O3/H2O2处理含油废水的研究

为控制石油炼化含油废水对环境的污染,采用O3/H2O2方法对石油炼化含油废水进行处理,主要考察了臭氧浓度、H2O2投加量、反应温度、反应时间、pH等因素对处理效果的影响.实验表明,废水中石油烃类物质的去除率随着臭氧浓度、反应时间的增加而升高;石油烃类物质在pH值2-10、温度15-45 ℃、10-60 mL的H2O2投加量范围内,去除率分别呈现先增后降的趋势.处理1 L油质量浓度为110 mg/L的含油废水,臭氧质量浓度为7.23 mg/L,投加40 mL H2O2,pH为9,在35 ℃的条件下反应8 min,油去除率可以达到84%.同样条件下处理30 min,废水COD下降了65%.这将为该工艺处理实际含油废水提供实验依据.     

Inhibiting effects by Fe2O3 on combustion and explosion characteristics of ABS resin

The global increase in the use of, and reliance on, plastics has prompted the demand for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin in various fields. With this increased requirement, numerous failures have occurred in the ABS process. Those incidents, resulting from electrostatic discharge, powder accumulation, heat accumulation, construction sparks, and plant fires, have caused dust fire and explosions.In this study, the ABS resin was gleaned from the site and tested for its explosion parameters, including minimum ignition temperature of dust cloud (MIT_C), minimum ignition energy (MIE), and minimum explosion concentration (MEC). To improve loss prevention in the manufacturing process, ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃) as an inert additive was added in the ABS powder. According to the MIE test, Fe₂O₃ has an apparent inhibiting effect on dust explosion for the ABS dust. With the proportion of Fe₂O₃ increased from 25 to 50 mass% in ABS, the MIE increased from 67 to 540 mJ. The explosion tests via 20-L apparatus indicated that Fe₂O₃ mixed with ABS could not increase the MEC significantly. However, the explosion pressure dropped by increasing in the ratio of Fe₂O₃ in ABS. This inerting strategy of ABS was deemed to substantially lessen the probability and severity of fire and explosion.     

UV/H2O2催化氧化去除微囊藻毒素-LR

研究了UV/H2O2氧化降解微污染水体中微囊藻毒素MC-LR的效果,探讨了各种因素如H2O2浓度、pH值、光强、MC-LR浓度及反应时间对降解的影响.UV和H2O2氧化去除MC-LR具有协同作用,H2O2在UV照射下产生的羟基自由基对MC-LR有很强的氧化能力.MC-LR的降解过程可用准一级反应速率方程和二级反应速率方程拟合.反应速率常数随MC-LR的起始浓度增加而减少,反应半衰期随MC-LR的起始浓度增加而延长.在H2O2浓度为1.0 mmol/L、反应温度为(25.5±1)℃、pH值为6.8、光强2.5×104 lux及反应时间60 min的条件下,质量浓度为0.203 mg/L的MC-LR的去除率可以达到80.8%.结果表明,UV/H2O2氧化体系能有效地降解MC-LR.     

超声波／H2O2对苯酚有机废水降解的研究

研究在超声波/H2O2联合作用下,超声波场中降解苯酚有机废水的过程,考察了超声功率、超声时间、pH值、氧化剂H2O2的浓度等因素对降解率的影响.实验结果表明,超声时间越长,废水降解率越大;pH值的变化对降解率影响较大,酸性条件利于苯酚的降解,而在碱性条件下苯酚几乎没有降解;超声波/H2O2工艺与单独超声作用相比,降解率提高了大约3倍.     

Ni-ACF催化H_2O_2氧化降解碱性品红废水

以活性炭纤维为载体,Ni2+,Mn2+,Zn2+和Fe2+的硝酸盐为活性组分,采用浸渍法制备了4种负载型催化剂,并以H2O2为氧化剂,碱性品红为目标污染物,用催化湿式氧化法,探讨了催化剂用量、H2O2投加量、染料初始浓度、反应溶液p H值、反应时间和催化剂重复使用等因素对碱性品红脱色效果的影响。结果表明,Ni-ACF较其它催化剂有较好的活性,染料的初始质量浓度为100 mg/L,Ni-ACF的用量为3.2 g/L、H2O2的投加量为20 m L/L、p H值为5.4(原液)时,反应4 h后碱性品红的脱色率达97.7%。催化剂重复使用活性良好,连续使用4次,脱色率仍可达62.5%。     

UV-vis/草酸铁络合物/H2O2法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

在紫外光照下,利用H2O2和草酸铁络合物对垃圾渗滤液进行了处理,探讨了紫外光照时间、pH值、fenton试剂、草酸铵对垃圾渗滤液中CODCr去除率的影响.结果表明:UV-vis/草酸铁络合物/H2O2法对垃圾渗滤液CODCr去除率有较好的效果,当操作条件是:pH取3,反应时间为1 h,H2O2投加量为1.4 mL,H2O2/FeSO4·7H2O投加比(摩尔比)为5∶1,草酸铵投加量为5.5 mL时,CODCr的去除率达到了78.8%.     

