东海浮游多毛类的时空分布

根据1997~2000年东海23°30′~33°00′N、118°30′~128°00′E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,探讨了东海浮游多毛类数量变化、相应的动力学过程及与渔场的关系。结果表明:浮游多毛类秋季平均丰度为23.68×10-2/m3,夏季8.59×10-2/m3,冬季5.80×10-2/m3,春季最低(1.20×10-2/m3);温度在多毛类丰度的季节变化中起主要作用,盐度次之。除了秋季,其他季节多毛类丰度平面分布较为均匀。多毛类的数量波动,与东海暖流势力消长和沿岸水有密切的联系,也同暖流势力从夏季到秋季维持一段时间有密切关系。     

东海口足类(Stomatopod)种类组成和数量分布

根据2008年春（5月）、夏（8月）、秋（11月）、冬（2009年2月）4个季节东海（26°00’～33°00’N,127°00’E以西）桁杆拖虾网所获得的口足类调查资料,以渔获率作为口足类分布的数量指标,分析了调查海域的口足类种类组成、数量分布及时空变化趋势。结果表明：调查海域四季共捕获口足类20 种,隶属于4 科,11 属,其中优势种为口虾蛄（Oratosquillaoratoria）和黑斑口虾蛄（Oratosquilla kempi）;在各季节出现的口足类种类数中,春季出现最多,其余三季变化不大;各季节口足类渔获量及渔获率变化明显,冬季渔获量及渔获率最高,以下依次为夏季、春季和秋季;从区域分布看,东海南部海域在口足类种类数和生物量两项指标均高于北部和中部两个海域;口足类以及优势种口虾蛄在4 个季节的调查中具有相对较为集中的生物量高发区,但聚集特征不明显;黑斑口虾蛄的分布则表现出了十分明显的地域特征。     

东海典型断面Chl a分布特征及影响因素

根据2011年5月~2012年2月春、夏、秋、冬4个航次东海海域的调查资料,分析了东海典型断面Chl a的分布特征、季节变化及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)东海海域Chl a的平面分布呈现出由近岸向远海递减的趋势,高值区相对集中在西部近岸海域,低浓度区域分布在东部较为开阔的远海海域。水动力条件、陆源径流的输入以及气候变化等因素是形成这种分布格局的主要原因。(2)Chl a的垂直分布受季节影响较大,春、夏两季变化幅度较秋、冬季大。(3)在季节变化上呈春季夏季秋季冬季的规律。(4)相关性分析表明,调查海域Chl a与水温的关系在夏季较为显著;与盐度的相关性趋势并不明显,与DO则在春季有着良好的相关性;与营养盐在春季呈显著正相关,说明营养盐是影响Chl a分布的主导因子。     

长江口中华鲟保护区及临近水域大型底栖动物研究

根据2004年5月、8月、11月和2005年2月(Ⅰ年度)及2005年8月、11月和2006年2月、5月(Ⅱ年度)共2个水文年对T长江口中华鲟保护区水域(30°15′～31°45′N、121°30′～122°15′E)15个取样站8个航次的采泥样品和阿氏网样品,对底内动物和底上动物的种类组成、生物量、栖息密度、重要种的优势度、群落多样性和结构及时间空间动态变化进行分析.结果表明,底内动物共出现15种,种类组成贫乏,优势种变化明显,底内动物生物量和栖息密度平均值分别为1.44 g/m2和11.33个/m2,生物量和栖息密度总体呈现下降趋势,物种多样性指数低并有下降趋势,群落结构极不稳定;底上动物底栖动物59种,组成有明显季节和年度变化,底内动物生物量和栖息密度平均值分别为15.58 ×10-2g/m2和6.81×10-2个/m2;底上动物生物量和栖息密度略呈现下降趋势,优势种的种类及优势度年际有较大变化,种类数和生物量北支高于南支.底内动物2个年度生物量平均值季节变化为夏季＞春季＞秋季＞冬季,底上动物2个年度生物量平均值季节变化为春季＞冬季＞秋季＞夏季,底内动物与底上动物的季节变化具有一定的不平衡性.     

