膜生物反应器中生物膜的生长特性

实验采用经甲苯培养驯化而成的单一假单胞菌菌种,通过分析平板式生物膜反应器内,不同阶段假单胞细菌生物膜干重、厚度、活性生物量和生物种群分布的变化,研究生物膜特性与降解效率之间的关系。实验结果表明,在挂膜初期生物膜迅速生长,生物量以及生物膜干重增长很快,有利于甲苯及营养物质的传输,降解效率也快速提升。随着生物膜的生长,生物量及干重也逐步增加,厚度逐渐增加使传质阻力不断增大,生物膜上层微生物的有机底物供应不足,使生物膜上层结构稀疏,最终维持一个甲苯的总传输量与生化降解量的平衡,生物量的生长与衰亡也达到动态平衡,形成了一个较高且稳定的降解效率。     

双阴极MFC启动过程中的电化学特性

构建以污水处理厂二沉池污泥接种的双阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),用循环伏安法(CV)、交流阻抗法(EIS)表征了MFC启动阶段的电化学特性。结果表明:经过3个周期的运行,输出电压稳定,反应器启动成功,启动阶段厌氧-好氧和厌氧-缺氧部分输出电压的最大值分别为175和336 m V。缺氧阴极,厌氧阳极电极生物膜CV检测中出现氧化还原峰,随着启动时间的增加,其峰值电流逐渐增大;而好氧阴极电极生物膜的CV检测结果中未出现明显的氧化还原峰。悬浮污泥的CV检测结果中出现了成对的氧化还原峰,表明生物代谢过程中有电子中介体产生。EIS结果说明电极的欧姆内阻和扩散内阻基本保持不变,极化内阻在不断减小,很好地反映了产电微生物在电极上富集的过程。启动成功后缺氧、厌氧和好氧电极的极化内阻值分别为2.86、2.33和57.64Ω,好氧阴极极化内阻值较大,表明其电极生物膜催化能力较弱。     

微生物燃料电池化学阴极与生物阴极处理含铬废水

采用双室微生物燃料电池(MFC)反应器,考察了不同初始Cr(VI)浓度下化学阴极与生物阴极MFC的产电及Cr(VI)去除情况。结果表明,在各Cr(VI)浓度梯度(20、28、32、36、40和44mg/L)下生物阴极MFC的产电及Cr(VI)去除性能均较化学阴极MFC更优,生物阴极最大输出电压为180.1mV,是化学阴极的1.3倍。随着初始Cr(VI)浓度的递增,两者对Cr(VI)去除的差异越明显,最终在Cr(VI)浓度为44mg/L时,生物阴极MFC的Cr(VI)去除率为66.4%,较化学阴极提高了55.1%。进一步由循环伏安扫描、电镜扫描及X-射线能谱分析证实生物阴极MFC较化学阴极MFC产电及去铬性能优越的主要原因除了生物阴极电极上电化学活性微生物的催化作用外,Cr(VI)还原产生的不导电Cr(III)沉积物在其电极上附着较少也是一个关键因素,该Cr(III)沉积物中含有Cr2O3。     

土壤中六六六和滴滴涕的堆肥生物修复研究

采用堆肥生物修复法对土壤中六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)的降解效果进行了研究.试验结果表明,六六六和滴滴涕的降解先后经历了快速降解阶段和缓慢降解阶段;堆肥第21天后,六六六和滴滴涕降解率均达60%以上;γ-HCH降解效果最好,其次为β-HCH,α-HCH和δ-HCH的降解效果差别较大;p,p'-DDE的降解效果要好于p,p'-DDD,初始质量浓度为0.03 mg/kg的p,p'-DDT未得到降解;微生物对六六六和滴滴涕的降解作用均较明显.     

底物初始浓度对光合细菌产氢动力学特性的影响

实验研究了底物初始浓度对光合细菌产氢动力学特性的影响，并对光合细菌产氢得率和初始底物转化为氢气得率进行比较，分析底物初始浓度对光合细菌产氢代谢的影响，实验发现底物初始浓度为120 mmol/L时最适合光合细菌的产氢代谢，底物初始浓度达到140 mmol/L时，光合细菌主要进行生物量合成和产酸代谢，得到各浓度梯度下的最大生物量，但对产氢代谢产生抑制作用，表明最大生物量与最大的产氢能力之间不成正比关系及光合细菌产生CO2机制与产氢机制不同；光合细菌最大比产氢活性表现在对数生长期，最大生物量出现在稳定期。实验证明，光合细菌对数生长期受底物浓度影响大，底物浓度低，最大生物量所对应的时间相对较早，底物浓度增大，最大生物量所对应的时间相对延后。     

