基于RBF神经网络的火灾报警系统失效概率预测

报警系统失效主要包括漏报、误报,对系统进行失效概率预测,可以帮助判断设备质量优劣,评估系统效能。利用Matlab软件编程,通过神经网络预测失效概率。根据不同场所正在使用的火灾报警器的失效数据作为原始数据,归纳总结失效原因,建立事故树,结合专家打分法与模糊理论得到网络的输入值与输出值。通过网络训练,得到可以对系统失效概率进行预测的RBF神经网络,测算效率大幅提高。以70组不同品牌、用途的火灾报警系统作为算例,通过训练数据,最终达到输入底事件发生概率可直接输出顶事件发生概率的目的。结果表明,RBF神经网络相较于BP网络与事故树算得的失效概率具有更高的拟合度,RBF神经网络模型在进行系统失效概率预测时具有可靠性。     

Safety assessment of natural gas storage tank using similarity aggregation method based fuzzy fault tree analysis (SAM-FFTA) approach

Fault tree analysis (FTA) is an important method to analyze the failure causes of engineering systems and evaluate their safety and reliability. In practical application, the probabilities of bottom events in FTA are usually estimated according to the opinions of experts or engineers because it is difficult to obtain sufficient probability data of bottom events in fault tree. However, in many cases, there are many experts with different opinions or different forms of opinions. How to reasonably aggregate expert opinions is a challenge for the engineering application of fault tree method. In this study, a fuzzy fault tree analysis approach based on similarity aggregation method (SAM-FFTA) has been proposed. This method combines SAM with fuzzy set theory and can handled comprehensively diverse forms of opinions of different experts to obtain the probabilities of bottom events in fault tree. Finally, for verifying the applicability and flexibility of the proposed method, a natural gas spherical storage tank with a volume of 10,000 m³ was analyzed, and the importance of each bottom event was determined. The results show that flame, lightning spark, electrostatic spark, impact spark, mechanical breakdown and deformation/breakage have the most significant influence on the explosion of the natural gas spherical storage tank.     

事故树-风险矩阵评估高校实验室火灾风险

为了使高校实验室安全管理科学化、精准化,应用事故树-风险矩阵法进行风险评估。首先采用事故树法对实验室火灾事故进行分析,得出导致事故发生的基本事件,然后依照事故致因理论,得出事故隐患三级原因,采用层次分析法对事故发生的频率和后果严重度及安全措施补偿系数的等级赋值,得到四级风险矩阵模型,对基本事件调查并由专家评估得出其风险值。评估结果表明导致实验室火灾事故的主要原因为:燃烧反应失控、加热、人员消防素质、操作不当、实验室管理水平、火灾报警系统缺陷、电气火花、灭火材料不足、消防系统缺陷、木制品、反应放热、存放不当。根据基本事件风险值高低针对性采取相应预防措施可以一定程度上提升实验室安全管理水平。     

火灾自动报警系统可靠性研究

火灾自动报警系统主要包括火灾探测器、火灾报警控制器、减灾装置和灭火装置4部分,从这4部分分析了其工作原理。在此基础上,着重分析了误报、漏报概率较高的火灾探测系统(包括火灾探测器和火灾报警控制器)在使用过程中可能出现的失效状态。其失效的根本原因是在探测器的设计、选型与安装中出现的问题以及各类控制器和控制软件出现的问题。火灾自动报警系统在设计、安装和使用过程中出现的一些问题可能导致整个系统失效,主要包括硬件故障、系统失误和管理缺陷3类。因此,从火灾自动报警系统设计、软硬件产品质量、选型与安装及维护保养等方面给出了提高火灾自动报警系统可靠性的措施。最后应用系统安全及可靠性理论建立了包括电源系统、触发装置、报警控制装置和警报装置4个指标的火灾自动报警系统可靠度计算模型。     

基于MTBF的光电感烟探测器可靠性研究

针对火灾探测报警系统重要组成模块—光电感烟探测器-报警控制器,根据其在实际使用过程中的不完全故障数据,改良了前人对该问题的传统研究方法,并提出了分段定时截尾可靠性参数模型。该模型主要考虑火灾探测报警系统控制器工作时序性和故障处理时间的影响,采用自主提出的原始故障数据筛选统计方法,分别求得光电感烟模块的首次使用寿命与平均故障间隔时间的参数估计。该方法能够减少火灾探测报警系统初始使用寿命过长而产生的平均故障间隔时间的估计偏差,对于火灾探测报警系统整体使用寿命的估计和维修管理有着重要意义。同时基于序贯思想的动态截尾也克服了定时截尾模型无法准确判断试验停止时间的不足,在保证参数较为精确的前提下最大限度地节省时间和资源。     

