砷对植物生长和生理生化的影响与机制综述

有色金属开采冶炼、工业排污及农业污水灌溉等导致大量砷(As)进入土壤,土壤砷污染问题日益突出。砷与磷(P)为同主族元素,具有相似的化学性质和化学行为,砷通过植物根系的磷转运蛋白被植物吸收。砷在植物体内竞争取代化合物中的磷,并与巯基结合导致蛋白失活,影响植物生长和正常生理代谢。然而亦有研究发现,一定浓度的砷可影响植物生理生化过程,并对植物生长产生促进作用。本文综述了砷在植物体内的含量与分布,重点阐述砷对植物生物量、营养元素吸收、生长代谢相关生理生化指标(内源激素、光合参数、丙二醛、抗氧化酶、渗透物质)及根际环境和植物促生菌群落的影响与机制,以期为理解砷促进超富集植物生长机制的研究提供理论基础,为挖掘可降低砷毒性和提高砷抗性的方法过程机制提供技术参考。     

微生物砷代谢机制的研究进展（Progress in Study of Mechanisms of Microbial Arsenic Transformation in Environment）

环境砷污染是一个全球性问题.研究砷的生物地球化学循环可以明确环境中砷的来源及其转化特征,为探索砷污染治理的方法提供参考.越来越多的研究表明,自然界中的微生物在砷的迁移转化过程中发挥了重要作用.根据微生物对砷的代谢机制不同将其分为:砷氧化微生物、砷还原微生物和砷甲基化微生物.砷氧化微生物可以将环境中的As(Ⅲ)氧化为毒性较弱并且容易被铁铝矿物吸附固定的As(Ⅴ),因此对降低环境中的砷毒性具有重要作用;微生物对砷的甲基化作用的产物通常为毒性较低的有机砷,因此也被认为是理想的修复环境砷污染的生物手段之一;然而在还原环境中,砷还原微生物却可以将游离态和结合态的As(Ⅴ)还原为毒性更强的As(Ⅲ),从而加重环境中的砷污染状况.由此可见,明确微生物的砷代谢机制及其对砷污染环境中砷迁移转化的影响,是实现生物修复砷污染环境的必要前提.论文总结了近年来国内外微生物砷代谢机制的研究进展,以期为深入研究微生物代谢砷的机理及其在砷污染治理中的应用提供参考.     

微生物砷还原机制的研究进展

砷是一种剧毒物质,环境中的砷对人体健康存在潜在威胁,因此长期以来备受关注.微生物的各种代谢过程对砷在环境中的归趋起着重要作用,其中砷还原微生物能将吸附于固体矿物中的As(Ⅴ)还原为可溶性强的As(Ⅲ),使砷进入液相,从而加剧了地下水等饮用水源的砷污染.论文主要介绍了两种微生物砷还原机制(异化砷还原和细胞质砷还原)在作用...     

砷在农作物中的累积及其耐受机制研究综述

砷污染在全世界已逐渐成为一个严峻的环境问题,砷污染地区农作物中砷的超量累积是砷流入人体最主要的途径之一,研究农作物对砷的累积特征及其耐受机制对如何减少砷在可食植物中的积累有着重要的意义。砷是植物非必需元素且对植物有很大的毒性,不同形态与价态的砷在环境中的迁移转化规律和对生物的毒性、可利用性也是不同的。农作物中的砷含量不仅与环境中砷的含量、形态有关,还与植物自身的特性有关;砷在较低浓度下会促进农作物的生长,这可能是砷处理杀死了危害植物的病菌而有利于植物的生长或是砷通过影响其他元素的吸收而间接促进植物的生长,高浓度砷则表现出对植物生长的抑制作用;植物对砷和磷、硅的吸收存在明显的竞争,增加土壤中磷、硅的供应可以有效减少农作物对砷的吸收;砷进入植物体后,植物可以通过砷还原、络合、隔离、甲基化等作用来降低砷毒性,提高植物对砷的耐受性。然而,由于农作物对砷的吸收、抗逆机制比较复杂,其对砷的具体还原机制、植物体内甲基砷的来源及其影响因素等,仍将是今后该领域的研究热点。     

