Ti/PbO2电化学法降解废水中三种氟喹诺酮类抗生素

采用Ti/PbO₂阳极电解3种典型的氟喹诺酮类抗生素（诺氟沙星、甲磺酸培氟沙星与盐酸环丙沙星）废水,通过优化pH值、电解质浓度条件,分析3种抗生素的去除效果、降解过程和产物.结果表明电化学法对3种氟喹诺酮类抗生素均有明显的降解效果,电解240min下的最优降解条件为pH值控制在7.8~8.0,电解质硫酸钠投加量为0.04mol/L.在最优条件下3种抗生素的去除率均大于97%,降解过程均符合一级动力学方程,UV₂₅₄值的去除率较高（去除率大于67%）,处理后废水的芳香度和SUVA值明显下降.液质联用分析结果和文献调研显示,电解有机产物主要通过脱氟、哌嗪环的转化和喹啉环的转化这三个途径生成,且随电解时间增加呈现先增后减的趋势,同时产生F^-、NH₄⁺和NO₃^-等无机物.Ti/PbO₂阳极能有效电解废水中3种典型氟喹诺酮类抗生素,可用作生物处理等方法的预处理.     

电-Fenton法处理苯酚废水影响因素的研究

采用电-Fenton法对含苯酚废水进行处理,以石墨为阴极、铁为阳极,并向阴极不断通入空气,电解过程产生的H2O2与阳极溶解的Fe2 形成Fenton试剂,Fenton试剂在电解过程中产生大量活性羟基自由基,能够很好地氧化降解废水中的苯酚.实验结果表明:影响苯酚去除率的因素主次顺序为pH值、电解质浓度、电解电压、电解时间、进水苯酚浓度.单因素分析得出电-Fenton法处理苯酚模拟废水的最优反应条件:pH值控制在2左右,反应时间为60 min,电解电压选10 V,Na2SO4的浓度为30 g/L,进水苯酚浓度为150 mg/L.在最优条件下苯酚的去除率为82%.     

脉冲电解技术处理电镀废水的研究

本文利用脉冲电解从含氰含铜镍电镀废水中去除氰和回收铜镍,研究了脉冲电源的电解电压、占空比和脉冲频率等参数以及电解质的投加量对除氰率和铜镍回收率的影响,对比了脉冲电解与直流电解对含氰含铜镍废水的处理效果。结果表明,在循环流速100m L/min,曝气速率3.0L/min,p H值12的实验条件下,加入氯化钠16g/L,控制脉冲电源的电解电压5.5V、脉冲频率900Hz以及占空比50%,电解2.0h后,除氰率可达到95.7%,电解3.0h后,铜、镍回收率可分别达到87.5%和81.1%。     

复极性三维电极处理含酚废水的研究

实验研究了模拟含酚废水(100～500mg／L)在复极性三维电解槽中的电化学氧化过程。考察了电解时间、电解电压、支持电解质浓度、pH值及苯酚初始浓度对苯酚去除效果的影响，并确定适宜的反应条件。实验表明，在填充较少粒子的条件下，通入空气而处于分散悬浮状态的填充粒子可以综合利用阳极的直接氧化作用、阳极产生羟基自由基的间接氧化作用及阴极产生过氧化氢的间接氧化作用，从而在较低能耗的情况下，充分提高填充粒子的利用率，达到较好的苯酚降解效果。     

电催化氧化法处理苯胺废水试验研究

根据正交实验结果分析电压、pH、电解质和电解时间对苯胺降解率的影响,得出电压的影响最大,pH的影响次之,再次是电解时间,而电解质的投加量对苯胺降解率的影响比较微弱。并为工业应用确定了反应条件：电解电压为6V,pH=8,电解时间为60min,Na2SO4浓度为9g/L。     

电解法处理活性染料废水的研究

某化工厂活性染料生产废水高CODCr值、高浓度、高色度、高盐分、成分复杂、有毒有害物质多、可生化性差。实验确定了废水经AS剂絮凝和电解预处理的研究方案。主要考察了电极极板材料、电解pH值、电解电压大小、电解时间和电极极板间距对CODCr去除效果的影响 ,从而确定了最佳电解条件 :采用石墨板电极 ,pH =3,电解电压 6 5V ,电解时间 5 0min ,电极极板间距 5cm。最佳条件下经放大实验 ,发现CODCr去除率高达 70 %以上。     

三维电极电解处理泡沫洗消废水的影响因素研究

以石墨电极为阳极,以不锈钢丝网为阴极,以活性炭和玻璃珠为填充粒子,研究了泡沫洗消废水在固定床三维电极反应器中的电化学氧化过程。分别考察了pH值、填充粒子比例、电解电压梯度等因素对废水中COD和LAS去除效果的影响,并确定了适宜的反应条件。实验结果表明,pH值对废水处理效果的影响不大,当填充粒子比例为1:1,电解电压梯度为10 V/cm时,废水可以获得较好的处理效果。     

电解氧化去除养殖废水中Cu、Zn的研究

实验采用电解氧化法在电解电压为5V、电解时间为60min的条件下对高浓度养猪场废水进行电解氧化处理。分析废液初始浓度和初始pH对电解效果的影响。结果表明：在初始CODcr浓度为10918mg/kg时,CODCr、Cu、Zn的去除率最高,分别达到了71.3%、81%、71%。另外,酸性条件下的电解效果较好,在初始CODCr为21836mg/L,pH=4时,CODCr、Cu、Zn去除率较高,分别高达73.2%、68.3%、63.2%,达到了很好的去除效果。     

铁碳微电解预处理ABS凝聚干燥工段废水

采用铁碳微电解系统对ABS（丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物）凝聚干燥工段废水进行预处理,重点研究了不同进水pH值对铁碳微电解处理效果的影响.为了研究铁碳微电解系统分解转化有毒难降解有机物污染物的电化学作用,分别建立了活性炭对照实验和铁对照实验.结果表明,不同进水pH值条件下,微电解处理后出水的TOC去除率均在40%～60%之间;微电解能够分解转化废水中的有毒难降解有机污染物,使废水的BOD₅/COD值由0.32提高到0.60以上,极大地提高了废水的可生化性;在进水pH值为4.0的条件下,微电解处理出水的BOD₅/COD值高达0.71,且进水pH值为4.0的条件下微电解对废水中有机污染物的分解转化效率最高.因此,铁碳微电解系统的最佳进水pH值为4.0.     

微电解/Fenton法预处理炼油碱渣的实验

采用铁碳微电解/Fenton试剂组合工艺对炼油碱渣废水混凝沉淀处理后出水,进行降解研究。实验结果表明:pH值为3,废水与铁碳填料的体积比为2∶1,微电解反应时间2 h,曝气的条件下,废水的处理效果最好,COD的去除率超过42.5%。Fenton试剂处理微电解反应出水的最佳操作条件是:pH值在2～3之间、反应时间2.5 h、Fe2+浓度为800 mg/L左右、H2O2浓度为0.25 mol/L,在此条件下,Fenton试剂处理微电解处理后的炼油碱渣废水COD平均去除率为63.8%以上,微电解/Fenton工艺对COD的总去除率在79.2%左右,可生化性由0.16提高到0.56。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.