical
approaches while large datasets of in-situ observed NPP are available for Chinese forest ecosystems. Here we use the surveyed
forest NPP and ecological data at 1,266 sites, the data of satellite forest coverage, and the information of climate and topography
to estimate Chinese forest NPP and their associated uncertainties with two geospatial statistical approaches. We estimate
that the Chinese forest and woodland ecosystems have total NPP of 1,325 ± 102 and 1,258 ± 186 Tg C year−1 in 1.57 million km2 forests with a regression method and a kriging method, respectively. These estimates are higher than the satellite-based
estimate of 1,034 Tg C year−1 and almost double the estimate of 778 Tg C year−1 using a process-based terrestrial ecosystem model. Cross-validation suggests that the estimates with the kriging method are
more accurate. Our developed geospatial statistical models could be alternative tools to provide national-level NPP estimates
to better use Chinese forest resources. 相似文献
5.
Jie Tang Xiaoming Xu Zhaoyang Li Weizheng Han 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2012,17(1):103-109
The study area of this article, Western Jilin province of China, was a typical area responding to global changing in middle
latitude areas. In this paper, by interpreting the thematic mapper (TM) images of the study area in the years of 1989, 1996,
2000 and 2004, the land use/cover change (LUCC) data were achieved, which included the area of paddy fields and its spatial
distributions. 113 soil samples were collected to obtain soil organic carbon (SOC) data of different land use types. After
that, the organic matter contents of these samples were measured by using the potassium dichromate oxidation-outer heating
method. Based on the data above, the amount of SOC sequestrated by the surface soil (0~30 cm) of paddy fields was calculated.
The result showed that: the area of paddy fields was increasing continuously in western Jilin, from 11.28 × 104 hm2 in 1989 to 22.77 × 104 hm2 in 2004. Paddy fields transferred from wetlands, grasslands and water areas accounted for the main part of the paddy fields
in 2004, the areas were 3.09 × 104 hm2, 2.98 × 104 hm2 and 2.8 × 104 hm2, respectively. And paddy fields with a total area of 0.83 × 104 hm2 degraded into saline-alkali lands. The amount of organic carbon sequestration in the surface layer (0–30 cm) of paddy fields
was 658.86 × 104 t. The primary SOC sinks located around the joint of Baicheng City and Zhenlai County, while the major SOC source located
at Songyuan City and northern Qianguo County. 相似文献
6.
Rongchang Wang Xinmin Zhan Yalei Zhang Jianfu Zhao 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2011,5(1):48-56
Nitrogen removal performance and nitrifying population dynamics were investigated in a redox stratified membrane biofilm reactor
(RSMBR) under oxygen limited condition to treat ammonium-rich wastewater. When the NHt4+-N loading rate increased from 11.1±1.0 to 37:2 ± 3:2 gNHt4+-N·m−2·d−1, the nitrogen removal in the RSMBR system increased from 18.0±9.6 mgN·d−1 to 128.9±61.7 mgN·d−1. Shortcut nitrogen removal was achieved with nitrite accumulation of about 22:3 ± 5:3 mgNO2−-N·L−1. Confocal micrographs showed the stratified distributions of nitrifiers and denitrifiers in the membrane aerated biofilms
(MABs) at day 120, i.e., ammonia and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (AOB and NOB) were dominant in the region adjacent to the
membrane, while heterotrophic bacteria propagated at the top of the biofilm. Real-time qPCR results showed that the abundance
of amoA gene was two orders of magnitude higher than the abundance of nxrA gene in the MABs. However, the nxrA gene was always detected during the operation time, which indicates the difficulty of complete washout of NOB in MABs. The
growth of heterotrophic bacteria compromised the dominance of nitrifiers in biofilm communities, but it enhanced the denitrification
performance of the RSMBR system. Applying a high ammonia loading together with oxygen limitation was found to be an effective
way to start nitrite accumulation in MABs, but other approaches were needed to sustain or improve the extent of nitritation
in nitrogen conversion in MABs. 相似文献
7.