植物对土壤重金属镉抗性的研究进展

各种人类活动,如采矿、制革、冶炼、污水灌溉等引起土壤和水体重金属污染,严重威胁着植物生长和人类健康。重金属镉污染是其中最常见的一种。该文描述了受重金属镉胁迫时植物的生理机制及各种抑制表现,如线粒体的裂解,细胞的生长分裂、水分的吸收、光合作用受到抑制等;同时也从微生物和细胞分子生物学方面分析了植物对重金属胁迫的应对策略,它依赖于植物本身和周围生存微环境的通力合作,主要包括降低对重金属的利用、控制重金属的吸收、螯合重金属、促进重金属的排出、区室化重金属和对重金属诱导的活性氧基团进行解毒等几条途径。另外,植物体对土壤环境中重金属镉的吸收、转运和解毒是一个精密的调控过程,参与重金属吸收和排出的转运蛋白在整个调控过程中发挥关键作用,参与了吸收、螯合、区室化和代谢利用等关键步骤。非必需重金属转运蛋白分重金属吸收蛋白和重金属排出蛋白2大类,吸收蛋白主要有AtNRAMP、ZNT和OsIRT等,能够通过某一种或几种阳离子转运载体蛋白运输至植物体内;排除蛋白主要包括P1B型ATP酶、阳离子转运促进蛋白家族(CDF)和三磷酸结合盒转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporter,ABC转运蛋白)3大蛋白家族,主要将重金属转运出细胞质或者将重金属转运进入植物体内的细胞器,转运蛋白在植物耐受重金属胁迫中起着积极的防御作用。该文探讨了植物对重金属镉胁迫的各种抗性机制,可为土壤重金属镉污染的修复如微生物修复、植物修复等提供一定的理论依据和应用指导。     

植物磷转运蛋白基因的研究进展

磷作为植物细胞核酸,是脂质、ATP、ADP、糖类的重要组成部分,在细胞的代谢活动、酶的调控反应以及信号级联中起着至关重要的作用。虽然土壤中含有大量的磷元素,但是土壤的吸附作用会使磷素转化为植物无法有效吸收和利用的形式。磷转运蛋白(phosphate transporter)作为一种对磷具有亲和力的转运蛋白,能够调节植物对磷的吸收和转运,对提高植物磷利用率具有重要作用。文章结合了国内外近年来有关植物磷转运蛋白的研究结果,从PHT基因家族及成员、PHT基因表达的定位、PHT基因的分子调控机制以及PHT基因在植物中的生物学功能等方面比较全面系统地综述了PHT基因的最新研究状况,并对此进行了展望。尽管在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中人们已经对PHT基因有了一定的认识,但仍只处于初步阶段,还有部分的家族成员如PHT3和PHT4的分子调控机制仍有待进一步探究,以确定它们的生理功能并评价它们作为生物技术工具的潜力。目前研究较多的PHT1家族仍需要补充更多研究。在研究过程中也出现了一些值得深入探究的问题,如PHT基因的功能冗余现象以及PHT基因与AM共生分子调节机制等。同时,PHT基因对其他磷响应基因也有一定影响,其中的关系也值得探究,从而全面提高植物中磷吸收和转运的效率,以期为正在开展或即将开展相关研究的科研工作者提供有益的参考。     

砷在土壤中的吸附与释放的初步研究

本文对无机砷(As~(3+))和有机砷(苯砷酸)在土壤(0—23cm深)中的行为进行了试验,发现无机砷及有机砷在土壤中吸附1h以上才能达到平衡,体系的pH、砷化物浓度等对土壤吸附砷量影响较大。土壤对砷化物的吸附量随砷化物浓度加大而增加。对无机砷的最大吸附量在pH 6—8,对有机砷(苯砷酸)的最大吸附在pH4。无机砷的吸附开始受温度影响不大,50℃以后吸附量明显降低,对有机砷的吸附最大值在40℃左右。含砷废水中的砷在土壤中微生物作用下逐渐向大气扩散。释放速度在60d左右最大。通空气或氮气对砷的释放影响不明显。     