UV/H2O2工艺对三氯乙醛及其生成潜能的控制

以我国南方某水厂沉后水为研究对象,使用UV/H_2O_2中试装置,研究了该工艺对三氯乙醛(CH)、三氯乙醛生成潜能(CHFP)的控制效果,并分析了其控制CH前体物的机制。结果表明,UV/H_2O_2工艺对CHFP的控制效果受紫外剂量和双氧水质量浓度的影响较大,随双氧水质量浓度增大CHFP先减小后增大,双氧水质量浓度为10mg/L时CHFP最小;随紫外剂量增大CHFP逐渐减小。UV/H_2O_2控制CHFP的机制是将水体中的芳香性蛋白质类物质和微生物代谢产物类物质氧化降解或转化为其他非CH前体物的物质。UV/H_2O_2工艺对CH有很好的控制效果,CH去除率随双氧水质量浓度增大而先增大后减小,双氧水质量浓度为12 mg/L时CH去除率最大;CH去除率随紫外剂量增大而不断增大,紫外剂量大于1 200 m J/cm~2时CH去除率增势趋于平缓。     

活性炭纤维阴极产生H_2O_2的影响因素研究

考察了电流密度、pH值、曝气量、电解质Na_2SO_4浓度等工艺条件对活性炭纤维(ACF)阴极产生H_2O_2的影响规律。通过测定N_2吸附-脱附等温线和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等手段观察了ACF的微观结构,从微观结构角度探讨了ACF阴极产生的优势与机理。结果表明,ACF孔隙结构丰富,比表面积大,有利于氧气分子在电极表面及孔道内的吸附-还原过程。当电流密度为5 m A/cm~2,pH=3,曝气量400 m L/min,电解质Na_2SO_4浓度为0.05 mol/L时,电解180 min还原产生H_2O_2的质量浓度高达27.86 mg/L。     

Mitigation performance of the process protection system on the accident consequences of H2S-containing natural gas release and explosion

Toxic loads and explosion overpressure loads pose grave threats to the offshore oil and gas industry. Many safety measures are adopted to prevent and mitigate the adverse impacts caused by toxic loads and explosion overpressure loads. As a general safety barrier, the process protection system has been widely used but rarely evaluated. In order to assess the barrier ability, the mitigation performance of the process protection system is concerned in this study. Firstly, several chain accidents of H₂S-containing natural gas leakage and explosion are simulated by varying the response time of the process protection system with CFD code FLACS. Qualitative assessment is conducted based on the variation of the dangerous load profiles. Furthermore, the quantitative assessment of the mitigation performance is accomplished by considering its ability in reducing the probability of fatality. Emergency evacuation and no emergency evacuation are considered respectively in the quantitative assessment. The results prove that the process protection system takes effect on mitigating the toxic impact and explosion overpressure impact. The results also demonstrate that although the emergency evacuation may result in a severer explosion load to the operator, the process protection system can mitigate the adverse impacts regardless of whether the emergency evacuation is conducted or not.     

FeSO4/H2O2/UV体系处理化纤厂棉浆粕黑液的研究

Fenton法是处理难降解有毒有机污染物的一种有效的方法.以棉浆粕黑液为研究对象,讨论了H2O2和FeSO4投加量、pH值、搅拌时间等因素对废水CODCr去除率的影响,将紫外光照引入Fenton试剂能提高废水中有毒有机污染物的降解速度,提高氧化能力 .实验确定了最佳工艺条件:pH=7,FeSO4投加量4 g/L,H2O2投加量为1.13%(V/V),搅拌时间15 min,此时CODCr去除率达到66.96%.     

The runaway scenario in the assessment of thermal safety: simple experimental access by means of the catalytic decomposition of H2O2

The runaway scenario can serve as a basis for the assessment of thermal process risks. In this context, the time to maximum rate (TMR_ad), i.e., the time between cooling failure and thermal explosion, can be a measure of the time in which safety measures must be taken. This paper highlights the discussion of TMR_ad by presenting the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with potassium iodide. The experimental procedure is easily practicable and imposing for the students. An overview of the theoretical background is given before presenting the experiment.     