Cerumen, or propolis, is a mixture of plant resins enriched with bee secretions. In Australia, stingless bees are important
pollinators that use cerumen for nest construction and possibly for colony’s health. While extensive research attests to the
therapeutic properties of honeybee (Apis mellifera) propolis, the biological and medicinal properties of Australian stingless bee cerumen are largely unknown. In this study,
the chemical and biological properties of polar extracts of cerumen from Tetragonula carbonaria in South East Queensland, Australia were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses and in
vitro 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) cell-free assays. Extracts were tested against comparative (commercial tincture of A. mellifera propolis) and positive controls (Trolox and gallic acid). Distinct GC-MS fingerprints of a mixed diterpenic profile typical
of native bee cerumen were obtained with pimaric acid (6.31 ± 0.97%, w/w), isopimaric acid (12.23 ± 3.03%, w/w), and gallic
acid (5.79 ± 0.81%, w/w) tentatively identified as useful chemical markers. Characteristic flavonoids and prenylated phenolics
found in honeybee propolis were absent. Cerumen extracts from T. carbonaria inhibited activity of 5-LOX, an enzyme known to catalyse production of proinflammatory mediators (IC50 19.97 ± 2.67 μg/ml, mean ± SEM, n = 4). Extracts had similar potency to Trolox (IC50 12.78 ± 1.82 μg/ml), but were less potent than honeybee propolis (IC50 5.90 ± 0.62 μg/ml) or gallic acid (IC50 5.62 ± 0.35 μg/ml, P < 0.001). These findings warrant further investigation of the ecological and medicinal properties of this stingless bee cerumen,
which may herald a commercial potential for the Australian beekeeping industry. 相似文献
8.
Laura Rodríguez-Loeches Alejandro Barro Martha Pérez Frank Coro 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(4):531-536
Both sexes of Phoenicoprocta capistrata have functional tymbals. The scanning electron microscopy revealed differences in the morphology of these organs in males
and females. Male tymbals have a well-developed striated band, constituted by 21 ± 2 regularly arranged striae whereas female
tymbals lack a striated band. This type of sexual dimorphism is rare in Arctiidae. The recording of the sound produced by
moths held by the wings revealed that while males produced trains of pulses organized in modulation cycles, females produced
clicks at low repetition rate following very irregular patterns. Statistically, there are differences between sexes in terms
of the duration of pulses, which were 355 ± 24 μs in the case of males and 289 ± 29 μs for females. The spectral characteristics
of the pulses also show sexual dimorphism. Male pulses are more tuned (Q
10 = 5.2 ± 0.5) than female pulses (Q
10 = 2.7 ± 0.5) and have a higher best frequency (42 ± 1 kHz vs. 29 ± 2 kHz). To our knowledge, this is the first report on
an arctiid moth showing sexual dimorphism in tymbal’s anatomy that leads to a best frequency dimorphism. Males produce sound
at mating attempts. The sounds recorded during mating are modulation cycles with the same spectral characteristics as those
recorded when males are held by the wings. The morphological and acoustic features of female tymbals could indicate a process
of degeneration and adaptation to conditions under which the emission of complex patterns is not necessary.
Frank Coro no longer works at Universidad de La Habana. 相似文献
9.
An experimental group of homing pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica) learned to associate food with a magnetic anomaly produced by bar magnets that were fixed to the bowl in which they received
their daily food ration in their home loft; the control group lacked this experience. Both groups were trained to search for
two hidden food depots in a rectangular sand-filled arena without obvious visual cues; for the experimental birds, these depots
were also marked with three 1.15 × 106 μT bar magnets. During the tests, there were two food depots, one marked with the magnets, the other unmarked; their position
within the arena was changed from test to test. The experimental birds searched within 10 cm of the magnetically marked depot
in 49% of the test sessions, whereas the control birds searched there in only 11% of the sessions. Both groups searched near
the control depot in 11 and 13% of the sessions, respectively. The significant preference of the magnetically marked food
depot by the experimental birds shows that homing pigeons cannot only detect a magnetic anomaly but can also use it as a cue
for locating hidden food in an open arena. 相似文献
10.
