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锰矿尾渣改性壳聚糖对Pb~(2+)的吸附 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
将工业废弃物锰矿尾渣与壳聚糖混合制得一种高效吸附剂,并应用扫描电镜、X射线衍射对其结构进行了表征.采用正交表设计试验,分别考察了 pH值、吸附时间、温度、复合吸附剂的投加量等4个影响因素对Pb2+吸附的影响,最伟吸附条件为:pH值为7,吸附时间为40 min,温度为20℃,复合吸附剂的投加量为0.10 g.处理后的水符合国家污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)中的一级标准.复合吸附剂时Pb2+的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程. 相似文献
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将工业废弃物锰矿尾渣与壳聚糖混合制得一种高效吸附斛,并应用扫描电镜、X射线衍射对其结构进行了表征。采用正交表设计试验,分别考察了pH值、吸附时间、温度、复合吸附剂的投加量等4个影响因素对Pb^2+吸附的影响,最佳吸附条件为:pH值为7,吸附时问为40mjn,温度为20℃,复合吸附剂的投加量为0.10g。处理后的水符合国家污水综合排放标准(GB8978.1996)中的一级标准。复合吸附剂对Pb^2+的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程。 相似文献
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响应面分析法优化造纸污泥吸附剂除磷工艺 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以造纸厂废水污泥为原料,采用微波加热法制备造纸污泥吸附剂。利用制备的造纸污泥吸附剂对模拟含磷废水进行了吸附研究,探讨了吸附时间、投加量、pH值、转速和温度等因素对除磷效果的影响,并采用响应面设计法优化吸附工艺条件。结果表明,获得了最佳除磷工艺条件为吸附时间97 min,投加量6.9 g/L,pH=6,转速200 r/min,温度30℃,在此条件下磷的去除率可达99%以上。因此,造纸污泥吸附剂对磷的吸附效果良好,具有重要的实际应用价值。 相似文献
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柚子皮生物碳质对4-氯硝基苯的吸附动力学及吸附平衡特征 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3
考虑到水环境或工业废水中低浓度、低溶解度有机氯化物的普遍存在,拟构建仿生吸附原理分离低剂量组分,选用柚子皮为生物质代表,在炭化温度为600℃的条件下制备生物碳质吸附剂,考察4-氯硝基苯(pCNB)的吸附特征数据,通过观察等温吸附模型和吸附动力学方程,分析了可能的吸附机理。研究结果表明,实验在25±1℃条件下,当初始浓度为35 mg/L,pCNB的吸附去除率为85.88%,吸附过程分成2个阶段,第1阶段为物理吸附,第2阶段为化学吸附,8 h达到吸附平衡;吸附反应符合二级动力学方程(R2=0.999),动力学参数k2为1.450 g/(mg.h),平衡吸附量qe为30.06 mg/g;吸附等温线结果表明,生物碳质对pCNB的吸附可以用Langmu ir模型很好描述,表面吸附在生物碳质对pCNB的吸附过程中占主导地位,柚子皮生物碳质对pCNB的最大吸附量达到64.52 mg/g,是从低浓度含pCNB废水中去除目标污染物的廉价与良好吸附剂。 相似文献
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以炭化后的核桃外果皮作为吸附剂,以延安市污水处理厂的生活污水为研究对象,综合研究了在不同时间、温度、投加量水平下,未提取水溶性混合物的核桃皮炭粉(吸附剂1)和已提取水溶性混合物的核桃皮炭粉(吸附剂2)对污水厂进水、出水的pH、总N、总P、NH3-N、COD、BOD等指标及其中重金属离子的吸附效果。实验结果显示,吸附后的污水,其碱性增强,2种吸附剂对COD、BOD、总P的去除率较高,吸附剂1和吸附剂2分别在0.4g投加量,80℃、吸附2h以及0.2g投加量,40℃,吸附1h对污水进水有最好的吸附效果,2种吸附剂分别在0.3g投加量,80%,吸附2h以及0.4g,80℃,吸附3h对出水有最好的吸附效果,2种吸附剂对污水中的Cu^2+、Zn^2+、Ni^2+的去除率均在30%以上,吸附剂1的吸附效果好于吸附剂2。作为一种固体废弃物,核桃外果皮以其低价、高效在废水处理中应用前景广阔。 相似文献
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《环境工程学报》2016,(9)
以花生壳为生物炭质(P-BC)原料,Zn Cl2为活化剂,采用化学活化法制备生物炭质吸附剂(Z-BC),并以其吸附水中的硝基苯,考察了p H值、吸附剂投加量和吸附时间等因素对Z-BC吸附硝基苯过程的影响。分别采用吸附动力学模型和吸附等温模型对吸附动力学和等温线进行了系统分析。结果表明:p H值对吸附的影响不大,吸附剂适宜投加量为2 g·L-1,吸附平衡时间为120 min;Z-BC对硝基苯的吸附动力学过程用准一级动力学模型能很好地描述,其计算平衡吸附量与实验值相符;颗粒内扩散模型表明,吸附过程受液膜扩散与颗粒内扩散联合控制,并以颗粒内扩散为主要速率控制步骤;Langmuir吸附等温模型能更好地描述硝基苯在Z-BC上的吸附平衡;吸附热力学方程计算得到吸附焓变(ΔH)0、吸附自由能变(ΔG)0和吸附熵变(ΔS)0,表明Z-BC对水中硝基苯的吸附为放热和熵值增加的自发过程。 相似文献
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《环境工程学报》2017,(9)
利用Fenton活化法活化脱水污泥制备活性炭,研究了Fenton试剂投加量、活化时间、炭化温度、炭化时间和升温速率5种因素对制备污泥炭的影响。污泥炭的最佳制备工艺:Fenton试剂投加量为150 m L,活化时间为2.5 h,炭化温度为350℃,炭化时间为1 h,升温速率为20℃·min-1。污泥炭碘吸附值达到331.90 mg·g-1,BET比表面积为24.265 m~2·g-1。总孔容为0.146 cm~3·g-1,微孔率为17%。分析了吸附时间、pH值和吸附温度3种因素对污泥炭吸附水中Cr(Ⅵ)的影响。在吸附时间为90 min,pH=3,吸附温度为50℃时,污泥炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量为9.93 mg·g-1。吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型描述,吸附过程符合Langmuir和Tempkin等温吸附模型描述。 相似文献
