建设城市中的防火安全系统

本文根据调查分析，指出建设城市防火安全系统的迫切性。阐述了建设城市防火安全系统的基本原理和规划方法。并探讨了城市防火安全系统的运用管理。     

城市综合体建筑内餐饮场所的防火设计问题探讨

城市综合体建筑内往往集商业、餐饮、娱乐等于一体,而其中的餐饮场所又是火灾多发地带,使得综合体建筑的火灾危险性大大提高。综合体建筑本身有其特殊性,其中的餐饮场所消防设计在防火分隔、燃料输送存放以及防爆、内部装修和厨房的防火灭火等方面都存在一些亟待研究解决的问题。在设计中如何解决这些问题,现行消防技术规范必须有明确而严格的规定,以达到指导相关设计并为管理提供依据的目的。本文从上述几方面对综合体建筑内餐饮场所的防火设计问题进行了探讨。     

基于数值模拟的建筑幕墙外保温系统的防火结构参数优化

建筑幕墙外保温系统火灾事故频发,火灾危险性大,其防火安全性能已成为社会关注的焦点问题。利用FDS软件模拟了不同宽度、不同位置防火封堵下幕墙保温系统的火灾蔓延情况,讨论了防火措施抑制火焰传播的有效性和可行性,并提出了最优的防火构造组合。模拟结果表明,当防火封堵的宽度达到100mm,防火隔离带的宽度为300mm时,系统已具有较好的防火性能。可将其设为防火构造设计的基准参数,供综合考虑实际工程的应用性和经济性参考。     

CFRP加固混凝土梁不同防火材料保护设计方法北大核心CSCD

碳纤维增强塑料(CFRP)加固钢筋混凝土结构是目前广泛应用的加固方法之一,但由于CFRP加固构件的耐火性能较差,需进行必要的防火保护。在课题组前期进行的不同防火材料保护的CFRP加固混凝土梁耐火性能试验研究基础上,运用ANSYS有限元分析程序,分别对采取厚型防火涂料、超薄型防火涂料和水泥砂浆作防火保护材料的CFRP加固混凝土梁进行了耐火性能计算分析,结果表明,防火保护层厚度、荷载比、跨高比是影响CFRP加固混凝土梁耐火性能的主要因素,而加固量对耐火性能的影响相对较小。在此基础上,以满足一级耐火极限(≥2.0h)要求的梁跨中挠度限值为标准,根据试验研究及有限元参数分析结果,拟合得到不同防火材料在一级耐火极限要求下的防火保护层厚度计算公式,并给出了3种材料防火保护的合理构造措施,为CFRP加固混凝土梁的防火保护提供了设计方法。     

绿地规划：城市防灾减灾的“柔性”空间

在人口稠密、工业集中的大巾城市，城市绿地系统是城市规划和建设中的重要组成部分，不仅具有改善城市生态环境、美化城市景观、为城市居民提供休憩游乐场所的作用，还具有防震、防火、防洪、减轻灾害的功能。     

CFRP加固混凝土梁不同防火材料保护设计方法

碳纤维增强塑料(CFRP)加固钢筋混凝土结构是目前广泛应用的加固方法之一,但由于CFRP加固构件的耐火性能较差,需进行必要的防火保护。在课题组前期进行的不同防火材料保护的CFRP加固混凝土梁耐火性能试验研究基础上,运用ANSYS有限元分析程序,分别对采取厚型防火涂料、超薄型防火涂料和水泥砂浆作防火保护材料的CFRP加固混凝土梁进行了耐火性能计算分析,结果表明,防火保护层厚度、荷载比、跨高比是影响CFRP加固混凝土梁耐火性能的主要因素,而加固量对耐火性能的影响相对较小。在此基础上,以满足一级耐火极限(≥2.0h)要求的梁跨中挠度限值为标准,根据试验研究及有限元参数分析结果,拟合得到不同防火材料在一级耐火极限要求下的防火保护层厚度计算公式,并给出了3种材料防火保护的合理构造措施,为CFRP加固混凝土梁的防火保护提供了设计方法。     

火灾高温下CFRP加固钢筋混凝土梁温度场分析

综合国外CFRP加固混凝土结构抗火试验相关研究,总结了CFRP的高温热工性能参数。用ANSYS软件对火灾高温下不同情况(无防火保护层和有防火保护层)和不同工况(防火涂料涂抹形式)下CFRP加固后的钢筋混凝土梁进行了温度场数值模拟研究。结果表明,防火涂料厚40 mm时,梁耐火极限可达2.5小时以上,且底面和两侧面全面涂抹防火涂料的防火效果最好。本文研究有助于进一步深入认识CFRP加固钢筋混凝土结构在高温下的力学性能和耐火极限,且对CFRP加固后的结构防火设计具有一定的指导意义。     

确定厚型防火涂料高温导热系数的实用方法

目前,厚型防火涂料高温导热系数的取值尚不清楚,因而无法准确地对厚型防火涂料保护的结构进行抗火理论分析和设计。针对这一问题,本研究将厚型防火涂料视为主要由粘结基料和隔热骨料所组成的复合物,利用并联和串联2种计算模型,分别建立了厚型防火涂料的高温导热系数计算公式;采用得到的高温导热系数值进行温度场分析,并将计算值与实测值进行对比。结果表明,利用并联模型公式得到的厚型防火涂料高温导热系数取值最为合理。据此,给出了确定厚型防火涂料高温导热系数的实用方法,为解决厚型防火涂料高温导热系数的取值问题提供了一条有效途径。     

