生物多样性保护及其研究进展（综述）

由于人口的增长和人类经济活动的加剧,致使生物多样性受到了严重的威胁,引起国际社会的普遍关注．生物多样性是生物及其与环境形成的生态复合体以及与此相关的各种生态过程的总和,具有十分重要的价值,是人类生存的物质基础．各国政府和有关的国际组织积极投入到保护生物多样性的全球行动中．为了促进保护工作,国内外都开展了相关的研究工作．综观该领域的研究现状,可以看出以下７个方面已成为当前生物多样性研究的热点：①生物多样性的调查、编目及信息系统的建立;②人类活动对生物多样性的影响;③生物多样性的生态系统功能;④生物多样性的长期动态监测;⑤物种濒危机制及保护对策的研究;⑥栽培植物与家养动物及其野生近缘的遗传多样性研究;⑦生物多样性保护技术与对策．结合我国的具体情况,建议优先考虑以下４个方面的研究：①生物多样性的调查、编目与动态监测;②物种濒危机制及保护对策的研究;③生物多样性的生态系统功能与生态系统管理;④栽培植物与家养动物及其野生近缘的遗传多样性研究．     

南岳珍稀濒危动物的调查研究

在南岳野生动物中,珍稀濒危动物共有28种,一级1种,即黄腹角雉TragopanCaboti;二级23种,其中哺乳类5种,鸟类15种,两栖类2种;中国生物多样性保护行动计划优先保护名录二级动物1种;中国优先保护动物中国特有种(A级)4种.本文主要介绍了它们的分类位置、形态特征和在我国的分布,根据南岳现有的资源状况,提出了保护措施与对策.     

论我国鱼类多样性与渔业的可持续发展

本文简要介绍了我国鱼类多样性现状和我国渔业发展中鱼类多样性的保护利用及其效益,并对鱼类多样性保护与利用策略进行了探讨.     

我国生物多样性及其保护战略

本文系统地论述了生物多样性的含义,在生态系统、物种及遗传基因多样性三个水平上阐述了生物多样性对人类生存和发展的意义;介绍了我国生物多样性的现状,总结了多年来我国在保护生物多样性方面的努力和取得的成就;提出适合我国国情的生物多样性保护战略,即加强生物多样性的宣传、管理、科研和科研队伍建设,制订生物多样性保护行动计划,开辟国际合作。     

澳大利亚的草场资源,生物多样性状况及其管理

简述了澳大利亚草场资源及其管理和生物多样性保护的状况,介绍了澳洲草地畜牧业在管理及资源保护方面值得我们借鉴的方面,提出了加强草地生态学研究和草地资源管理的几点建议和体会。     

中国农业生物多样性保护主要政策、措施回顾及2020年后展望

农业生物多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分,可提供人类可持续发展所需的多种生态服务,但公众对于其重要性的认识远不及自然保护。作为全球生物多样性最为丰富之一、最早加入《生物多样性公约》及重要的农业国家,中国进一步加强农业生物多样性保护,对履行公约及推动农业可持续发展具有重要意义。该研究回顾了过去几十年中国农业生物多样性保护政策的发展过程、具体措施及成效,指出中国农业生物多样性的保护程度逐年加强,在种质资源保护、渔业资源保护、牧业资源保护、外来物种入侵防治方面开展了很多工作,并取得一定成效,但是仍然面临生境退化和破坏、外来物种入侵、遗传资源锐减、环境污染、气候变化等威胁。鉴于2020年后农业生物多样性保护在全球生物多样性保护中的受重视程度增加,笔者对于中国如何进一步加强农业生物多样性保护提出了6个方面的建议,包括:建立农业生物多样性调查和监测体系;建立农区生物多样性保护的国家计划,整合农业多样性保护、生态修复和农业可续发展,推动多目标的协同实现;推动建立完善的农业生物多样性保护政策、法律和生态补偿措施;完善针对外来物种防控的法律和政策;加强农业生物多样性保护利用的方法和技术研究;加强科普教育和推动公众参与。     