三峡库区典型支流水库浮游动植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为了探讨三峡库区典型支流水库（长寿湖）浮游动植物结构与环境因子间的关系,于不同季节对其水环境因子和浮游动植物进行调查,利用Pearson相关性分析法对调查结果进行分析.对浮游动植物的鉴定结果表明：浮游植物共有8门107种,主要由相对丰度达61%的蓝藻门组成,优势种群包括纤细席藻、点状平裂藻和类颤藻鱼腥藻这3种浮游植物.共鉴定出浮游动物4门82种,其中轮虫相对丰度达88%,其优势种群包括螺形龟甲轮虫、前节晶囊轮虫和盖氏晶囊轮虫等6种浮游动物.浮游动植物丰度、生物量和生物多样性指数的空间差异均不显著,除浮游动物生物多样性指数季节性差异不显著外,其余指标均有显著的季节性差异.夏季浮游植物的丰度最高,春季次之,冬季最低,而浮游动物春季丰度最高,春季浮游动植物的生物量均显著高于冬季.夏季浮游植物的种类数,Shannon-Wiener指数（H''）、Pielous均匀度指数（J）和Margalef丰富度指数（D）显著低于冬季和春季.水质评价结果表明,冬、春季节长寿湖水质处于清洁-寡污状态,夏季处于中度污染状态,长寿湖整体处于富营养化状态.影响长寿湖浮游动植物群落结构的环境因子包括：Chla、DOC、TP、NO₂^--N、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、DO、Eh和T.冬春夏3个季节影响浮游动植物群落结构的环境因子存在差异.     

福建福宁湾尖刀蛏保护区中小型浮游动物群落结构的季节变化

根据2011年秋季(12月)、2012年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)监测资料,研究了福建福宁湾尖刀蛏保护区中小型浮游动物种类组成、数量分布、优势种及其季节演替、群落结构及环境影响因子。结果表明:调查海域共鉴定出浮游动物8大类45种及浮游幼虫(体)22类,夏季最多,春季最少,以近岸广温广盐类群和亚热带近海类群为主。浮游动物优势种共有18种,其中桡足类和蔓足类浮游幼虫是主要的优势类群,优势种及其群落组成的季节演替较明显。调查海域浮游动物总平均丰度为7 397.6 ind/m3,平均生物量为143.3 mg/m3,均为春季最高,秋季最低。浮游动物的物种多样性秋季最高,春季最低,但总体上物种多样性不高。盐度是影响该海域浮游动物种类组成、群落结构和数量分布的重要因素。     

黄海表层溶解氧时空分布特征

本文基于1960~1997年期间黄海表层溶解氧（DO）数据,研究了不同时期DO时空变化规律。结果表明:表层DO月均值呈现出一致的变化规律,DO最高值（6.73 mL/L）出现在3月,最低值出现在8月（4.90 mL/L）;不同时期季节变化规律为:春季>冬季>夏季>秋季。就整个研究阶段而言,DO年际变化趋于稳定;在空间分布上,表层DO也呈现出明显的季节变化特征,总体呈现出北高南低,近岸高于远海的分布特征。冬,春季节因受黄海暖流影响具有相似的分布特征;夏,秋季节因太阳辐射和黄海环流的影响分布特征相似;表层DO与海表温度负相关,随PO₄-P、NO₃-N和SiO₃-Si浓度增大而上升。表观耗氧量（AOU）在整个研究阶段均值为-0.06 mL/L,呈现基本平衡状态。     