森林防火性能化设计方法

根据消防工程、森林防火的原理和方法，参照建筑防火性能化设计方法，结合我国的森林防火现状，提出了森林防火性能化设计方法。将性能化设计理念融人到森林防火设计中有利于提高我国的林火管理水平。     

中国森林火灾与对策

本文剖析了我国森林火灾与损失概况和我国森林火灾分布及其特点。根据森林燃烧环理论,提出了符合我国国情的综合森林防火对策,即从森林生态系统角度出发,以林火性状为依据,进行火险区划,以工程防火为中心,群众防火为主,营林、生物防火为基础,有条件地用火防火的对策,有效地控制森林火灾,使火灾发生控制在允许范围内,其损失限制在一定经济水平以下,充分发挥火生态的效益,维护生态平衡,保证林区社会安定和林区经济的不断繁荣与发展。     

古建筑保护中的防灾减灾问题综论

通过对国内外城市环境设计及古建筑保护问题的分析，归纳了一些可供借鉴的防灾设计手法，并将古建筑保护问题拓展到倍受关注的城市减灾规划中。探讨了当今城市系统减灾规划中的若干关键问题。     

城市和农村社区防灾减灾手册和挂图的设计与编制

介绍了城市和农村社区防灾减灾手册和挂图的设计和编制,包括设计和编制原则、编制流程、手册和挂图的内容与结构、挂图编制的主要表示方法以及编制的组织和实施过程。     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Kinship,nomadism, and humanitarian aid among Somalis in Ethiopia

This paper draws on extended ethnographic and health policy research in eastern Ethiopia to reconsider kinship and nomadism among Somalis, as both of these cultural features transform in the contexts of recurrent humanitarian crises and episodic relief operations. The emergence and importance of new patterns of travel and migration among Somalis in Ethiopia reveal significant changes in the configurations and enactments of Somali kinship, on which many Somalis' mobility depends. Conversely, an analysis of Somalis' dynamic sub‐clan groupings and geographically dispersed kinship networks also highlights emergent patterns of mobility and migration that enable access to training opportunities and employment with relief organisations, as well as to distributions of humanitarian aid. Based on these findings, this paper argues that kinship and nomadism—both long central to Somalis' identities in Ethiopia—remain interdependent, coevolved, and key to their resilience and livelihoods in the face of recurrent crises and intermittent humanitarian responses.     

Coping strategies developed as a result of social structure and conflict: Kosovo in the 1990s

The end of 1989 brought with it political and economic decisions which resulted in Kosovo being stripped of its autonomy and the Albanian population being expelled from their jobs. These facts combined with ethnic tensions created a decade of conflict and oppression affecting hundreds of thousands of innocent civilians. Thousands of Kosovars moved overseas to seek work to support families at home, altering the way of life of the population of Kosovo irredeemably. The loss of income had serious repercussions on food security throughout the 1990s; possibilities of purchasing food were diminished, control on goods in 1998 reduced availability of foodstuffs, conflict affected accessibility to markets and shops and consequently food intake and nutritional status was compromised. The most vulnerable were those who had no family members overseas. Mass displacement of population due to ethnic cleansing during the war of spring 1999, further jeopardised food security status. Destruction at this time rendered large parts of Kosovo useless and resulted in a shift in the determinant of vulnerability in the post-war period: destruction of houses, land, livestock and agricultural products as well as loss of family members, became a far more pertinent indicator of food insecurity. The strong and clear links between conflict, socio-economic issues and food security are highlighted and discussed in this paper.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

自然灾害防治综合立法研究:定位、理念与制度

近年来,国家高度重视防灾减灾救灾,发布了防灾减灾救灾系列重要文件,实施了应急管理体制机制重大改革举措。落实防灾减灾救灾新思想新理念新要求,契合国家发展改革的现实需要,应加紧推进自然灾害防治综合立法。自然灾害防治综合立法的定位是自然灾害防治的基本法、应急管理的特别法、公共安全的支撑法。自然灾害防治综合立法应在坚持以人民为中心理念、风险防范理念、综合防治理念、权利保护理念的基础上,确立自然灾害风险隐患排查、危险区避让及搬迁转移、自然灾害科普、自然灾害防治社会参与、自然灾害保险等制度,为推进我国自然灾害防治体系和防治能力现代化提供法制保障。     

Impediments to recovery in New Orleans' Upper and Lower Ninth Ward: one year after Hurricane Katrina

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, a rapid succession of plans put forward a host of recovery options for the Upper and Lower Ninth Ward in New Orleans. Much of the debate focused on catastrophic damage to residential structures and discussions of the capacity of low-income residents to repair their neighbourhoods. This article examines impediments to the current recovery process of the Upper and Lower Ninth Ward, reporting results of an October 2006 survey of 3,211 plots for structural damage, flood damage and post-storm recovery. By examining recovery one year after Hurricane Katrina, and by doing so in the light of flood and structural damage, it is possible to identify impediments to recovery that may disproportionately affect these neighbourhoods. This paper concludes with a discussion of how pre- and post-disaster inequalities have slowed recovery in the Lower Ninth Ward and of the implications this has for post-disaster recovery planning there and elsewhere.