Risk assessment of an oxygen-enhanced combustor using a structural model based on the FMEA and fuzzy fault tree

The oxygen-enhanced combustor has the advantages of high burning efficiency and low emissions. However, it should not be promoted for industrial use until its reliability and safety have been fully recognized. A new methodology is proposed to assess the risk of an oxygen-enhanced combustor using a structural model based on the FMEA and fuzzy fault tree. In addition, it is applied to a selected pilot semi-industrial combustor. To identify the hazard source comprehensively, the pilot is divided into four subsystems: the combustor subsystem, feed subsystem, ignition subsystem and exhaust subsystem. According to the operational parameters of flow (flow rate, temperature and pressure) and the component functions in different subsystems, the cause and effect matrix can be built using the structural model, and the relationship between the operational parameters and the effects of the change for the operational parameters on the system can be presented. Based on the results of cause and effect matrix, the FMEA can be built to describe the failed models and accident scenarios of the pilot. The main accident forms include leakage, injury, fire and explosion. Accordingly, with the severity and probability analysis of different accident forms, the fire and explosion accidents should be further accessed quantitatively using the fuzzy fault tree analysis. The fault trees can be obtained in accordance with the FMEA, and the qualitative assessments of the basic events can be collected by using expert scoring. A hybrid approach for the fuzzy set theory and weight analysis is investigated to quantify the occurrence probability of basic events. Then, the importance analysis of the fault trees, including the hazard importance of basic events and the cut set importance, is performed to help determine the weak links of the fire and explosion trees. Finally, some of the most effective measures are presented to improve the reliability and safety of the combustion system.     

系统安全性与可靠性分析的故障树方法

探讨了大型复杂系统安全性与可靠性分析的故障树技术。阐述了国外具有代表性的几种建树方法。针对实际应用情况,提出了将建树过程划分为5个阶段,应遵循的8条基本准則。导出了典型系统可靠度与故障率等可靠性参数计算的通用公式。论述了故障树分析方法的特点及发展动向。     

原油集输联合站故障树分析研究

采用故障树分析法对原油集输联合站生产工艺流程和危险危害因素进行分析,确定原油集输联合站的故障树因素表,以该站故障为顶上事件,以火灾爆炸、介质泄漏、其他危险作为故障树的中间事件,建立联合站故障树。通过定性定量分析,求取联合站故障树的最小割集为77组,进而确定故障树顶事件的事故发生概率为5.68×10-3和底事件结构重要度,得出影响集输联合站安全性的重要因素为通风不良、储罐密封不良、液体腐蚀、盘管穿孔和人员误操作等。因而提出加强原油集输联合站安全监察和监控措施,及时地发现和处理故障,以提高联合站运行安全可靠性和生产效率。     

System failure probability evaluation using fault tree analysis and expert opinions in intuitionistic fuzzy environment

In quantitative fault tree analysis of a system, exact failure probability values of components are utilized to calculate the failure probability of the system. However, in many real world problems, it is problematic to get precise and sufficient failure data of system components due to insufficient or imprecise information about components, changing environment or new components. A methodology has already been developed by employing fuzzy set theory for the system reliability evaluation by utilizing qualitative failure data of system components when quantitative failure data of components are inaccessible or insufficient. This paper extends the concept of fuzzy set to intuitionistic fuzzy set and proposes a novel approach to evaluate system failure probability using intuitionistic fuzzy fault tree analysis with qualitative failure data of system components. The qualitative failure data such as expert opinions are collected as linguistic terms. These linguistic terms are then quantified by triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers in form of membership function and non-membership function. Additionally, a method is developed for combining the different opinions of experts. To illustrate the applicability of proposed approach, a case study of the crude oil tank fire and explosion accident is performed. The obtained results are very close to the results from pre-existing approaches which confirm that the proposed approach is a more realistic alternative for the study of system reliability in intuitionistic fuzzy environment when quantitative failure data of system components are not known. To help decision makers for improving the security execution of the crude oil tank system, importance measures including Fussell-Vesely importance and cut sets importance are also executed.     