为了对全绿吊兰盆栽茎叶系统净化室内空气甲醛污染的效率及其叶片各生理指标的变化特征进行全面研究,采用动态熏蒸系统在甲醛环境下对全绿吊兰进行长达7 d的熏蒸处理,分析盆栽茎叶系统在不同时间段内对空气中甲醛的去除率及熏蒸后叶片的生理变化特性.结果表明,全绿吊兰盆栽茎叶系统在φ(甲醛)为1×10-6、5×10-6及8×10-6时对空气中甲醛的平均去除率分别为54.4%、48.2%和30.7%,并且白天的去除率(71.1%±0.2%)明显高于夜间(36.2%±0.2%),下午的去除率(60.0%±0.0%)高于上午(50.7%±0.1%),熏蒸后期的去除率(57.0%±0.2%)高于前期(51.9%±0.3%).对熏蒸后全绿吊兰盆栽叶片的生理指标测定结果表明,与对照组相比,除了叶片中w(叶绿素)和CAT活性下降外,其余生理指标均表现为上升,其中,电导率和H2O2含量的变化最大,φ(甲醛)为8×10-6时分别提高了165.8%和522.2%,而抗氧化酶总活性的增强有效地清除了积累的氧化物,维持了全绿吊兰盆栽的正常生长.另外,经过8×10-6的甲醛熏蒸后,与对照组相比,叶片表面气孔形态变得更加细小狭长甚至完全闭合,但是全绿吊兰盆栽的茎叶外观并无明显受损症状,而且叶片中MDA含量与T-AOC活性在熏蒸后15 d时基本能恢复至正常水平.研究显示,全绿吊兰盆栽对甲醛具有较高的去除能力且有较强的抗耐性及自愈能力,其叶片中各项生理指标的变化则反映了全绿吊兰盆栽与甲醛之间的相互反应机制. 相似文献
11.
巢湖完全氨氧化细菌的丰度、群落结构及其影响因素研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
完全氨氧化过程(complete ammonia oxidation, comammox)的发现使研究者们对硝化作用和氮循环都有了新的认识.本研究选取巢湖冬夏季表层(0~10 cm)沉积物样品,运用高通量测序、实时定量PCR等分子生物学技术对comammox细菌的丰度和群落结构进行研究.结果表明:基于amoA基因的comammox细菌的丰度为(5.20±0.72)×106~(4.06±1.23)×107 copies·g-1;氨氧化古菌的丰度为(5.39±1.01)×105~(1.60±0.18)×107 copies·g-1;氨氧化细菌的丰度为(6.16±1.57)×105~(4.30±0.19)×106 copies·g-1.comammox细菌的绝对丰度显著高于氨氧化古菌和氨氧化细菌.多样性分析表明冬季巢湖表层沉积物中的comammox细菌的物种多样性大于夏季.其中Candidatus Nitrospira nitrificans、Candidatus Nitrospira nitrosa和Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的相对丰度最高占比分别为78.72%、49.80%和6.28%,且夏季样点中Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的相对丰度显著高于冬季样点.主坐标分析(Principle Coordinate Analysis, PcoA)结果表明,comammox细菌的群落结构具有明显的时间异质性.理化因子中,NH4+和NO3-与comammox细菌的丰度呈负相关关系.本研究在一定程度上揭示了comammox细菌的丰度、群落组成、多样性及其与理化因子的关系. 相似文献
12.