植物对卤代有机污染物吸收、迁移和代谢的研究进展

卤代有机污染物(Halogenated organic pollutants,HOPs)在环境中具有持久性、长距离迁移性、生物积累性和潜在的生物毒性等特点,HOPs所引起的环境问题已成为全球环境科学研究热点。植物是环境介质中各种污染物的重要存储体,也是各类污染物进入陆生食物链的重要途径。研究植物对HOPs的吸收、传输与转化特征,对明确HOPs的环境行为、生态风险评价及植物修复等都具有重要的意义。文章在总结了近年来国内外关于植物对HOPs累积研究的基础上,综述了植物对大气、土壤和水体中HOPs的吸收和传输特征、HOPs在植物体内的迁移特征和代谢转化途径,分析了影响HOPs在植物中的积累、传递、降解与转化行为的主要因素。研究表明,辛醇-空气分配系数(Octanol-air partition coefficient,KOA)和辛醇-水分配系数(Octanol-water partition coefficient,Kow)是影响植物吸收HOPs的关键因素,当化合物的log Kow值在6~8的范围内时,植物根系对HOPs的根系富集因子(Root concentration factors,RCFs)较高;植物体内的脂质含量、化合物的理化性质和环境介质的差异是影响HOPs在植物体内传输的重要因素;脱卤代原子是植物降解HOPs的主要途径,而甲氧基化和羟基化是HOPs在植物体内转化的主要模式,具有还原脱卤酶基因的土壤细菌和植物体内的硝酸还原酶(Na R)与谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)能有效促进植物对HOPs的降解代谢。这些研究虽然都取得了一定的进展,但关于植物对HOPs积累迁移与代谢转化的研究仍处于起步阶段,文章就新型HOPs在植物体内积累、传输与代谢机制及采用植物修复技术降低HOPs的环境毒性等方面进行了讨论和展望。     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

外源磷素对药用植物三七吸收砷的微区及形态分布特征影响

三七是中国特有的珍稀药用植物,其生长环境受地域、气候、土壤等条件的限制,仅云南省文山州三七产量高、品质好。但由于矿业开采、工业生产等因素使得土壤砷的背景值超标,逐渐威胁三七的正常生长及其产品质量。因此,如何降低三七砷污染是目前迫切需要解决的问题。磷与砷具有相似的结构和理化性质,利用磷与砷在土壤中的拮抗效应,达到控制土壤砷危害的效果。本研究利用同步辐射X射线荧光方法(SRXRF)和高效液相色谱-原子荧光联用技术(HPLC-HG-AFS)相结合对参试三七植株进行分析测定,从细胞微区组织层面揭示药用植物三七在外源磷素作用下吸收As和P的相对含量分布规律和三七植株各部位的砷形态及含量特征,以及各部位的生物转运系数及富集系数的变化。结果表明:磷和砷在三七主根部的相对含量荧光分析中保持分布规律一致的特性,说明三七根部吸收磷和砷的点位相同;添加外源磷素处理可以有效降低三七各部位三价砷和五价砷的含量,最大降幅达50%,同时可以降低根部对砷的吸收富集系数;试验中仅添加五价砷元素,但在三七植株各部位均检出三价砷,说明三七体内存在着砷还原机制;其中茎部的三价砷的含量均高于五价砷,推测茎是三七体内砷还原反应的主要场所。     

植物砷吸收与代谢的研究进展

砷(As)作为一种植物非必需的类金属元素广泛存在于自然界中,砷过量摄人不仅会对植物生长产生毒害作用,而且在植物的可食部位累积并通过食物链对人体健康构成威胁.生长介质中的砷酸盐(五价砷)一般是通过磷酸盐转运蛋白被植物吸收的,而亚砷酸(三价砷)和没有解离的甲基化砷则主要是通过质膜上的水通道蛋白被植物吸收的.在植物体内五价砷...     