最小割集在系统安全分析方法中的应用

利用事故树分析法对矿井火灾进行分析 ,结合平煤六矿建立了矿井火灾事故树。阐述了最小割集理论及其在事故分析中的作用 ,着重提出了对事故树底部事件进行排序分级的加权结构重要度分析法。该方法新颖、简洁而实用 ,为系统安全分析提供了新的方法和途径。     

Estimation of failure probability of oil and gas transmission pipelines by fuzzy fault tree analysis

Failure of oil and gas transmission pipelines was analyzed by fault tree analysis in this paper. According to failure modes of pipeline: leakage and rupture, a fault tree of the pipeline was constructed. Fifty-five minimal cut sets of the fault tree had been achieved by qualitative analysis, while the failure probability of top event and the important analyses of basic events were evaluated by quantitative analysis. In conventional fault tree analysis, probabilities of the basic events were treated as precise values, which could not reflect real situation of system because of ambiguity and imprecision of some basic events. In order to overcome this disadvantage, a new method was proposed which combined expert elicitation with fuzzy set theories to evaluate probability of the events. As an example, failure probability of pipeline installation was assessed by using the proposed method, achieving its fuzzy failure probability of 6.4603×10⁻³. The method given in this article is effective to treat fuzzy events of FTA.     

Technical,human, and organizational factors affecting failures of firefighting systems (FSs) of atmospheric storage tanks: Providing a risk assessment approach using Fuzzy Bayesian Network (FBN) and content validity indicators

Most risk assessment methods have problems such as uncertainty, static structure, and lack of validation. Also, in most of these studies, less attention has been paid to human, managerial, and organizational issues. Therefore, this study proposes a risk assessment method based on the Fuzzy Bayesian Network (FBN) to prevent failure of firefighting systems (FFSs) in the atmospheric Storage Tanks of a Petrochemical Industry. The first stage of the study is the development of a fault tree (FT) and investigation of basic events (BEs). In this study, content validity indices and brainstorming technique were used to validate the FT structure and reduce the uncertainties of Completeness, Modeling, and Parameter. After determining the probability of basic events (BEs) by the expert team opinions and fuzzy logic, events were transmitted to the Bayesian Network (BN) and then analyzed with deductive and inductive reasoning, followed by sensitivity analysis in the GeNIe software. Finally, results of a case study in the Atmospheric Storage Tanks of the Methanol Floating Roof of a Petrochemical Industry showed that FBN simulation and FT validation could provide a practical way to determine FFSs probabilities, identify impactful events, and reduce the above uncertainties. Also, taking account of hidden factors of events, such as organizational and managerial factors, can help managers to prevent FFSs in tanks.     

饮食业油烟道火灾事故概率的模糊事故树分析

根据常规事故树定量计算中基本事件概率的不确定性问题,通过引入模糊集的概念,将常规事故树中基本事件的发生概率模糊化,用三角形模糊数代替确定性发生概率,应用模糊数截集方法,推导了模糊事故树的相关算法.采用模糊事故树方法得到饮食业油烟道火灾事故发生概率,并进行了敏感性分析,找出对顶事件发生概率影响较大的基本事件,确认减小油烟道火灾事故发生的相关措施.研究表明,饮食业油烟道火灾事故概率的模糊事故树分析是切实可行的,有助于对饮食业油烟道火灾的认识、预防和扑救工作.     

基于贝叶斯网络的汽车起重机液压系统的可靠性评估

为评估汽车起重机液压系统的可靠性,首先结合故障树分析法(FTA)、贝叶斯网络(BN)构建液压系统故障树,然后映射成BN,再利用其在多态性和不确定性方面的优势,应用桶排除法,对系统进行可靠性评估。在给出底事件的发生概率后,通过正向推理,得到顶事件发生的概率为0.191 016。针对模型进行多态性和不确定性修正后,得到的顶事件概率为0.228 073,相对提高19.4%。最后利用反向推理,找出系统的薄弱环节并给出改正措施,为更全面高效的可靠性评估提出一种新方法。     

基于Isograph的地铁车载ATP系统动态故障树分析

针对传统的可靠性分析方法在具有动态特性的地铁车载ATP系统可靠性分析中的不足,提出动态故障树分析法。在引用可用度、平均失效时间和平均修复时间等可靠性指标的基础上,结合Isograph软件改进动态故障树分析法,建立基于Isograph的动态故障树分析模型,并通过对车载ATP系统的结构与功能分析以及历史故障数据的统计分析确定车载ATP系统的关键部件,使用 Isograph软件预计关键部件的可靠性参数,对地铁车载ATP系统的可靠性进行评估。结果表明:采用该方法求解的系统可靠性指标均满足系统需求,并且精确度较高,运用此方法能够对具有顺序相关、资源共享、可修复以及冷、热备份等特性的系统进行可靠性建模,达到快速以及准确分析动态特性系统可靠性的目的。     