黄海溶解无机氮时空变化及其水团对DIN总量的影响

本文根据2013~2016年4个航次调查资料,研究了黄海水体中溶解无机氮（DIN）的时空变化及其总量影响因素.结果表明：春、夏、秋和冬季黄海调查海域DIN平均浓度分别为（5.43±4.02）,（4.47±3.16）,（7.46±3.56）和（5.09±2.59）μmol/L.其中,秋季浓度最高,夏季最低;黄海调查海域各季节DIN的分布呈现近岸高、外海低的变化规律,近岸高值点多集中在长江口以北、山东半岛和辽东半岛等处.春~秋季影响DIN分布的因素主要是陆源输入和浮游植物的生长繁殖,冬季则主要是河流输入和沉积物再悬浮作用.四季在中央海域底层还存在一个高值区（>6μmol/L）,主要受黄海冷水团和黄海暖流等共同影响;通过聚类分析法对黄海四季水团进行了基本划分,调查海域主要包括5个水团：黄海混合水团、黄海冷水团、黄海暖流水、沿岸水团和黄东海混合水团,除黄海混合水团终年存在外,其他水团均为季节性存在;调查海域DIN总量四季差异不大,整体含量介于1.0×10⁶~1.5×10⁶t,春、夏、秋和冬季DIN总量分别约为1.2×10⁶,1.0×10⁶,1.5×10⁶和1.3×10⁶t.春季和夏季受浮游植物吸收影响,DIN总量略低,从水团对DIN总量的贡献上来看,春季以黄海暖流为主,夏季以黄海冷水团为主,秋、冬季以黄海混合水团为主.     

渤海浮游植物群落结构的季节变化及其环境影响因子研究

浮游植物在海洋生态系统中发挥着重要作用,浮游植物群落变化可以反映海洋环境的变化。渤海海域受人类活动影响剧烈,水体富营养化及赤潮问题日趋严重。本研究以渤海中部（37°70′-39°70′N,119°00′-121°51′E）为研究海域,于2016年12月和2017年2月、5月、9月采集浮游植物样品,对浮游植物物种组成、丰度、优势种及群落多样性等进行了研究。此次调查共确定浮游植物3门68属131种,具体为硅藻46属90种,甲藻19属37种,金藻3属4种。该海区的浮游植物群落结构和优势物种显示了一定的季节演替特征,冬季、春季和夏季硅藻占优,秋季硅藻和甲藻联合占优。与历史同期资料对比发现,具槽帕拉藻（Paralia sulcata）和圆筛藻属（Coscinodiscus）仍为该海域主要优势种,但某些硅藻类群如细线条月形藻（Amphora lineolata）、新月柱鞘藻（Cylindrotheca closterium）和圆海链藻（Thalassiosira rotula）优势度有所提高。营养盐的浓度和结构是渤海浮游植物群落结构差异的重要影响因子。本研究有助于了解渤海的生物多样性,可为渤海海域...     

防城河口湾浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

2016年5月、8月、11月和2017年2月在防城河口湾海域开展了浮游植物群落和环境调查,研究了河口湾浮游植物群落结构的空间和季节变化及其与主要环境因子的关系。结果表明:全年共记录了浮游植物162种（含变种、变型）,包括硅藻门123种,甲藻门29种,绿藻门6种,金藻门3种,隐藻门1种,其中,春季104种,夏季86种,秋季93种,冬季79种。年均细胞丰度为41.34×104 cells/L,秋季（100.18×104 cells/L）>春季（48.04×104 cells/L）>夏季（16.03×104 cells/L）>冬季（1.11×104 cells/L）,各季节高丰度区的主要分布海域不同。年度优势种是拟弯角毛藻（Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus）、中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）和热带骨条藻（Skeletonema tropicum）,中肋骨条藻在春季和夏季、拟弯角毛藻在秋季和冬季为最大优势种。种数变化范围为12～43种,多样性指数（H′）为0.326～3.918,丰富度指数（d）为0.782～3.789,均匀度指数（J）为0.086～0.784。群落优势种的季节更替率为50.0%～88.9%,群落更替指数为55.7%～97.4%,物种迁移指数为?12.2%～19.5%。聚类分析、相似性分析及相似性百分比分析表明浮游植物群落的时空异质性较高。冗余分析显示,春季影响浮游植物群落结构变化的主要因子是盐度, 夏季是氨氮和水深,秋季是总磷,冬季是溶解氧、无机磷、水色和水深。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.