为了解华北区域光化学污染特征,于2018年5月至2019年4月在石家庄和兴隆地区利用2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)对空气中的羰基化合物进行采样,并利用高效液相色谱对采集样品进行分析,以了解该区域羰基化合物的组成、体积分数、来源、·OH损耗速率和臭氧生成潜势.本研究共测定了13种含羰基的挥发性有机物,其中体积分数最高的3种物质为丙酮、甲醛和乙醛[石家庄地区:(6.46±5.25)×10-9、(3.76±2.29)×10-9和(2.65±1.74)×10-9;兴隆地区:(1.85±1.27)×10-9、(1.29±1.02)×10-9和(0.72±0.48)×10-9];C1/C2和C2/C3值表明石家庄地区工业化水平较高,受机动车尾气和化石燃料燃烧等人为排放影响较明显;兴隆地区采样点处于背景区域,受自然源影响较大;石家庄地区对L·OH贡献最大的3种物质分别为乙醛(1.77 s-1)、甲醛(1.57 s-1)和丁醛(0.42 s-1);兴隆地区对L·OH贡献最大的3种物质为分别为甲醛(0.53 s-1)、乙醛(0.47 s-1)和丁醛(0.12 s-1);对O3生成贡献最大的羰基化合物物种为甲醛和乙醛[石家庄地区:34.61×10-9(以O3计,下同)和16.73×10-9;兴隆地区:11.77×10-9和4.47×10-9],且甲醛的最大臭氧生成潜势估算(OFP)远高于乙醛. 相似文献
13.
采用AMA GC5000BTX监测2014年1月~2016年12月南京北郊大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对-二甲苯、邻-二甲苯和苯乙烯(BTESX)的体积分数,分析了BTESX体积分数的变化特征以及气象要素对其的影响,并使用特征比值法(T/B)对BTESX的来源进行了定性分析,最后利用EPA的人体暴露分析评价方法对BTESX健康风险进行评估.结果表明,在观测期间,φ(BTESX)平均值为(7.28±6.63)×10-9,其中φ(苯)最高,为(2.45±3.91)×10-9,其他物种体积分数由大到小为:甲苯>乙苯>间/对-二甲苯>邻-二甲苯>苯乙烯,分别为:(2.41±2.61)×10-9、(1.37±1.28)×10-9、(0.51±0.48)×10-9、(0.30±0.36)×10-9和(0.22±0.42)×10-9.由于存在稳定的芳烃源,BTESX体积分数的月变化和季节变化均不如其他物种(NOx、CO、SO2和PM2.5等)明显.同时,BTESX及其他污染物的"周末效应"不显著.BTESX体积分数很大程度受到来自东北方向化工等企业以及交通主干道的污染物短距离输送的影响,导致BTESX体积分数在东北方向上较大.BTESX体积分数受到相对湿度和温度的共同影响,其高值区主要位于30%~70%相对湿度范围内,在该相对湿度范围内,温度越高,BTESX体积分数高值区域范围也越大.BTESX在不同季节的HI (危害指数)处于EPA认定的安全范围内,而R(苯致癌风险)值则高于EPA规定的安全阈值,同时HI和R值在夏季较高,因此需要高度重视. 相似文献
14.
Qian Yao Hua Zhang Jun Wu Liming Shao Pinjing He 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2010,4(3):286-294
Batch biosorption experiments were conducted to remove Cr(III) from aqueous solutions using activated sludge from a sewage
treatment plant. An investigation was conducted on the effects of the initial pH, contact time, temperature, and initial Cr(III)
concentration in the biosorption process. The results revealed that the activated sludge exhibited the highest Cr(III) uptake
capacity (120 mg·g−1) at 45°C, initial pH of 4, and initial Cr(III) concentration of 100 mg·L−1. The biosorption results obtained at various temperatures showed that the biosorption pattern accurately followed the Langmuir
model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, ΔGo° ( − 0.8–4.58 kJ·mol−1), ΔH° (15.6–44.4 kJ·mol−1), and ΔS° (0.06–0.15 kJ·mol−1·K−1) clearly indicated that the biosorption process was feasible, spontaneous, endothermic, and physical. The pseudo first-order
and second-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the experimental data, which revealed that the Cr(III) biosorption
process conformed to the second-order rate expression and the biosorption rate constants decreased with increasing Cr (III)
concentration. The analysis of the values of biosorption activation energy (E
a = −7 kJ·mol−1) and the intraparticle diffusion model demonstrated that Cr(III) biosorption was film-diffusion-controlled. 相似文献
15.