事故树分析方法在建筑物火灾人员伤亡中的应用

笔者在分析建筑物火灾发生并引起人员伤亡的基础之上,通过系统安全工程的事故树分析方法,综合考虑事故发生的全面过程,建立了建筑物火灾引起人员伤亡的事故树图,从最小割集、最小径集、结构重要度三方面,阐述了导致建筑物火灾引起人员伤亡的主要原因,从各因素的主次性方面着重对事故底部事件进行排序分级以及比较分析,找出了事故预防的关键途径。实例分析表明,事故树分析方法能对导致建筑物火灾引起人员伤害事故的各种因素及逻辑关系做出全面的阐述,并为建筑物火灾的预防以及最大限度地减少人员伤亡,提供了切实可信的参考依据。     

基于三角模糊数的矿井火灾事故树分析

利用事故树分析法对矿井火灾进行分析,结合平煤六矿建立了矿井火灾事故树.应用模糊重要度法对事故树基本事件进行排序,把导致火灾的两大因素进行模糊分级.从模糊概率排序以及分级可以看出,引燃火源和可燃物是比较危险的因素,发生的概率比较大.要想从根本上杜绝火灾,就要严格管理这两个重要的因素.这对于煤矿决策管理有着较重要的意义.     

Fuzzy fault tree analysis for fire and explosion of crude oil tanks

Crude oil tank fire and explosion (COTFE) is the most frequent type of accident in petroleum refineries, oil terminals or storage which often results in human fatality, environment pollution and economic loss. In this paper, with fault tree qualitative analysis technique, various potential causes of the COTFE are identified and a COTFE fault tree is constructed. Conventional fault tree quantitative analysis calculates the occurrence probability of the COTFE using exact probability data of the basic events. However, it is often very difficult to obtain corresponding precise data and information in advance due to insufficient data, changing environment or new components. Fuzzy set theory has been proven to be effective on such uncertain problems. Hence, this article investigates a hybrid approach of fuzzy set theory and fault tree analysis to quantify the COTFE fault tree in fuzzy environment and evaluate the COTFE occurrence probability. Further, importance analysis for the COTFE fault tree, including the Fussell–Vesely importance measure of basic events and the cut sets importance measure, is performed to help identifying the weak links of the crude oil tank system that will provide the most cost-effective mitigation. Also, a case study and analysis is provided to testify the proposed method.     

基于改进贝叶斯网络的加油站火灾爆炸分析

为了找出导致加油站发生火灾爆炸事故的基本事件及其可能性大小,以加油站火灾爆炸故障树为基础建立相应的贝叶斯网络风险模型。在FTA向BN转化算法的基础上对条件概率做出了修正。利用GeNIe软件计算加油站火灾爆炸事故基事件的后验概率,同时进行灵敏度和影响力分析。最后通过实例分析,找出了导致某加油站发生火灾爆炸事故危险性最大的因素集为:加油站接打手机、机械碰撞、给塑料容器加油、加油冒油、油枪渗漏等。结果表明,注重基事件的多态性和事件间逻辑关系合理性的新模型,能推算出更准确的基事件概率分布,同时可以找出导致事故发生的最有可能途径,为加油站事故预防,系统改进提供较为合理性建议。     

Reliability and availability modeling of Subsea Xmas tree system using Dynamic Bayesian network with different maintenance methods

Subsea Xmas tree is a vital equipment for offshore oil and gas development. Aiming at the fault mode of subsea Christmas tree system under production conditions, the fault tree of subsea tree system was established, which was transformed into Dynamic Bayesian network, and the reliability and availability of subsea tree system with different repair states are quantitatively analyzed. In this paper, the DBNs are partially verified by the method based on three axes. The results show that the reliability of subsea vertical tree system is slightly higher than that of subsea horizontal tree system. After repair and maintenance, the performance of subsea tree system has been significantly improved, and the improvement of the system performance by preventive maintenance is more obvious. Compared with the perfect repair, the performance of the system with imperfect repair is not significantly reduced. Compared with perfect repair & preventive maintenance, the performance of the system with imperfect repair & preventive maintenance is slightly reduced. In addition, the influence of failure rates and degradation probability on reliability and availability is analyzed. By comparing the influence of failure rates on the system performance of non-maintenance and maintenance, it is found that the change of failure rates has the greatest influence on the reliability and the least influence on the availability of perfect repair & preventive maintenance. By comparing the performance of each component in the subsea tree system, it is found that the failure rates has the most obvious influence on the chock module, and gate valve and tree cap have the most significant influence on the reliability of the system. In order to improve the reliability of subsea tree system, it is necessary to improve the reliability of chock module, gate valve and tree cap.