济南市大气降水化学特征分析

为了解济南市大气降水化学特征,于2015年1~12月在山东大学采集了降水样品,测定了p H值、电导率及水溶性无机离子、水溶性有机酸。结果表明,观测期间降水p H雨量加权均值为5.45,电导率均值为78.5μS/cm。降水中离子总浓度为1 189.07μeq/L,污染程度较为严重,其中SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-是浓度较高的阴离子,NH4+和Ca2+是主要的阳离子。降水中SO_4~(2-)/NO_3~-为2.18,表明济南市大气污染向混合型转变趋势明显。济南市降水中有机酸浓度较低,甲酸和乙酸是主要的有机酸种类。     

雅安市夏季颗粒物水溶性离子组成特征

2010年夏季采集雅安市2个地点(四教和白马泉)的TSP、PM_(2.5)样品,并利用离子色谱和原子吸收等方法测定了颗粒物中主要水溶性离子的浓度。结果显示,四教TSP与PM_(2.5)的日均浓度分别为108.04±43.80μg/m3和85.84±29.65μg/m3,PM_(2.5)和TSP的百分比为0.79;白马泉TSP与PM_(2.5)的日均浓度分别为92.17±41.56μg/m3和72.30±28.55μg/m3,二者百分比为0.78。PM_(2.5)是TSP的主要组分。PM_(2.5)质量浓度昼夜变化明显,白天高于夜晚。阳离子与阴离子电荷总和之比值接近1。四教总离子浓度占TSP和PM_(2.5)的质量分数分别是26.10%和31.04%,而白马泉的分别为21.34%和24.07%。SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4为颗粒物中无机离子的主要组分,其昼夜浓度变化明显。相关性分析显示,两地的离子来源和组成形式均有所差异。NO-3/SO2-4在0.7以下,说明雅安市以固定污染源为主。PM_(2.5)中硫和氮的转化率均值均大于0.1,说明发生了二次转化,并且SO2的转化率远大于NO2。     

成都市春节期间PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的污染特征分析

采用在线监测仪器对成都市春节期间大气中的PM_(2.5)及PM_(2.5)中的水溶性无机离子浓度进行了连续观测。结果表明:春节期间NO-3、SO2-4、NH+4是PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的主要组成部分;烟花爆竹的集中燃放使PM_(2.5)的浓度短时间内迅速升高,同时PM_(2.5)中的SO2-4、K~+、Mg2+、Cl-的浓度亦显著升高,最大值分别为28.74μg/m3、33.40μg/m3、3.01μg/m3、23.53μg/m3,是基本无烟花爆竹燃放时段的2.90倍、303.6倍、376.2倍和13.8倍;相关性分析表明,春节期间PM_(2.5)中的K~+、Mg2+、Cl-可能有相同的来源,即烟花爆竹的燃放,部分SO2-4还可能以硫酸钾、硫酸镁的形式存在。     

云南省蒙自市大气PM2.5污染特征及来源解析

为了解蒙自市PM2.5的主要化学组分季节变化、来源及贡献,于2017~2018年每季典型月连续10天在蒙自市城区采集样品,对PM2.5的质量浓度及主要化学组成成分进行了测量分析。结果显示:经CMB解析后工艺过程源、二次硫酸盐、煤烟尘、机动车尘、道路扬尘、二次硝酸盐、建筑施工尘和其他源对PM2.5的贡献率分别为23.24%、20.65%、14.11%、13.31%、7.34%、6.32%、5.21%和9.82%;水溶性无机离子质量浓度为19.49μg/m^3,占PM2.5年平均质量浓度的53.09%,是PM2.5的重要组成部分,此外SO2-4、NH+4和NO-3分别占离子总量的41.20%、27.51%、12.85%;PM2.5中NO-3/SO2-4比值在0.20~0.38范围内,说明固定污染源对蒙自地区大气中SO2和NOX的贡献仍然大于机动车的贡献;春季SOC值为3.33大于二次反应生成的有机碳的条件,表明春季受到二次污染源的影响最为严重;蒙自市全年PM2.5浓度平均值为29.72μg/m^3,低于国家环境空气质量标准(GB3095—2012)年均35μg/m^3二级限值,而且风向、风速等气象条件是造成蒙自春季PM2.5浓度高于其它季节20μg/m^3的关键因素,而其关键贡献源是工业源、建筑施工工地和道路扬尘源。     