We have found that giant hornets (Vespa mandarinia japonica) are killed in less than 10 min when they are trapped in a bee ball created by the Japanese honeybees Apis cerana japonica, but their death cannot be solely accounted for by the elevated temperature in the bee ball. In controlled experiments, hornets
can survive for 10 min at the temperature up to 47°C, whereas the temperature inside the bee balls does not rise higher than
45.9°C. We have found here that the CO2 concentration inside the bee ball also reaches a maximum (3.6 ± 0.2%) in the initial 0–5 min phase after bee ball formation.
The lethal temperature of the hornet (45–46°C) under conditions of CO2 concentration (3.7 ± 0.44%) produced using human expiratory air is almost the same as that in the bee ball. The lethal temperature
of the honeybee is 50–51°C under the same air conditions. We concluded that CO2 produced inside the bee ball by honeybees is a major factor together with the temperature involved in defense against giant
hornets. 相似文献
16.
于2016年采集了全国46个城市的市政污泥样品,运用SMT法测定了污泥中不同形态磷的含量.结果表明,我国市政污泥中总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、非磷灰石态无机磷(NAIP)、磷灰石态无机磷(AP)、有机磷(OP)和生物有效磷(NAIP+OP)的平均含量分别为(17.32±5.13)、(11.71±4.01)、(9.18±3.44)、(3.03±2.74)、(4.54±4.23)和(13.72±4.36)g·kg-1.其中IP是污泥中磷的主要存在形态,占TP含量的60%以上;NAIP是主要的无机磷形态,占IP含量的66%以上.污泥中生物有效磷占TP含量的比例介于66.8%~96.1%之间,二者呈现极显著正相关关系(r=0.942,P<0.01).市政污泥磷含量和排放量总体上呈现东高西低的空间分布规律.2016年随污泥处置排放入环境的磷达到了1.04×105 t,其中1.95×104 t随污泥农用进入土壤,4.69×104 t进入填埋场,1.47×104 t进入建筑材料中,2.34×104 t经垃圾焚烧进入焚烧灰,4.50t被直接倾倒丢弃.与历史数据对比发现,我国市政污泥中总磷的含量呈现先升高、后降低的变化趋势. 相似文献
17.
Optimizing carbon sequestration in commercial forests by integrating carbon management objectives in wood supply modeling 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Charles P.-A. Bourque Eric T. Neilson Chris Gruenwald Samantha F. Perrin Jason C. Hiltz Yvon A. Blin Geoffrey V. Horsman Matthew S. Parker Christie B. Thorburn Michael M. Corey Fan-rui Meng D. Edwin Swift 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(7):1253-1275
This paper provides a methodology for generating forest management plans, which explicitly maximize carbon (C) sequestration at the forest-landscape level. This paper takes advantage of concepts first presented in a paper
by Meng et al. (2003; Mitigation Adaptation Strategies Global Change 8:371–403) by integrating C-sequestration objective functions in existing
wood supply models. Carbon-stock calculations performed in WoodstockTM (RemSoft Inc.) are based on C yields generated from volume table data obtained from local Forest Development Survey plots
and a series of wood volume-to-C content conversion factors specified in von Mirbach (2000). The approach is used to investigate the impact of three demonstration forest-management scenarios on the C budget in a
110,000 ha forest in south-central New Brunswick, Canada. Explicit demonstration scenarios addressed include (1) maximizing
timber extraction either by clearcut or selection harvesting for greatest revenue generation, (2) maximizing total C storage
in the forest landscape and in wood products generated from harvesting, and (3) maximizing C storage together with revenue
generation. The level of clearcut harvesting was greatest for scenario 1 (≥15 × 104 m3 of wood and ≥943 ha of land per harvesting period), and least for scenario 2 (=0 m3 per harvesting period) where selection harvesting dominated. Because softwood saw logs were worth more than pulpwood ($60 m−3 vs. $40 m−3) and were strategic to the long-term storage of C, the production of softwood saw logs exceeded the production of pulpwood
in all scenarios. Selection harvesting was generally the preferred harvesting method across scenarios. Only in scenario 1 did levels of clearcut harvesting occasionally exceed those of selection harvesting, mainly in the removal of old, dilapidated
stands early in the simulation (i.e., during periods 1 through 3). Scenario 2 provided the greatest total C-storage increase over 80 years (i.e., 14 × 106 Mg C, or roughly 264 Mg ha−1) at a cost of $111 per Mg C due to lost revenues. Scenarios 3 and 1 produced reduced storage rates of roughly 9 × 106 Mg C and 3 × 106 Mg C, respectively; about 64% and 22% of the total, 80-year C storage calculated in scenario 2. The bulk of the C in scenario 2 was stored in the forest, amounting to about 76% of the total C sequestered. 相似文献
18.