环境因素对Paracoccus sp.QD15-1降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的影响

邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)是一种使用面广、年产量大的人工合成有机化合物,扩散到周围环境中会造成环境污染,去除DMP的主要方法为生物降解法,环境因素是影响生物修复的重要因素。以DMP降解菌Paracoccus sp.QD15-1为研究对象,利用紫外分光光度计、高效液相色谱和反转录-聚合酶链式扩增(RT-PCR)技术,研究了在基础无机盐液体培养基中外加碳氮源以及不同pH和温度对菌株生物量、DMP降解率和降解基因表达的影响。结果发现:在不同碳源的生长环境中,加入质量浓度1.0g/L乳糖后,Paracoccus sp.QD15-1的生物量最大,DMP降解率达到42.16%,基因phtAb和phtB的表达量最大;在不同氮源的生长环境中,加入质量浓度1.0g/L硝酸铵后菌株的生物量最大,降解能力最强,基因phtAb和phtB的表达量均最多;在不同pH的生长环境中,pH=8时菌株生物量最多且DMP降解能力最好;在不同温度的生长环境中,当温度为25℃时菌株的生物量最大,DMP降解率为37.80%。pH=8,温度为25℃时,基因phtAb和phtB的表达量均最多。因此,Paracoccus sp.QD15-1在不同环境条件下生长能力和降解DMP能力均较强,能适应不同的生长环境,在DMP污染的生物修复工程实践中具有良好的利用前景。     

有毒难降解有机物废水处理的生物强化技术

随着现代化工合成技术的发展,有毒有害化合物剧增,工业废水或城市污水中常有或多或少这些化合物,应用常规生物处理工艺已不能有效地予以处理,主要是因为：原有工艺不能有效维持连续的驯化培养物;废水中含有不稳定的组分,冲击负荷大;有毒有机物在系统中降解速率缓慢。为此,国外研究者提出生物强化（Ｂｉｏａｕｇｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ）技术提高现有处理工艺对有毒有机物的生物降解效率。目前实施生物强化技术可通过如下三条途径：①投加有效降解的微生物;②优化现有处理系统的营养供给、添加基质（底物）类似物来刺激微生物生长或提高…     

微生物燃料电池型生物毒性传感器对5种典型农药的毒性检测

目前,微生物燃料电池(microbialfuelcell,MFC)型生物毒性传感器被广泛用于检测重金属、氰化物和抗生素等污染物,但将其应用于检测农药的研究极少.为此,探究了MFC型生物毒性传感器对溴氰菊酯、敌百虫、百菌清、莠去津和烟嘧磺隆5种典型农药的检测性能.实验结果表明:这5种典型农药的响应(产电抑制率)均与其浓度的对数呈良好的线性关系,且溴氰菊酯、敌百虫、百菌清、莠去津和烟嘧磺隆使MFC型生物毒性传感器产电抑制率达到10％的质量浓度分别低至0.016、0.070、0.013、0.005和0.033 mg·L-1;中毒后,MFC型生物毒性传感器的恢复时间随农药浓度的增加而延长,但240 min内均可快速恢复稳定;另外,这5种典型农药所配制的不同混合农药的生物毒性均高于单一农药.以上结果表明,MFC型生物毒性传感器对这5种典型农药的响应灵敏,检出限较低且中毒后恢复速度快,具有快速检测和预警水体农药污染的应用潜力.     

对硝基苯酚生物电化学还原过程及优势菌群生物群落分析

通过向阴极室投加接种污泥构建阴极功能型的微生物燃料电池(MFC),并用其强化降解对硝基苯酚(PNP),考察了MFC运行过程中电极液pH、电导率和温度等环境因子的变化,使用SPSS 13.0统计分析软件考察了各环境因子与MFC输出电压的相关关系,并对阴极生物膜样品采用高通量测序分析其菌群结构。结果表明,MFC输出电压与阳极室、阴极室pH均呈极显著相关关系,电极液pH为6时MFC对PNP的降解性能较优,PNP降解率为100.0%,还原降解中间产物对氨基苯酚(PAP)生成率为32.5%±2.5%,而pH为4时PNP降解率为80.1%±4.1%,PAP生成率为13.3%±2.2%;外接电阻为100Ω时,MFC对PNP降解性能优于外接电阻50、200Ω时。阴极优势菌群中,懒杆菌科(Ignavibacteriaceae)推动了系统电子的传递,而嗜氢菌目(Hydrogenophilales)、伯克霍尔德氏菌目(Burkholderiales)具有辅助还原降解PNP的作用。     