南充市近十年酸雨变化特征及降水化学组成研究

依据南充市2003~2012年城区降水环境监测统计资料,分析了酸雨变化特征及降水离子化学组成。研究表明:这十年,酸雨频率平均为50.4%,2007年降雨量为最高,呈波动递减趋势变化,降水年平均pH值为4.88,呈现"低—高—低"的变化特征,城区酸雨频率和降水pH值月均值变化呈现高低交替的波动趋势。城区降水中主要阳离子成分是Ca2+,主要阴离子成分是SO2-4和NO-3。(SO2-4/NO-3)比值逐年下降,平均比值为7.82,酸雨污染类型仍以硫酸型为主;降水(NH+4+Ca2+)/(SO2-4+NO-3)和Ca2+/NH+4比值呈波动性变化,2007年分别达到最高值为6.71和50.27,除2010年比值均较低小于1外,近年来均有增加趋势,表明碱性离子缓冲能力增强了,降水酸度降低,pH值增加,但2007年pH值较低,主要与降雨量有关。综合分析,降水酸度不仅是酸性离子和碱性离子中和作用,也受其他离子浓度和降雨量、风向等气候条件、距离传输以及地形等影响。     

铜川市降水离子化学组分特征与来源解析

对2011—2015年期间铜川市降水离子化学组分进行分析。结果表明,降水为中性偏碱性,电导率和离子总浓度值较高。阴阳离子总浓度不平衡,阳离子浓度大于阴离子,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-是主要致酸性离子,Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+是主要碱性离子。以富集因子法分析,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、F~-主要来自于人为活动排放,Mg~(2+)、K~+主要来自于陆源,Cl~-主要来自于海源。     

北京市区冬季PM_(2.5)污染特征及来源分析

选取北京市区为采样点,于2016年1月进行PM_(2.5)采集,并分析了PM_(2.5)和水溶性组分的污染特征和来源。结果表明,采样期间北京市PM_(2.5)质量浓度平均为67.7μg/m~3,水溶性离子是PM_(2.5)的主要组分,其中SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+之和占总离子的79.1%;Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)分别占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的2.5%和0.9%,海盐气溶胶和K~+分别占PM_(2.5)的3.6%和1.6%。采样期间NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)为1.1,表明NO_2和SO_2主要来自移动源的贡献。北京市区冬季PM_(2.5)主要来自二次污染源、扬尘、生物质燃烧和海盐气溶胶,贡献率分别为42.351%、21.164%、16.314%和5.436%。     

运城市大气降水变化趋势及解析

对2012—2016年期间运城市大气降水进行统计分析,结果表明:大气降水呈中性偏碱性,大气降水离子主要为:SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)、NH_4~+、NO_3~-。阴离子雨量加权年均浓度小于阳离子雨量加权年均浓度,城区主要是盐池这个特殊的地理特征造成的,郊区主要与其生活习惯和农业生产有关。     

成都平原西郊PM2.5载带水溶性离子污染特征

为探究成都平原西郊冬季颗粒物污染特征,采用离子色谱仪对选择点位冬季PM_2.5载带进行离子测定。结合空气站点PM_2.5、SO₂、NO₂质量浓度,分析其浓度特征、酸碱度、相关性及主要来源等情况。结果表明：采样期间,该区域大气PM_2.5质量浓度均值为73.1μg/m³,主要水溶性离子质量浓度均值为27.42μg/m³,占比为37.5%;阴阳离子当量比为1.003,PM_2.5呈酸性;二次离子(NH⁺₄、SO₄^2-、NO^-₃)占总水溶性离子质量浓度比值为71.7%且相关性较好,污染期间SNA主要以NH₄HSO₄和NH₄NO₃两种形式存在;主成分分析可知燃烧排放、建筑施工扬尘及机动车排放二次转换是造成西郊冬季...     