电-Fenton法中H2O2生成量影响因素研究

研究电压、pH值、支持电解质、极板间距对电-Fenton法产生H2O2量的影响,确定本实验的最佳状态值.实验以调节电压、pH值、支持电解质、极板间距因素为主,并以草酸钛钾比色法来确定各因素在最佳状态下的产H2O2量.结果表明,在电压15 V、pH值为3 左右、支持电解质投加量为10 g/L、极板间距10 cm时产生H2O2的量最合适,产生H2O2的量能够满足电-Fenton法处理难降解有机物废水的要求.     

Effect of the concentration distribution on the gaseous deflagration propagation in the case of H2/O2 mixture

The investigation of flame propagation accompanying the explosions of unconfined gaseous reactive clouds which are diluted in atmosphere ambient is a fundamental interest in the analysis of industrial risk assessment.Following the previous work [Sochet, I., Guelon, F., Gillard, P. (2002). Deflagrations of non-uniform mixtures: A first experimental approach, Journal of physics, 12, 7–273, 7–280], an experimental study is conducted on a deflagration of a hydrogen/oxygen gaseous cloud which is released in air. The burning velocity is directly or indirectly measured. The flammability limits of the non homogeneous cloud has been as well investigated.     

Experimental and theoretical research on the inhibition performance of ethanol gasoline/air explosion by C6F12O

The safety issue of ethanol gasoline and the methods to control or weaken its explosion have attracted attention. To clarify the effect of C₆F₁₂O (perfluoro(2-methyl-3-pentanone)) on the explosion of ethanol gasoline-air mixtures and intrinsic mechanism, the explosion overpressure and flame propagation behavior under different equivalence ratios (φ = 0.6–0.8) and C₆F₁₂O concentrations (χ_inh = 0–4.0%) were experimentally obtained. The detailed inhibitor reaction process was also obtained by CHEMKIN based on a new assembly kinetic mechanism. The results show that the effects of C₆F₁₂O on the explosion characteristics of ethanol gasoline varied with χ_inh and φ. For rich flames, C₆F₁₂O is more effective than and heptafluoropropane (C₃HF₇) and nitrogen (N₂) in suppressing explosions; for lean and equivalence ratio flames, the addition of C₆F₁₂O may result in more severe explosions. The decrease in chemical reactivity is mainly because the mole fractions of OH and H radicals and the proportion of paths H radicals involved decrease after adding C₆F₁₂O, and R1500: CF₃COF + H = CF₃CO + HF, R965: CF₂:O + H = CF:O + HF, R863: CF₃ + H = CF₂ + HF are main suppressing reactions.     

SO2和H2O对Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂低温SCR活性的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法制备Mn-Ce/TiO_2低温SCR催化剂并考察其活性,研究了SO_2和H_2O对Mn-Ce/TiO_2低温脱硝催化剂的影响,并运用XRD、BET、SEM和FT-IR对中毒前后的催化剂进行表征。结果表明,催化剂在无SO_2和H_2O条件下具有良好的脱硝性能,在140℃时NO_x去除率达到84%。但若向模拟烟气中加入SO_2和H_2O,则随其体积分数增大对催化剂活性产生明显抑制作用。当H_2O的体积分数为5%、SO_2为700×10-6时,反应4 h后,NO_x去除率降为53%。H_2O对催化剂的抑制作用随H_2O的除去而消除,H_2O主要通过与NO_x的竞争吸附来抑制催化剂的活性。低浓度的SO_2对催化剂活性影响较小,SO_2体积分数为100×10~(-6)时,稳定后NO_x去除率仍能维持在80%以上,但较高体积分数的SO_2引起的催化剂失活不可自行恢复。SO_2毒化作用主要是引起了硫酸铵盐覆盖催化剂的表面活性位,以及造成活性组分MnO_x的晶化,并破坏了MnO_x与TiO_2间的强相互作用。H_2O和SO_2共同存在时,H_2O可以弱化SO_2对催化剂的毒化作用,主要因为H_2O与SO_2的竞争吸附作用而使SO_2对催化剂活性的影响减弱。     

生物膜法净化低浓度SO2气体的工艺条件研究

采用生物膜填料塔净化低浓度SO2气体,研究其适宜工艺条件.结果表明,SO2进口气体质量浓度2 500～3 500 mg/m3、气体流量0.1m3/h、循环液流量10～12 L/h、24℃、循环液pH＜1.7时,生物膜填料塔对SO2的净化效率可达97.2%以上,对SO2生化去除量达52～56mg/(L·h).本研究为生物法脱除烟气中低浓度SO2提供了参考.     