鼠李糖脂对微生物菌剂降解石油的影响

以石油烃降解微生物菌剂和铜绿假单胞菌株A6为对象,考察不同浓度鼠李糖脂对菌剂细胞表面疏水性、原油降解性能和微生物生长的影响,采用GC-MS分析石油中正构烷烃组分的降解情况。结果表明,低浓度鼠李糖脂就可提高菌剂细胞的表面疏水性和原油降解效果。以250mg／L添加组最明显,第7天疏水性达最高,为58．6％,比对照组提高约26．2％;降解第15天原油降解率达71．6％,分别比对照组和TW20组提高16％和13．3％。GC-MS结果显示鼠李糖脂对高碳数烷烃的降解作用大于低碳数烷烃,正二十三烷和正三十三烷的降解率分别较对照提高了21．5％和33．7％。菌剂对奇数碳烷烃的降解效果优于偶数碳烷烃。鼠李糖脂分别使菌剂中细菌、放线菌和霉菌的最大生物量提高了5．7、2．4和1．8倍。鼠李糖脂对微生物细胞疏水性和生物量的提高与石油降解效果正相关。     

以两种酚类有机物为基质的微生物燃料电池产电特性

以城市污水处理厂的厌氧污泥为接种微生物,在外电阻为1900Ω下,采用双室微生物燃料电池(MFC)分别对以难降解的有毒有机物2,4-二氯苯酚(DCP),对硝基苯酚(PNP),对硝基苯酚和2,4-二氯苯酚为基质时进行有机物降解和产电性能的研究。实验结果表明以DCP(50 mg/L)为单一基质时,MFC的运行周期长达225 h左右,负载两端的最大电压值达393.7 mV,库仑效率为13.73%;而以PNP和DCP为混合基质时,PNP明显促进DCP的降解,使得DCP的去除率高达64.52%,同时PNP的去除率也达到94.47%。实验最终表明,MFC能够以2,4-二氯苯酚和对硝基苯酚为基质,在实现DCP和PNP降解的同时可稳定高效地向外输出电能。     

Relationship between electron donor and microorganism on the dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by an anaerobic enrichment culture

An investigation involving the supplement of different concentrations of substrates and microorganisms was carried out under anaerobic condition to assess the feasibility of bioremediation of carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) with the amendment of low concentrations of auxiliary substrate and microorganisms. The concentrations of substrate and microorganisms ranged from 10 to 100 mg/l and from 3.7 × 10⁴ to 3.7 × 10⁶ cell/ml, respectively. The biotransformation rate of CCl₄ increased progressively with the increase in the concentrations of the substrate and microorganisms. In the low biomass-amended system (3.7 × 10⁴cells/ml), 28–71% and 57–96% of CCl₄ removals were exhibited when 10–100 mg/l of acetate or glucose was supplemented, respectively, whereas nearly complete degradation of CCl₄ was observed in the heavily inoculated systems (3.7 × 10⁶ cells/ml). An addition of electron donor in the low microbial activity batches enhanced greater efficiency in dechlorination than in the high microbial activity batches. The second-order rate constants ranged from 0.0059 to 0.0092 l/mg/day in high biomass input system, while a two- to four-fold increase in rate constant was obtained in the low microbial activity system. This study indicates that biomass was the more important environmental parameter than substrate affecting the fate of CCl₄. The addition of auxiliary substrates was effective only in low biomass-amended batches (0.56 mg-VSS/l) and diminished inversely with the increase of microbial concentration.     

不同驯化方式对以苯酚为基质的微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响

以厌氧污泥作为初始接种体,构建了单室微生物燃料电池（MFCs）,考察了梯度驯化、直接驯化和间接驯化3种不同驯化方式对MFC降解苯酚及产电性能的影响。结果表明,MFC在闭路状态下对苯酚的降解速率比MFC在开路状态下的苯酚降解速率加快10%～20%,说明MFC在产电的同时,可加速苯酚的降解。当以600 mg/L的苯酚溶液为单一燃料,反应68 h后,3种驯化方式下的MFC对苯酚降解率都达到90%以上。相对于其他2种驯化方式,梯度驯化条件最有利于MFC产电性能的提高及苯酚的降解,其最大输出功率为31.3 mW/m2,降解速率提高了7%～20%。     

