National Prevention through Design (PtD) Initiative

INTRODUCTION: The most effective means of preventing and controlling occupational injuries, illness, and fatalities is to "design out" hazards and hazardous exposures from the workplace. There is a long history of designing for safety for the general public and to a lesser degree for workers. METHOD: We now have the experience and insight from thoughtful, previous efforts to call for a comprehensive national strategy to implement a Prevention through Design (PtD) Initiative. RESULTS: This paper describes that initiative in terms of four overarching areas where action can be directed: practice, policy, research, and education. To obtain stakeholder input for issues in these four areas and to focus implementation efforts, eight sector divisions of the economy will be addressed. A seven year strategy is envisioned.     

某厂皮带机扩建安全优化设计

采用本质安全优化技术对皮带机本体进行设计,提高设备寿命,强化设备安全,降低操作维护故障通过优化设计选用变频调速技术控制料量,使系统配置满足工艺要求,综合指标更为合理。     

Mitigating construction safety risks using prevention through design

Introduction

Research and practice have demonstrated that decisions made prior to work at construction sites can influence construction worker safety. However, it has also been argued that most architects and design engineers possess neither the knowledge of construction safety nor the knowledge of construction processes necessary to effectively perform Construction Hazards Prevention through Design (CHPtD).

Method

This paper introduces a quantitative methodology that supports designers by providing a way to evaluate the safety-related performance of residential construction designs using a risk analysis-based approach. The methodology compares the overall safety risk level of various construction designs and ranks the significance of the various safety risks of each of these designs. The methodology also compares the absolute importance of a particular safety risk in various construction designs.

Results

Because the methodology identifies the relevance of each safety risk at a particular site prior to the construction stage, significant risks are highlighted in advance. Thus, a range of measures for mitigating safety risks can then be implemented during on-site construction.

Impact on industry

The methodology is specially worthwhile for designers, who can compare construction techniques and systems during the design phase and determine the corresponding level of safety risk without their creative talents being restricted. By using this methodology, construction companies can improve their on-site safety performance.     

关于机械设备的绿色与安全设计的思考

笔者根据国内外的现状提出了机械设备的绿色与安全设计的新思路。绿色与安全设计新方法 ,可以使设计出来的机械设备既安全又符合人类可持续发展的要求。该方法主要应用力学、数学、机械设计理论、安全评定、环境科学、信息技术及可靠性分析等方面的知识 ,完善机械设备的安全评价、安全设计 ;应用机械设计理论、环境科学等知识进一步完善机械设备的绿色设计 ;分析和研究机械设备的设计与制造、运输、运行等环节的关系及其对环境的影响 ;研究机械设备报废后的回收问题 ;将机械设备的安全设计与绿色设计有机地结合起来整合为一种全新的设计方法——绿色与安全设计方法。     

大型原油储罐设计中主要安全问题及对策

大型原油储罐储量很大,潜在危险性高,一旦发生事故,损失将十分惨重。为此,在分析了大型原油储罐工程危险性的基础上,重点论述了大型原油储罐设计中的主要安全问题及其对策,包括储罐地基和基础、浮顶储罐密封装置、信号报警联锁系统、排水设计、防腐蚀措施等,特别针对大型原油储罐的特点,详细讨论了浮盘沉底事故原因并介绍了预防浮盘沉底的设计要求,为工程设计提供了有价值的参考依据。     

回采工作面热害的防治

阐述了平顶山四矿丁56—19090回采面试验下行通风的理由、方案选择、使用效果与结论。它为全矿区消除井下热害威胁、实现安全生产探索了新途径。     

安全文化在复杂社会技术系统安全控制中的作用

随着复杂社会技术系统的发展 ,安全文化对于系统的安全运行越来越重要。安全文化是人们关于安全问题的价值观、态度及行为方式的集合体。人们往往在态度与价值观层次上利用问卷调查的形式探讨安全文化的维度结构 ,从而指导实践。安全文化在个体层面上通过影响安全绩效的决定因素来影响安全绩效 ,而从组织事故发生的路径来看 ,不良安全文化影响各级防御措施中的人与设备 ,是造成各种潜在失效和现行失效的根因。系统的安全控制应该充分利用安全文化进行管理 ,积极地推动安全文化建设 ,引导组织控制向社会控制转变 ,并且合理地应用安全文化评估进行组织前馈 ,从而更好地预防事故的发生     

新建、改建、扩建锅炉房的安全卫生注意事项

介绍了新建 改建、扩建锅炉房时的设计要求及在安全卫生方面的注意事项。     

特种劳动防护用品安全标识监管与防伪系统的开发及应用

本系统将特种劳动防护用品在日常管理过程中出现的大量繁杂多变的信息转变为数字信息数据，并建立适当的数学模型，由计算机对模型进行综合分析处理，同时显示结果，从而实现特种劳动防护用品的数字化管理，实现产品的真伪辨别和产品质量的责任追溯。     

Prevention in the chemical and process industries: Future directions

This paper presents the current trends of future-oriented prevention management in the chemical-using industry. Two concepts leading to the next generation of managing prevention within chemical industrial areas are explained and discussed. The first concept concerns integrated design-based safety and security; the second concerns the collaboration of several chemical plants to increase sustainable development of their activities and their environment.     