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Jaana Koistinen Sirpa Herve Raija Paukku Mirja Lahtiperä Jaakko Paasivirta 《Chemosphere》1997,34(12):2553-2569
Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle. 相似文献
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G T Brooks 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):619-621
The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9. 相似文献
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Wilkins K Nielsen KF Din SU 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2003,10(3):162-166
We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted. 相似文献
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Abstract The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil. 相似文献
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P.R. Fresquez D.H. Kraig M.A. Mullen L. Naranjo Jr. 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):885-899
Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for 3H, 90Sr, 137Cs, totU, 238Pu, 239,240Pu, and 241Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of 90Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg‐1]). The differences in 90Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y‐1 (1000 μSv y‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations. 相似文献
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Ralph A. Chapman Carol Harris 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4-5):397-407
Abstract The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis. 相似文献
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Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis. 相似文献
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P.R. Fresquez J.D. Huchton M.A. Mullen L. Naranjo Jr. 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):611-622
Abstract One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of 3H, 137Cs, 90Sr, totU, 238Pu, 239, 240Pu, and241 Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of 3H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables. 相似文献
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Jennifer C. Anhalt Thomas B. Moorman William C. Koskinen 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):207-213
Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of 14C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative 14CO2 was less than 1.5% of applied 14C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils. 相似文献
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A.H. El‐Sebae S.A. Soliman N.S. Ahmed A. Curley 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):465-474
Abstract Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with 3H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia. 相似文献