成都市区酸雨变化及降雨化学组成分析

依据成都市1995～2003年城区酸雨监测统计资料,本文对成都市城区酸雨的变化特征、离子化学组成进行了分析。结果表明:城区降水酸度变化呈现出一定的波动性,酸雨频变化表现出较大的波动性;1999年和2000年酸雨年均酸度及频率情况都较好,之后出现反弹;降水中离子含量高,雨水污染严重;降水中CSO2-的比值正在逐步缩小,酸雨状况转变为硫/CNO-34酸型和硝酸型并重的局面,大气污染物中NOx的贡献率正在升高。灰色关联分析表明:降水pH值与雨水中碱性阳离子的关联序为NH+4>Ca2+>Mg2+>K+>Na+;降水pH′值与雨水中酸性阴离子的关联序为Cl->F->SO2-3。4>NO-     

Levels of lead in blood in residents of Kuwait

Following an examination of blood samples from 1000 persons from Kuwait, a number of important differences in the levels of lead in the blood were noted. There were significant differences between the sexes living in the same residential area. Certain significant lead in blood differences were also found between females and males who dyed their hair, and between smokers and non-smokers. Lead in blood concentrations were also tested for the various blood groups of the respondents. It was noted that O⁺ blood group respondents were found to have higher lead levels than those of other major blood groups.     

Assessment of flooding impacts in terms of sustainability in mainland China

An understanding of flood impact in terms of sustainability is vital for long-term disaster risk reduction. This paper utilizes two important concepts: conventional insurance related flood risk for short-term damage by specific flood events, and long-term flood impact on sustainability. The Insurance Related Flood Risk index, IRFR, is defined as the product of the Flood Hazard Index (FHI) and Vulnerability. The Long-term Flood Impact on Sustainability index, LFIS, is the ratio of the flood hazard index to the Sustainable Development Index (SDI). Using a rapid assessment approach, quantitative assessments of IRFR and LFIS are carried out for 2339 counties and cities in mainland China. Each index is graded from ‘very low’ to ‘very high’ according to the eigenvalue magnitude of cluster centroids. By combining grades of FHI and SDI, mainland China is then classified into four zones in order to identify regional variations in the potential linkage between flood hazard and sustainability. Zone I regions, where FHI is graded ‘very low’ or ‘low’ and SDI is ‘medium’ to ‘very high’, are mainly located in western China. Zone II regions, where FHI and SDI are ‘medium’ or ‘high’, occur in the rapidly developing areas of central and eastern China. Zone III regions, where FHI and SDI are ‘very low’ or ‘low’, correspond to the resource-based areas of western and north-central China. Zone IV regions, where FHI is ‘medium’ to ‘very high’ and SDI is ‘very low’ to ‘low’, occur in ecologically fragile areas of south-western China. The paper also examines the distributions of IRFR and LFIS throughout mainland China. Although 57% of the counties and cities have low IRFR values, 64% have high LFIS values. The modal values of LFIS are ordered as Zone I < Zone II ≈ Zone III < Zone IV; whereas the modal values of IRFR are ordered as Zone I < Zone III < Zone IV < Zone II. It is recommended that present flood risk policies be altered towards a more sustainable flood risk management strategy in areas where LFIS and IRFR vary significantly, with particular attention focused on Zone IV regions, which presently experience poverty and a deteriorating eco-system.     

Closure of Disputes in Assessments of Climate Change in The Netherlands

2 greenhouse gases in assessment studies. For the cases studied, we identify variability in the assessment reports in the Netherlands during the pre-IPCC period. In the Netherlands arena, the assessments in this period can be seen as exponents of two different lines, a Netherlands line and an international line. We seek to identify what factors were decisive in the selection processes that resulted in the closure of visible disputes (visible in or across the assessment reports) for both cases. Our analysis reveals a remarkable difference in the adoption behavior of two Dutch assessment groups despite a large overlap in membership. We provide evidence that it is not the paradigmatic predisposition of the experts in the committee that was decisive for the closure of visible disputes, but it was the context in which the experts operated and the commitments they had made in each setting.     