阴极液及底物浓度对AFB-MFC同步废水处理及产电性能影响

为了提高厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池（AFB-MFC）的性能,并为双室MFC寻找价廉、易得、无污染的阴极液,在曝气量16～24 L/h、温度（35±2）℃、回流量10.2 L/h、阴极底边距阴极室内底部17.3 cm、外电阻250 Ω、水力停留时间（HRT）14.0～14.9 h以及进水pH 7.81～8.37下,研究了阴极液及底物浓度对系统产电及废水处理性能的影响。结果表明,使用缓冲溶液、阳极室出水和自来水作阴极液时,自来水的产电性能最佳,阴极液种类不影响系统有机基质的去除。以自来水为阴极液时,阴极液pH及电导率随运行时间增加而增加,COD去除率为80.11%～89.29%,输出电压及功率密度开始随运行时间增加而增加,之后稳定在440～452 mV和48.40～51.08 mW/m²之间。增加底物浓度对COD去除率影响不大,而输出电压及功率密度随底物浓度增加而下降;底物COD浓度由3 307.09 mg/L增至9 520 mg/L时,COD去除率在85.77%～94.44%之间,输出电压及功率密度则分别由449 mV和50.40 mW/m²下降至406 mV和41.21 mW/m²。自来水作阴极液可避免二次污染及阴极液对阳极室微生物的影响,并得到高的产电能力。     

Effect of tetraconazole application on the soil microbial community

Tetraconazole is one of the most commonly used triazole fungicides in agricultural practice, and its continuous application poses a potential risk for non-target soil microorganisms. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of tetraconazole at the field rate (T1, 0.33 mgkg^?1 of soil), three times the field rate (T3, 1.00 mgkg^?1 of soil) and 10 times the field rate (T10, 3.33 mgkg^?1 of soil) on the soil microorganisms. To ascertain this effect, the tetraconazole concentration and the microbial properties with potential as bioindicators of soil health (i.e. microbial biomass C, basal respiration, substrate-induced respiration, structure diversity and functional community profiling) were determined. The results showed that the degradation half-lives of tetraconazole varied from 69 to 87 days, depending on the three application concentrations. The microbial biomass C, basal respiration and substrate-induced respiration were inhibited, but they tended to recover at the end of the incubation when tetraconazole was applied at the recommended field rate. The ratios of the gram-negative to gram-positive (GN to GP) bacteria decreased, and the fungi to bacteria ratio increased after a temporal decrease on the seventh day. A principal component analysis of the PLFAs showed that tetraconazole application significantly shifted the microbial community structure on day 7. Different functional community profiles were observed, depending on the tetraconazole application rates. It was concluded that tetraconazole application decreases the soil microbial biomass and activity and changes the structures of the soil microbial community.     

Effects of sulfonamide and tetracycline antibiotics on soil microbial activity and microbial biomass

Increasingly often soil residual concentrations of pharmaceutical antibiotics are detected, while their ecotoxic relevance is scarcely known. Thus, dose related effects of two antibiotics, sulfapyridine and oxytetracycline, on microorganisms of two different topsoils were investigated. The fumigation-extracted microbial C (E(C)) and ergosterol were determined to indicate soil microbial and fungal biomass, respectively. Microbial activity was tested as basal respiration (BR), dehydrogenase activity (DHA), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), and Fe(III) reduction. The BR and DHA were uninfluenced even at antibiotic concentrations of 1000 microg g(-1). This revealed that an activation of microbial growth through nutrient substrate addition is required to test possible effects of the bacteriostatic antibiotics. In addition, the effects of both antibiotics were time dependent, showing that short-term tests were not suitable. Clear dose-response relations were determined with SIR when the short-term incubation of 4h was extended into the growth phase of the microorganisms (24 and 48 h). The Fe(III) reduction test, with a 7-d incubation, was also found to be suitable for toxicity testing of antibiotics in soils. Effective doses inhibiting the microbial activity by 10% (ED(10)) ranged from total antibiotic concentrations of 0.003-7.35 microg g(-1), depending on the antibiotic compound and its soil adsorption. Effective solution concentrations (EC(10)), calculated from distribution coefficients, ranged from 0.2 to 160 ng g(-1). The antibiotics significantly (p<0.05) reduced numbers of soil bacteria, resulting in dose related shifts in the fungal:bacterial ratio, which increased during 14 d, as determined from analysis of ergosterol and E(C). It was concluded that pharmaceutical antibiotics can exert a temporary selective pressure on soil microorganisms even at environmentally relevant concentrations.     

