京杭运河邳州段水质现状评价及污染防治对策

京杭运河邳州段是南水北调东线工程的重要输水通道,为了解其水质状况,利用2005年至2009年度例行监测数据对该段水质进行分析评价,并对造成水质污染内外部问题进行了探讨,提出了下一阶段的防治对策,以保证南水北调工程的如期供水。     

京杭运河杭州段水体污染和细菌群落结构特征

为了解人类活动对城市河道水体污染和细菌群落的影响,选取京杭运河杭州段进行了分季节采样研究。测定了水体的环境与水质参数,分析了细菌丰度、胞外酶活性和群落结构变化。结果显示,从上游到下游,水体中高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总氮以及细菌丰度和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性大体呈递增趋势,冬季水体总体污染水平及细菌丰度均显著高于其他季节。水体中细菌的主要种类集中在变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacterioidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria),所占比例分别为37.8%、24.3%、18.9%、10.8%和8.1%,属于黄杆菌(Flavobacterium)、厚壁菌(Firmicutes bacterium)和放线菌(Actinobacterium)的细菌是水体中大多数时间的优势细菌。限制性排序分析显示,水体细菌群落结构从上游到下游差异明显,高锰酸盐指数和总氮是关键影响因子。杭州市区由人类活动产生的污染物输入是京杭运河杭州段的主要污染源,水体细菌群落对水体污染物的变化有着明显的响应。     

徐州市北郊工业区河流底泥重金属污染特征

对徐州市北郊工业区主要纳污河流,京杭大运河徐州段及其支流荆马河底泥中的多种重金属含量(mg/kg)进行测定的结果表明底泥中重金属含量沿顺流方向增加;主要重金属含量的最大值分别为Cu,398.5;Pb,586.9;Zn,6 139.0;Mn,1608.0;Co,28.74;总Cr,28259.0;Ni,50.33;V,123.1.运用地积累指数法评价了底泥的重金属污染程度,徐州市北郊工业区河流底泥已受到了重金属的污染,尤其是Zn污染最为严重.荆马河底泥中的重金属不仅是其水体本身的内源污染,也是京杭大运河铜山段底泥重金属污染的主要来源.     

再生水农灌过程中重金属迁移规律研究

再生水回用于农业灌溉,可以缓解农业水资源的需求压力,这对徐州缺水地区具有重要意义.通过土柱模拟实验,研究了不同灌溉方式及2种典型农作物——小麦、玉米的种植对As、Cd、Cu、Zn在徐州灌区土壤中迁移行为的影响.实验用添加重金属的再生水和地下水进行土柱滴灌.结果表明,再生水灌溉和再生水、地下水轮灌之后,重金属主要在土样表...     

酒精废糟液综合治理工程实例

采用厌氧－好氧生物法对薯干酒精糟液综合治理后，出水达到GB8978－1996规定的二级标准，该法在徐州房亭酒厂得到了实际应用。     

论企业持续清洁生产

持续清洁生产是清洁生产审核之后一项非常重要的工作，只有真正了解持续清洁生产的意义和内涵，才能使清洁生产具有可持续性，才能为企业的发展提供一种新的思路。文中结合徐州夹河煤矿清洁生产审核过程，就持续清洁生产的基本内容和如何实现持续清洁生产进行了探讨。     

南水北调工程徐州段治污与地方经济的可持续发展

南水北调工程的实施，将缓解徐州市水资源紧缺的矛盾，对整个徐州社会经济发展将起到十分重要的促进作用。同时也对水资源管理、开发利用、水源保护方面提出了很高的要求。如何抓住这一历史机遇，解决地区水污染防治存在的突出问题，实现水资源的合理利用，保障地方经济的可持续发展。     

煤矸石热活化性能研究

系统地研究了徐州夹河煤矸石在不同煅烧温度下的物理、化学变化及活性成分的溶出规律.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、差热分析(DTA)、X射线衍射(XRD)等测试方法研究了热活化前后煤矸石的矿物组成、SiO2及Al2O3溶出率和微观结构,并采用水泥强度的测试方法对热活化煤矸石的活性进行宏观表征.结果表明,煅烧能有效去除有机挥发物和碳.破坏煤矸石中的硅氧键、铝氧键,形成无定形物质和玻璃相,从而提高煤矸石的活性.徐州夹河煤矸石的最佳热活化工艺条件是煅烧650℃、保温2 h.经此条件热活化后,SiO2和Al2O3的最高溶出率分别是76.32%、91.48%,添加50%(质量分数)的热活化煤矸石到水泥中,其强度比同掺量原样煤矸石的水泥强度提高了230%.     