Mammalian hibernation, which lasts on average for about 6 months, can reduce energy expenditure by >90% in comparison to active
individuals. In contrast, the widely held view is that daily torpor reduces energy expenditure usually by about 30%, is employed
for a few hours every few days, and often occurs only under acute energetic stress. This interpretation is largely based on
laboratory studies, whereas knowledge on daily torpor in the field is scant. We used temperature telemetry to quantify thermal
biology and activity patterns of a small arid-zone marsupial, the stripe-faced dunnart Sminthopsis macroura (16.9 g), in the wild and to test the hypothesis that daily torpor is a crucial survival strategy of this species in winter.
All individuals entered torpor daily with the exception of a single male that remained normothermic for a single day (torpor
on 212 of 213 observation days, 99.5%). Torpor was employed at air temperatures (T
a) ranging from approximately −1°C to 36°C. Dunnarts usually entered torpor during the night and aroused at midday with the
daily increase of T
a. Torpor was on average about twice as long (mean 11.0 ± 4.7 h, n = 8) than in captivity. Animals employed sun basking during rewarming, reduced foraging time significantly, and occasionally
omitted activity for several days in sequence. Consequently, we estimate that daily torpor in this species can reduce daily
energy expenditure by up to 90%. Our study shows that for wild stripe-faced dunnarts daily torpor is an essential mechanism
for overcoming energetic challenges during winter and that torpor data obtained in the laboratory can substantially underestimate
the ecological significance of daily torpor in the wild. 相似文献
19.
Fruits of Garden Lettuce, imbibed in 0.01 M KNO3, were depleted of maternal active phytochrome B by saturating deep-red exposure and photosensitized by chilling for 1 week
at 4 °C. Twenty saturated fluence-response curves for photoinduced germination were elaborated between 300 and 800 nm, using
exposure periods from 6 to 600 s at 22.5 °C; there is linear and closely parallel regression in the logarithmic probability
net. The reciprocals of the half-response fluences obtained gave the apparent conversion spectrum of the controlling pigments
and this was corrected for the transmittance of the seed-coat. It is a phytochrome spectrum of P
r with photoconversion cross-sections of 1.2·109 and 4.5·103 m2 mol–1 at 666 and 800 nm, respectively. This means that for half-saturated germination of sensitized seed, fewer than 1 out of 200,000
phytochrome A molecules have to be photoconverted to P
fr, and no photo-reversibility by deep-red was found. Therefore, all spectral colours of nightly moon- or skylight should stimulate
the germination of sensitized weed seeds if they are exposed at the soil surface between sequential tillage operations.
Received: 28 April 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 28 July 2000 相似文献
20.
为探讨土壤磁化率对有机质含量的指示作用,对许昌市典型区域土壤磁化率与有机质含量的相关性进行研究,结果显示:研究区域土壤样品Xlf变化范围在15×10~(-8)~125×10~(-8)m~3/kg,平均值为64×10~(-8)m~3/kg,说明研究区土壤样品中磁性矿物含量较低。Xfd值在4.67%~26.67%之间,平均值为10.02%,反映了样品中超顺磁颗粒含量很高,说明研究区域土壤磁性矿物主要由自然成土作用形成,现代工业生产活动和人类的生活活动贡献较小。土壤有机质含量范围为3.74~31.93 g/kg,均值为17.09 g/kg。研究区域土壤磁化率与有机质含量呈不显著正相关性,反映了在长期人工施肥活动和城市化进程中人类活动导致土壤各理化因子之间发生学联系的弱化。 相似文献