Impact of long-term pesticide applications on some soil biological parameters

The soil oxidative and anaerobic processes, as well as, the microbial biomass were followed during three years in a cotton farm (Tatuí) where the recommended pesticides have been used for several years, and in an experimental field (S?o Paulo) treated first time with the same pesticides. The oxidative process was monitored by the dehydrogenase (DHA)-activity using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) as substrate. The anaerobic process was followed by the iron-oxide reduction, and the microbial biomass was estimated by the substrate (glucose)-indiced respiration. Increases in DHA-activity and in the microbial biomass occurred only in the farm soil, with concomitant decreases in iron-reduction. In the experimental field soil, the increases in DHA-activity were followed only by decreases in iron-reduction. Soil characteristics were the determining factor for different biological parameters after pesticide inputs. All the pesticides produced at least one clear but transient effect.     

Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol and vegetation on microbial characteristics in a heavy metal polluted soil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the soil microbial characteristics in historically heavy-metal polluted soil, which was also affected by organic co-contaminants, 2,4-dichlorophenol or pentachlorophenol, which often occur due to the conventional use of pesticides. It was observed that the normalized microbial biomass (microbial biomass per unit soil organic C) of the contaminated soil was very low, less than 1% in both non-planted and ryegrass planted soil, and showed a decreasing trend with the treatment of organic co-contaminants. The microbial biomass and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) in the ryegrass planted soil were much larger, as compared with the non-planted soil with or without organic pollutants. The different resistant bacterial community and its physiological diversity in the rhizosphere further suggested that the effect of vegetation on microbial activity was not just a general increase in the mass or activity of pre-existing microorganisms, but rather acted selectively on microbial growth so that the relative abundance of different microbial groups in soil was changed. In sum, high concentrations of organic co-contaminants, especially pentachlorophenol (PCP), could strengthen the deterioration of microbial ecology. The adverse effect of heavy metal-organic pollutants on the soil microbial biomass and activity might be the reason for the slow degradation of PCP that has high chlorinated and high toxicity. Vegetation might be the efficient way to assist in improving and restoring the utilization of agricultural ecosystems. The beneficial microbial effect of vegetation could cause the rapid dissipation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) that has less chlorinated and less toxicity in the planted soils.     

Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenol,pentachlorophenol and vegetation on microbial characteristics in a heavy metal polluted soil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the soil microbial characteristics in historically heavy-metal polluted soil, which was also affected by organic co-contaminants, 2,4-dichlorophenol or pentachlorophenol, which often occur due to the conventional use of pesticides. It was observed that the normalized microbial biomass (microbial biomass per unit soil organic C) of the contaminated soil was very low, less than 1% in both non-planted and ryegrass planted soil, and showed a decreasing trend with the treatment of organic co-contaminants. The microbial biomass and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) in the ryegrass planted soil were much larger, as compared with the non-planted soil with or without organic pollutants. The different resistant bacterial community and its physiological diversity in the rhizosphere further suggested that the effect of vegetation on microbial activity was not just a general increase in the mass or activity of pre-existing microorganisms, but rather acted selectively on microbial growth so that the relative abundance of different microbial groups in soil was changed. In sum, high concentrations of organic co-contaminants, especially pentachlorophenol (PCP), could strengthen the deterioration of microbial ecology. The adverse effect of heavy metal-organic pollutants on the soil microbial biomass and activity might be the reason for the slow degradation of PCP that has high chlorinated and high toxicity. Vegetation might be the efficient way to assist in improving and restoring the utilization of agricultural ecosystems. The beneficial microbial effect of vegetation could cause the rapid dissipation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) that has less chlorinated and less toxicity in the planted soils.     

Modeling steady-state methanogenic degradation of phenols in groundwater

Field and microcosm observations of methanogenic phenolic compound degradation indicate that Monod kinetics governs the substrate disappearance but overestimates the observed biomass. In this paper we present modeling results from an ongoing multidisciplinary study of methanogenic biodegradation of phenolic compounds in a sand and gravel aquifer contaminated by chemicals and wastes used in wood treatment. Field disappearance rates of four phenols match those determined in batch microcosm studies previously performed by E.M. Godsy and coworkers. The degradation process appears to be at steady-state because even after a sustained influx over several decades, the contaminants still are disappearing in transport downgradient. The existence of a steady-state degradation profile of each substrate together with a low biomass density in the aquifer indicate that the bacteria population is exhibiting no net growth. This may be due to the oligotrophic nature of the biomass population in which utilization and growth are approximately independent of concentration for most of the concentration range. Thus a constant growth rate should exist over much of the contaminated area which may in turn be balanced by an unusually high decay or maintenance rate due to hostile conditions or predation.