实际工况下内河航行船舶NO_x排放测试与分析

为获得NO_x的排放特征,利用便携式排放测试系统(PEMS)对7艘京杭运河中航行的内河船舶进行了实际工况下的排放测试。测量结果表明:进、离港工况下NO和NO_2的浓度波动明显,而在巡航工况下NO浓度保持稳定且处于较高的排放水平。巡航工况下NO的基于时间的平均排放因子分别是进港和离港工况排放因子的3.22倍和1.74倍。而NO_2离港工况下的平均排放因子分别是巡航工况和进港工况下的平均排放因子1.18倍和1.96倍。受到航行距离的影响,进港工况下NO和NO_2基于距离的平均排放因子高于其他2个工况下的排放因子。当发动机处于高转速时,NO的排放因子最高,而NO_2则在中转速下的排放因子最高。     

一次回风空调系统PM_(2.5)污染控制策略

基于浓度守恒原理建立了一次回风空调系统室内PM_(2.5)浓度模型,研究了过滤器分别安装在新风段、回风段和送风段时过滤效率和新风量的变化对室内PM_(2.5)浓度的影响。模拟结果表明:在室外PM_(2.5)浓度大于室内初始值的条件下,过滤器安装在送风段或回风段时,减少新风有利于室内PM_(2.5)污染控制,过滤器安装在新风段时,根据过滤器效率调节新风,过滤效率小于临界效率,减小新风有利于室内污染控制;在室外PM_(2.5)浓度小于室内初始值的条件下,过滤器安装在送风段或新风段时,增加新风有利于室内PM_(2.5)污染控制,过滤器安装在回风段时,也存在临界效率,过滤效率小于临界值,增加新风有利于室内PM_(2.5)污染控制。     

利用PFU原生动物群落监测铅锌尾矿人工湿地废水净化效能

利用ＰＦＵ原生物动群落监测铅锌尾矿人工湿地废水净化效能,并与水质的理化分析结果作比较,结果表明,ＰＦＵ法和理化分析都证明宽叶香蒲人工湿对铅锌矿废水具有明显的净化能力原生物群落的种类数、密度、生物多样性指数、集群速度均能反映水质状况,其中生物多样性指数更能有效地评价水体质量。     

Zoobenthos as indicators of ecological status in coastal brackish waters: a comparative study from the Baltic Sea

A new method for classifying soft-bottom zoobenthic assemblages along the Finnish coasts (northern Baltic Sea) is presented and tested against traditional physicochemical monitoring data in the complex Archipelago Sea. Although multivariate methods for assessing the state of the marine environment have become widely used, few numerical indices can operate over a wide salinity range. We compare indices currently in use and propose a new index, BBI (brackish water benthic index), for the low-saline and species-poor Baltic coastal waters. BBI offers a salinity-corrected tool for classification of the soft-bottom zoobenthos under the demands of the European Union Water Framework Directive.     

Recovery of crustacean zooplankton communities from acidification in Killarney Park,Ontario, 1971-2000: pH 6 as a recovery goal

Despite reductions in atmospheric SO4(2-) deposition and resultant decreases in surface water acidity, widespread biological recovery from acidification has not yet been documented. Temporal trends in crustacean zooplankton species richness (number of species) and composition were examined between 1971-2000 in 46 Killarney Park lakes, Ontario, Canada, to assess the degree of biological recovery in lakes with significant water quality improvements, i.e. pH now > 6, compared to 2 other groups: i) lakes which never acidified; and ii) lakes which are still acidified (pH < 6). Time trends in species richness could not be distinguished among the 3 groups of lakes, nor did changes in species richness indicate recovery. In contrast, the zooplankton community composition of lakes in which the pH increased to above 6, as measured by a multivariate index of species abundances, changed from a "damaged" state to one typical of neutral lakes. Some recovery in composition was also documented for the acidic lakes. While still acidic, the pH levels of these lakes have risen. The extent and pace of recovery in Killarney Provincial Park bodes well for the future of other acidified regions in North America and Europe.     

Macroinvertebrate community as a biological indicator of ecological and toxicological factors in Lake Saint-François (Québec)

To assess the potential of the macroinvertebrate community for monitoring variation in the environmental quality of large rivers, the response of littoral macrobenthos in Lake Saint-Fran?ois, a fluvial lake of the St Lawrence River (Québec) are described. First, the composition of total macroinvertebrate communities and important taxonomic groups as well as the biotic ICI-SL index in 16 littoral stations varying in sedimentology, water chemistry and contamination are described to define indicator species groups and environmental quality ranks. Thereafter, the relative contribution of ecological and toxicological factors in explaining the variation observed in macroinvertebrate assemblages and biotic index were quantified using partial canonical correspondence analysis. Cluster analyses based on taxonomic composition separated five groups of stations where macroinvertebrate assemblages varied in density, composition and tolerance to pollution. The ICI-SL biotic index varied from 7.2 to 27.2 with a mean value of 19 +/- 6. The ICI-SL values determined for the macroinvertebrate communities in Lake Saint-Fran?ois did not reflect an important deterioration in environmental quality, and there was some agreement between the environmental quality ranking of the stations expressed either by the ICI-SL index or the community cluster analysis. Water conductivity and phosphorus concentration, followed by macrophyte types (Chara, Ceratophyllum) and sediment grain size, were the most significant ecological variables to explain variation in macroinvertebrate communities and derived ICI-SL index in Lake Saint-Fran?ois. Among the toxicological factors, metals in water (Fe, Cr, Pb, Mn, Zn) and sediment (Mn, Pb, Se), as well as the composite indices of metal and organic contamination (water CI, sediment CI, sediment total PAHs) were the most important factors. The contamination factors selected in our models represented contaminant sorption processes rather than direct toxicological effects. The lack of clear relationships between contaminants and macroinvertebrate variables reflected the relative low level of contamination in the stations sampled in Lake Saint-Fran?ois. There were some interactions between toxicological and ecological variables that should be considered in the planning of sampling and interpretation of biomonitoring studies. However, the large amount of unexplained variance (49.2-86.6%) in the CCA models underlined the limitations of the use of the indices of macroinvertebrate community structure that were assessed in this study for biomonitoring purposes in the absence of a contrasting pollution gradient.     