Experimental study on the minimum explosion concentration of anthracite dust: The roles of O2 mole fraction,inert gas and CH4 addition

The explosion characteristics of anthracite coal dust with/without small amount of CH₄ (1.14 vol %) were investigated by using a 20 L spherical explosion apparatus with an emphasis on the roles of oxygen mole fraction and inert gas. Two methods based on overpressure and combustion duration time were used to determine the minimum explosion concentration (MEC) or the lower explosion limit (LEL) of the pure anthracite coal dust and the hybrid coal-methane mixtures, respectively. The experiment results showed that increasing oxygen mole fraction increases the explosion risk of coal dust: with increasing oxygen mole fraction, the explosion pressure (P_ex) and the rate of explosion pressure rise ((dp/dt)_ex)) increase, while MEC decreases. The explosion risk of anthracite dust was found to be lower after replacing N₂ with CO₂, suggesting that CO₂ has a better inhibition effect on explosion mainly due to its higher specific heat. However, the addition of 1.14% CH₄ moderates the inhibition effect of CO₂ and the promotion effect of O₂ on anthracite dust explosion for some extent, increasing explosion severity and reducing the MEC of anthracite dust. For hybrid anthracite/CH₄ mixture explosions, Barknecht's curve was found to be more accurate and conservative than Chatelier's line, but neither are sufficient from the safety considerations. The experimental results provide a certain help for the explosion prevention and suppression in carbonaceous dust industries.     

细长柱形Cu-Mn/Al2O3催化剂的控制合成及其对甲烷催化燃烧的影响

为提高煤矿风排瓦斯的处理和利用效率,采用溶胶-凝胶法控制合成条件以制备三维交联通透型的多级孔道细长柱形Al2O3,并以其为载体用水热合成法制备负载量极低的非贵金属Cu-Mn/Al2O3整体柱催化剂.对催化剂的结构和物理化学性质进行BET、SEM、XRD和XPS表征,并采用微型固定床反应器测试催化剂对低浓度甲烷燃烧的转化效率.结果表明,通过控制模具形状、尺寸以及干燥温度等条件可实现对催化剂形状的控制合成.减小陈化过程的凝胶尺寸和降低干燥过程中的水分和溶剂脱除速率等均可得到细长柱形Cu-Mn/Al2O3催化剂.催化剂负载活性组分Cu、Mn的摩尔比为1∶2时,柱形催化剂的比表面积更高,可达174.5 m2/g,比块状催化剂比表面积高54.8 m2/g;催化剂活性组分负载量极低的情况下,柱形催化剂活性较高,T90为560℃,比块状催化剂低50℃.细长柱形的催化剂内部具有独特的微观孔结构即传质通道,该传质通道有利于催化剂与物料的充分接触以增加反应效率,此外柱形催化剂整体成型具备较高机械强度,因此为实际矿井中用于加快风排瓦斯的燃烧效率的催化剂应用奠定了基础.     

复合催化剂H4SiW12O40/TiO2的制备及其光催化降解TNT研究

采用溶胶-凝胶与溶剂热相结合的方法制备了一系列介孔复合光催化剂H_4SiW_(12)O_(40)/TiO_2。通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)和N2吸附-脱附等检测技术对复合催化剂的组成结构、光学吸收特性及比表面积、孔径和孔容进行了表征。X射线粉末衍射分析表明,所制备的催化剂均为典型的锐钛矿晶型。紫外漫反射吸收光谱表明,与纯TiO_2相比,复合催化剂的吸收波长发生了明显红移,一定程度上拓宽了催化剂的光响应范围。N2吸附-脱附结果表明,与TiO_2相比,所制备的复合催化剂的孔径和有序性大幅度提高,粒子的聚集度明显降低。以炸药废水中典型有机污染物三硝基甲苯(TNT)为目标化合物,对所制备的复合催化剂的光催化活性进行了研究。结果表明,H4Si W_(12)O_(40)/TiO_2经修饰改性后,TNT废水中的COD降解率由70.22%提高至95.97%,反应半衰期由4.968 8 h降至1.916 4 h。     

磁性CoFe2O4/MgAl-LDH的制备及对水中刚果红的去除

采用水热法制备了CoFe_2O_4,采用化学共沉淀法将镁铝水滑石(Mg Al-LDH)覆盖在CoFe_2O_4上,制成磁性CoFe_2O_4/Mg Al-LDH复合材料,用于去除水中阴离子染料刚果红。考察了溶液p H值、吸附时间、共存阴离子等对吸附过程的影响,研究了CoFe_2O_4/Mg Al-LDH对刚果红吸附动力学、吸附等温线。结果表明,溶液p H值、共存离子对CoFe_2O_4/Mg Al-LDH去除刚果红效果的影响较小。吸附剂对刚果红的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,且在吸附时间180 min内基本达到吸附平衡。吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,CoFe_2O_4/Mg Al-LDH对刚果红的理论最大吸附容量为610.8 mg/g。