《生物多样性公约》框架下描述具有重要生态或生物学意义的海洋区域的进程与展望

受人类活动以及气候变化影响,海洋生物多样性面临严重威胁,为保护和合理利用海洋资源,2008年《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会第9次会议通过了在开阔洋水域和深海生境描述具有重要生态或生物学意义的海洋区域(EBSAs)的科学标准。2010年,《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会第10次会议决定召开一系列区域性研讨会,利用上述标准在全球范围内开展EBSAs描述。回顾了EBSAs的诞生背景与进程,概括了区域性EBSAs研讨会以及可持续海洋倡议研讨会对EBSAs描述所取得的成果。最后,展望了EBSAs进程下一步工作并提出了我国应采取的应对措施,以切实维护我国的海洋权益,促进我国海洋生物多样性的保护与可持续利用。     

农区土地利用强度变化对生物多样性的影响

农业集约化引起的景观变化是导致农业景观生物多样性丧失的重要原因,为评估农业景观结构变化对物种多样性的影响,探索生物多样性未来的变化趋势,研究基于Meta分析(Meta-Analysis)构建我国农区不同土地利用强度的生物多样性数据库,收集了来自全国298个农业景观样地的15 042条物种记录。依据线性混合效应模型构建我国农区土地利用强度-生物多样性关系模型,并以浙江省为例,结合浙江省退耕还林、生态农业发展等土地利用政策和规划,基于Dyna-CLUE模型模拟不同情景下土地利用的空间分布,将土地利用空间分布模拟和土地利用强度-生物多样性关系模型结果输入Flus-Biodiversity模型,从而模拟典型农区生物多样性的空间分布格局,提出浙江省农田生物多样性保护目标优化方案。Meta分析显示,无论在景观尺度还是局部管理尺度上,随着农田土地利用强度的增加,生物多样性均呈显著下降趋势。情景模拟发现,在所有情景中生物多样性都呈下降趋势,其中生态保育情景下降幅度最小,将常规农田转换为生态农田时生物多样性有所提高。因此,为进一步保护多样性、提升生态系统服务、改善生态环境,一方面应尽量保护农田周围的自然和半自然生境,以减少土地利用改变对农业生物多样性的破坏;其次,适当增加农业景观中的半自然生境,如人工林等,构建合理的农业景观格局;第三,适度推动有机管理或生态管理,合理化减少化肥和农药的施用,有利于区域生物多样性的保护;第四,在保证耕地红线的前提下,应深入推进退耕还林政策,严格限制生态功能区的土地开发,同时注重生物多样性完整性损失严重区域的保护。     

福建水土流失区农业生物多样性保护利用的思考

水土流失区以提高产量为目的的现代集约化生产已经导致农业系统的简化,造成农业生物多样性的大量丧失.本文对近年来福建省农业生物多样性保护实践进行概述,结合水土流失区生产实际,提出了加强农业生物多样性保护与利用的若干建议.包括:1)构建农业种质库,保护遗传基因多样性; 2)保护农业半自然生境,提供天敌栖息场所; 3)推广生态农业,合理配置农业种养体系; 4)统筹兼顾,科学部署农田生态格局.     

全国哺乳动物多样性观测网络(China BON-Mammals)建设进展

生物多样性是人类赖以生存的条件之一,其中哺乳动物物种多样,分布范围广,对栖息地变化敏感,是生物多样性保护和环境评价的关键指示生物类群。生境的退化或丧失、自然资源的过度利用和环境污染等因素造成我国哺乳动物受到严重威胁。针对哺乳动物种群持续衰退的现状,为了掌握其生存状态、种群动态变化以及受威胁状况,环境保护部组织开展了全国大中型哺乳动物观测网络建设。重点介绍了全国哺乳动物多样性观测网络的建设目标、主要内容、红外相机观测技术和样地选择方法等,讨论了哺乳动物观测网络存在的问题及可能的解决办法,提出进一步完善全国大中型哺乳动物观测网络及信息化数据平台的建议,从而为我国生物多样性的保护管理和资源利用提供基础性数据。     