生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展

有机氯农药是高残留农药，进入生物体后会长期残留，对生物体产生危害。近年来，生物体中的有机氯农药的研究越来越引起各国环境化学家、生态学家的重视，渐渐成为环境化学、生态毒理学研究的热点之一。本文总结了近年来国际上有关生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展情况，以及所取得的主要研究成果。     

铜陵铜官山矿区土壤重金属污染状况研究

通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了铜陵铜官山铜矿区土壤重金属含量,并采用单因子指数法和内梅罗指数法对铜官山土壤污染程度进行评价.研究结果表明,研究区土壤Cu、Zn、As、Hg平均含量高于当地的土壤背景值,土壤已受Cu、Zn、As重污染,受Hg轻污染.不同样点土壤重金属含量存在较大差异,其中处于选矿厂附近的9到16号样点土壤重金属污染情况较其它样点相对较重,15和16号样点的重金属单项污染指数和综合污染指数都很高,污染状况在所有样点中最为严重.     

高校参与社区精神文明建设的思考

高等院校汇集了多方面的人才,是社会主义精神文明建设的重要阵地。如何发挥其优势为社区精神文明建设服务?本文从多方面论述了高校主动参与社区精神文明建设的指导思想、意义、优势、思路和途径。     

Role of Wild Game in the Diet of Recreationists in South Carolina

Risk assessors have devoted considerable attention to the consumption of fish in the diet of recreational and subsistence anglers, but little attention has been directed toward the percentage that wild game contributes to total protein intake for people who engage in hunting and fishing. While recall studies have limitations, the relative errors should be similar for different types of fish and game. We interviewed 454 people attending the Palmetto Sportsmen's Classic in South Carolina to determine their consumption patterns of domesticated animals, fish (both wild-caught and commercial) and wild game. The percentage of people who consumed each type of meat was: chicken (98%); beef (95%); wild-caught fish (79%); deer (79%); restaurant fish (73%); pork (71%); dove (47%); commercial fish (41%); wild turkey (40%), duck, squirrel and self-caught quail (about 25% each); restaurant quail (10%); and raccoon (11%). Although a similar proportion of white respondents and black respondents consumed wild game overall (90%), there were ethnic differences in the number of meals of wild-caught fish and game. Black respondents ate more wild-caught fish, rabbit, raccoon and squirrel, and less deer, than did white respondents. Wild-caught fish and game made up 50% of the meat and fish diet of black sportsmen, but only 32% for whites. Wild-caught fish and game were being eaten disproportionately more by low-income black respondents, while more deer was consumed by higher-income black respondents. The data suggest that managers and planners should take into account age, ethnicity and income when (1) conducting exposure assessments, (2) considering consumption patterns for wild-caught fish and game and (3) managing risk from wild-caught fish and game. The data will be especially useful to policy makers and risk managers who are designing consumption advisories, for risk communicators in identifying the target audience and for managers designing long-term stewardship for sites with contamination.     

生态功能区划在县域可持续发展指标体系中的应用

在分析县域可持续发展指标体系特点的基础上,从生态功能区划依据的原则、目标等方面,深入论述了生态功能区划在县域可持续发展指标体系中的三方面作用,提出了应用生态功能区划结果对某一区域内不同县域的可持续发展状况分类别进行评价的观点。     

攀西地区主要蔬菜和水果基地土壤Zn污染调查研究

根据各水果、蔬菜基地的分区定点采样结果的对比分析,研究了四川省攀西地区主要蔬菜和水果基地土壤中Zn含量。结果表明,该区土壤Zn平均值范围在75．0～160mg／kg之间。各基地土壤平均锌含量顺序为：撒莲蔬菜基地〉攀莲蔬菜基地〉会理石榴基地〉大田石榴基地〉西区芒果、桂圆基地〉仁和芒果基地〉盐边芒果、枇杷基地。7个基地中有3个基地的土壤锌含量不同程度超过土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准,其中以大田石榴基地超标最高（16％）,平均值却是两个蔬菜基地最高。     

水中氯离子测定时干扰物的消除

用硝酸银滴定法测定水中氯离子时，存在S~2-、SO_3~2-、S_2_O_3~2-的干扰，原用H_2O_2消除干扰，但滴定到达终点后，颜色不太稳定，为此，我们采用过硫酸钾氧化法进行消除干扰的试验。实践证明,该方法对消除上述干扰物是可行的，对测定石油勘探开发废水中氯离子时消除干扰是适用的。