乡镇企业锅炉安全管理的几个问题

指出了乡镇企业锅炉管理存在的问题,针对这些问题提出了预防措施。     

关于大型商贸市场消防安全设计的探讨

借鉴国内外消防安全设计成功经验,跟踪国际火灾科学研究,探求一种适用于大型商贸市场的消防安全设计。以具体实例为对象,详细分析了该类建筑的建筑特点及火灾的危险性,采用了非常规性的消防安全设计理念,以满足大型商贸市场的现代化经营方式及消防安全的需要,其阐述和讨论结果可为进一步进行消防安全设计提供参考。     

Prevention through design: The effect of European Directives on construction workplace accidents

Workplace accidents still occur with distressing frequency, particularly in construction. Industrialized countries have become increasingly aware of this situation and have adopted policies to attempt to deal with this issue. Such policies have led to the development of new laws and regulations with a view to improving workplace conditions.This paper first analyzes policies regarding accident prevention in the European Union, as initially stipulated in the European Framework Directive 89/391/EEC, and more specifically in Directive 92/57/EEC, on the implementation of minimum safety and health requirements at temporary or mobile construction sites, concentrating on prevention through design. Whilst designers previously had some responsibilities for reducing risk under common law provisions in many countries, this directive was the first explicit legislation to enforce particular duties upon them. The adaptation of the provisions in this directive to the national legislation of EU member countries is also studied.The second section of the paper analyzes the incidence rate of workplace accidents in the construction sector in each country from the year when these regulations came into force until the present time. Based on the evolution of these accident rates, the paper postulates the extent to which European policies have contributed to accident prevention in construction. It is now more than a decade since this legislation has been in force which provides a suitable period for a reflective analysis on it is impact.     

道路工程积雪灾害的安全设计与防治措施研究

积雪灾害主要指自然积雪、风吹雪、雪崩。笔者结合实际工程设计 ,在“以防为主 ,防治结合”的前提下 ,对于进行工程处理的地段必须提出具体措施 ,以确保工程建设以及使用过程的安全。对积雪灾害地区针对不同灾害类型 ,提出工程处理措施 ,对于风吹雪灾害的处理措施类型有导、疏、阻、清等措施 ,对于雪崩灾害的处理措施有稳、导、防、缓等措施。在此基础上 ,提出了对于积雪灾害采取因地制宜 ,综合治理的方法。     

Empirical investigation of construction safety management activities and performance in Australia

The construction industry seems to suffer from a general inability to manage workplace health and safety to a level where an achieved improvement in safety performance by a way of pro-active measures can result in zero accidents. This paper investigates the effectiveness of safety management activities as currently adopted by Australian contracting organisations. A safety management survey has been conducted of contracting organisations operating in the State of Queensland, Australia. Based on a research model depicting statistical analysis techniques, a safety management index reflecting the intensity of level of safety management activities has been developed to provide a means whereby individual organisations can be assessed and graded on their safety management commitment and attitudes. The paper reports on a detailed empirical analysis carried out to examine the relationship between the intensity of safety management commitment and the overall safety performance, pro-activeness and record.     

Safety in construction – a comprehensive description of the characteristics of high safety standards in construction work, from the combined perspective of supervisors and experienced workers

Introduction

The often applied engineering approach to safety management in the construction industry needs to be supplemented by organizational measures and measures based on how people conceive and react to their social environment. This requires in-depth knowledge of the broad preconditions for high safety standards in construction. The aim of the study was to comprehensively describe the preconditions and components of high safety standards in the construction industry from the perspective of both experienced construction workers and first-line managers.

Method

Five worker safety representatives and 19 first-line managers were interviewed, all strategically selected from within a large Swedish construction project. Phenomenographic methodology was used for data acquisition and analysis and to categorize the information. Nine informants verified the results.

Results

The study identified four main categories of work safety preconditions and components: (1) Project characteristics and nature of the work, which set the limits of safety management; (2) Organization and structures, with the subcategories planning, work roles, procedures, and resources; (3) Collective values, norms, and behaviors, with the subcategories climate and culture, and interaction and cooperation; and (4) Individual competence and attitudes, with the subcategories knowledge, ability and experience, and individual attitudes.

Discussion

The results comprehensively describe high safety standards in construction, incorporating organizational, group, individual, and technical aspects. High-quality interaction between different organizational functions and hierarchical levels stood out as important aspects of safety. The results are discussed in relation to previous research into safety and into the social-psychological preconditions for other desired outcomes in occupational settings.

Impact on Industry

The results can guide construction companies in planning and executing construction projects to a high safety standard.