A Framework for Prioritizing Domestic Animal Breeds for Conservation Purposes at the National Level: a Norwegian Case Study

Abstract: Although encompassing only a handful of species, domestic animals have had profound effects on food production for humankind and on human societies. On a global basis, a large proportion of breeds are currently in danger of becoming extinct in the near future. At this critical time, resources are limited and only a selected number of breeds may be supported by concrete conservation programs. I present a framework to facilitate decision making on a national level as to which breeds to support for conservation. These decisions should be made by a national committee of experts experienced with the different breeds and species. First, they must define the species of interest. Second, they should collate as much data as possible and score each breed for key criteria: degree of endangerment, presence of traits of current economic value, presence of traits of current scientific value, agroecological value in a special landscape, cultural-historical value, and genetic uniqueness. The degree of endangerment is the most important criterion because great uncertainty about the future means that all breeds may have traits of future economic or scientific value, so the main aim should therefore be to minimize loss of breeds. To illustrate use of the framework, I considered breed prioritization in Norway. I compared and scored 45 breeds from 17 domestic animal species for these key criteria and thus identified Norwegian breeds of high priority for conservation.     

A systematic survey of the integration of animal behavior into conservation

The role of behavioral ecology in improving wildlife conservation and management has been the subject of much recent debate. We sought to answer 2 foundational questions about the current use of behavioral knowledge in conservation: To what extent is behavioral knowledge used in wildlife conservation and management, and how does the use of animal behavior differ among conservation fields in both frequency and types of use? We searched the literature for intersections between key fields of animal behavior and conservation and created a systematic heat map (i.e., graphical representation of data where values are represented as colors) to visualize relative efforts. Some behaviors, such as dispersal and foraging, were commonly considered (mean [SE] of 1147.38 [353.11] and 439.44 [108.85] papers per cell, respectively). In contrast, other behaviors, such as learning, social, and antipredatory behaviors were rarely considered (mean [SE] of 33.88 [7.62], 44.81 [10.65], and 22.69 [6.37] papers per cell, respectively). In many cases, awareness of the importance of behavior did not translate into applicable management tools. Our results challenge previous suggestions that there is little association between the fields of behavioral ecology and conservation and reveals tremendous variation in the use of different behaviors in conservation. We recommend that researchers focus on examining underutilized intersections of behavior and conservation themes for which preliminary work shows a potential for improving conservation and management, translating behavioral theory into applicable and testable predictions, and creating systematic reviews to summarize the behavioral evidence within the behavior‐conservation intersections for which many studies exist.     

黄土高原沙棘灌丛资源保护和发展问题

沙棘适合于在干旱瘠溥的黄土高原地区生长，在黄土高原生态恢复、环境治理和经济发展中成效显著，近年来沙棘灌丛资源发展迅速。但由于在沙棘灌丛资源保护和发展中还存在不少问题，使黄土高原区域整体效益并不理想。文章研究了黄土高原地区沙棘灌丛资源的类型，共有6个群系；分析了黄土高原沙棘灌丛资源的现状和效益，其在工矿废弃地治理、砒砂岩区治理、沙化土地治理、水土保持等方面作用明显，对当地畜牧业、食品工业、医药业起到促进作用；探讨了存在的主要问题，一是资源发展问题，二是保护问题，三是管理问题，四是科学技术问题；最后从多个方面提出了黄土高原沙棘灌丛资源保护与发展的对策，     

上海市畜牧业污染控制与黄浦江上游水源保护

以地处黄浦江上游的松江、金山、青浦３区县为例,采用畜禽粪尿排泄系数,结合当地畜禽饲养量,估计１９９６年畜牧业污染物流失量为ＢＯＤ５５．５７万ｔ,氨氮０．８４３万ｔ,已成为区域内最大的有机污染源,对黄浦江上游水源保护区构成了严重威胁。分析了区域内畜牧业规模化集中饲养与分散饲养并存的特点,探讨了控制和治理污染的对策。     