西湖引水治理后的底栖动物群落

１９９５年１月－１９９６年１２月对西湖底栖大型无脊椎动物群落进行了连续监测与研究,共发现大型底栖无脊椎动物２６种,其中寡毛类６种,多毛类１种,水生昆虫９种,蛭类,线虫和无节蠕虫各１种。     

Human-mediated dispersal of aquatic invertebrates with waterproof footwear

Human-mediated dispersal has rarely been considered in wetland conservation strategies at regional scales, yet high concern exists about this aspect for (inter-)national management considering invasive species in other aquatic systems. In this context, we aim at understanding the role of human-mediated dispersal by footwear in protected wetlands with high conservation value. Zooplankton and zoobenthos were sampled in 13 shallow lakes in central Spain and, at the same time, mud attached to waders was collected and later cultured in deionized water under laboratory conditions for 4 weeks. Two-hundred and four individuals belonging to 19 invertebrate taxa were recovered after hatching; Ostracoda (84 %), Cladocera (53 %), Copepoda (30 %), Anostraca (30 %), and Notostraca (7 %) were the most frequent groups among the hatched crustaceans. NMDS and PERMANOVA analyses showed significant differences between the dispersed (via footwear) and the source active metacommunity, suggesting different dispersal abilities among the species found. Human vectors facilitate dispersal among protected lakes, which could eventuality lead to biotic homogenization and faster spread of non-indigenous species. Preservation strategies and education campaigns associated to target humans in close contact with water bodies should be imperative in conservation management of protected lakes.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0689-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

用大型底栖动物对武汉南湖水质的生物学评价

2003年6月至2004年5月季度性调查武汉南湖大型底栖动物的种类组成,并对水质理化指标进行测定.结果表明,大型底栖动物由寡毛类和水生昆虫组成,密度为4 437个/m2,优势种为霍甫水丝蚓和刺铗长足摇蚊;大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margelef多样性指数表明南湖水质为中等污染状态;历年夏季水体中主要营养元素含量的变化,进一步描述了近年来南湖富营养化的加剧进程.     

大洋锰结核在环境污染治理方面的应用

大洋锰结核能够有效分解转化气体污染物(如CO、CH、VOC、NOx、SO2);能够吸附水体中的Cu、CO、Ni、Mn、Zn、Cr、Hg、Pb、As等重金属阳离子和PO4^3-、SeO3^2-等阴离子;可做生物固定化载体除去水体中的有机污染物。大洋锰结核具有良好的环境矿物学属性,是一种理想的环境矿物材料,为环境治理提供了新的方向。     

Using enriched stable isotope technique to study Cu bioaccumulation and bioavailability in Corbicula fluminea from Taihu Lake,China

In this study, we measured trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in water and sediment from representative sites of Taihu Lake, with focus on the analysis of trace metal accumulation in Corbicula fluminea (bivalve). The results showed that the quality of water in Taihu Lake was generally good and the correlation was not found between Cu bioaccumulation in C. fluminea and the concentration in water and sediment. Thus, using the stable isotope tracer method, we studied Cu uptake from the water phase, the assimilation of Cu from the food phase, and the efflux of Cu in vivo by C. fluminea. The result revealed that this species exhibited a relatively lower efflux rate constant of Cu compared with other zoobenthos species. Using a simple bioenergetics-based kinetic model, Cu concentrations in the C. fluminea were calculated with the measured efflux rate. We put forward a novel method, which was taking the influence of biological kinetic on metal bioaccumulation into account to explain the field survey data.     

内电解-生化工艺处理染料废水研究

采用内电解-生化组合工艺对DCB生产废水进行处理，研究结果表明，当内电解柱进水pH值为4．0～4．5、停留时间为5h，厌氧-好氧池进水pH值为7～8，水力停留时间HRT为8h，能有效地降低水中的苯胺浓度，且处理后的出水COD达到国家Ⅱ级排放标准。