我国城市畜禽养殖业的水污染防治

近年来我国城市畜禽养殖业发展异常迅速，畜禽粪尿及废水的污染负荷已超过工业废水和生活污水的总和，成为城市新兴大污染产业，本文针对当前城市畜禽养殖业的发展概况，污染状况与危害，提出相应的水污染防治对策与措施（技术的、政策的和管理的）。     

Mitigating Human Effects on European Biodiversity through Traditional Animal Husbandry

Abstract: Livestock grazing (without modern fertilizers), mowing, and other traditional methods of animal husbandry are used in Europe for managing human-made habitats such as seminatural grasslands. From a review of essential literature, I hypothesize that traditional animal husbandry partially compensates for the loss of natural processes that have been suppressed by humans. There is indirect evidence that livestock grazing and mowing have made possible the continued existence of many species threatened by the human overkill of megaherbivores and other large herbivores. Many species that were dependent on natural fires and floods may have benefited from grazing and mowing, which also may be effective tools for mitigating the negative effects of eutrophication. As partial surrogates, traditional grazing and mowing have obscured the importance of natural disturbances to European biodiversity. Thus, the end of traditional animal husbandry, together with the suppression of natural disturbances, may cause even more adverse effects to biodiversity than is generally recognized.     

中国北方农牧交错带农村土地利用变化因子分析--以内蒙古尧勒甸子村为例

以北方农牧交错带典型生态示范村尧勒甸子村为例,应用参与式农村评估法(PRA)并结合GPS与野外测量,恢复了该村1949年后50 a来的土地利用历史过程与格局,利用GIS分析其1950-1999年的土地利用变化特点.运用因子分析和逐步回归分析方法揭示了人类活动因素对土地利用变化的作用.结果发现1985年以前耕地面积扩大,草地面积减小,沙地面积迅猛持续增加;1985年以后土地利用变化向相反的方向发展,土地利用结构趋向合理.     

节水型社会试点城市绵阳市的节水水平分析

以节水型社会试点城市绵阳市为例，分析了绵阳市的现状节水水平，在比较国内外先进用水水平的基础上，分析了绵阳市的节水潜力，以提高用水效率为核心，提出了必要的工程和非工程措施，保证水资源的高效利用，确保绵阳市社会经济的可持续发展。     

A systematic review of animal personality in conservation science

Although animal personality research may have applied uses, this suggestion has yet to be evaluated by assessing empirical studies examining animal personality and conservation. To address this knowledge gap, we performed a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature relating to conservation science and animal personality. Criteria for inclusion in our review included access to full text, primary research articles, and relevant animal conservation or personality focus (i.e., not human personality studies). Ninety-two articles met these criteria. We summarized the conservation contexts, testing procedures (including species and sample size), analytical approach, claimed personality traits (activity, aggression, boldness, exploration, and sociability), and each report's key findings and conservation-focused suggestions. Although providing evidence for repeatability in behavior is crucial for personality studies, repeatability quantification was implemented in only half of the reports. Nonetheless, each of the 5 personality traits were investigated to some extent in a range of conservations contexts. The most robust studies in the field showed variance in how personality relates to other ecologically important variables across species and contexts. Moreover, many studies were first attempts at using personality for conservation purposes in a given study system. Overall, it appears personality is not yet a fully realized tool for conservation. To apply personality research to conservation problems, we suggest researchers think about where individual differences in behavior may affect conservation outcomes in their system, assess where there are opportunities for repeated measures, and follow the most current methodological guides on quantifying personality.     

动物细胞的简单控制模型

动物细胞的体外培养需要多种生长因子。本研究假设Ｖｅｒｏ细胞生长和对营养物的吸收利用与一个关键生长密切相关,一个控制变量ｃ控制这一关键生长因子的合成。根据这假设建立了一个简单的Ｖｅｒｏ细胞生长的控制模型,该模型较好地描述了细胞从延迟期到静止期的整个生长过程。