Arsenic toxicity in crop plants: physiological effects and tolerance mechanisms

Heavy metals are toxic substances released into the environment, contributing to a variety of toxic effects on living organisms in food chain by accumulation and biomagnifications. Certain pollutants such as arsenic (As) remain in the environment for an extensive period. They eventually accumulate to levels that could harm physiochemical properties of soils and lead to loss of soil fertility and crop yield. Arsenic, when not detoxified, may trigger a sequence of reactions leading to growth inhibition, disruption of photosynthetic and respiratory systems, and stimulation of secondary metabolism. Plants respond to As toxicity by a variety of mechanisms including hyperaccumulation, antioxidant defense system, and phytochelation. Arbuscular mycorrhizae symbiosis occurs in almost all habitats and climates, including disturbed soils. There is growing evidence that arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi may alleviate metal/metalloid toxicity to host plant. Here, we review (1) arsenic speciation in the environment and how As is taken up by the roots and metabolised within plants, and (2) the role of arbuscular mycorrhizae in alleviating arsenic toxicity in crop plants.     

Sequestration of As by iron plaque on the roots of three rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) cultivars in a low-P soil with or without P fertilizer

A pot experiment was carried out in a greenhouse to investigate the sequestration of As in iron plaques on root surface of three rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Phosphate (P) fertilization increased both plant biomass and tissue P concentrations significantly, indicating that the soils used in this study was highly P-deficient. Results from this study confirmed that low P supply improved the formation of iron plaque on rice roots. As a consequence, arsenic (As) concentrations in DCB-extracts with no P addition were significantly higher than those with P fertilization. Arsenic was highly sequestrated in iron plaque; arsenic concentration in iron was up to nearly 120 mg kg⁻¹, while arsenic concentrations in roots were just several mg kg⁻¹. Both arsenic and phosphate concentrations in iron plaque were highly positively correlated with the amounts of iron plaque (DCB-extractable Fe). Contrary to normal understanding that increasing P supply could reduced As accumulation in plants, results from the present study showed that P fertilization did not inhibit the As uptake by plants (As accumulation in aboveground), which was probably due to the fact that iron plaque formation was improved under low P conditions, thus leading to more As sequestration in the iron plaque. Thus results obtained in this study indicated that the iron plaque may inhibit the transfer of As from roots to shoots, and thus alter the P–As interaction in plant As uptake processes.     

Applying chemical sedimentation process in drinking water treatment plant to address the emergent arsenic spills in water sources

Arsenic (As) spills occurred more frequently and sometimes polluted water sources in recent years in China. It is as urgent need to develop emergency treatment technologies to address the arsenic threat for large-scale water treatment plants. In response, we developed a chemical sedimentation technology to remove arsenic contaminants for water treatment plants. Bench-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the efficiency of arsenic removal and the influencing factors of the chemical sedimentation treatment process. The influencing factors included the choice and dosage of coagulants, the valence of arsenic and pH value of solution. The As(V) contaminants can be almost completely removed by ferric or alum coagulants. The As(III) contaminants are more recalcitrant to chemical sedimentation, 75% for ferric coagulant and 40% for alum coagulant. The quantitative results of arsenic removal load by different ferric or alum coagulants were presented to help determine the parameters for arsenic treatment technology. The dominant mechanism for arsenic removal is static combination, or adsorption of negative arsenic species onto positive ferric hydroxide or alum hydroxide flocs. The efficiency of this treatment technology has also been demonstrated by a real production test in one water treatment plant with arsenic-rich source water and one emergency response. This technology was verified to be quick to set-up, easy to operate and highly efficient even for high concentration of arsenic.     

A review of arsenicals in biology

The most toxic form of arsenic is arsine gas. Arsenite is also highly toxic and arsenate is moderately toxic. Arsine gas will lyse red blood cells, arsenite inactivates particular enzymes and arsenate uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. Arsenic does not appear to be a significant mutagen. Epidemiological studies have implicated arsenic as a cause of lung cancer and skin cancer, but arsenic generally does not induce cancer in laboratory animals. Arsenic may bioaccumulate in some plants and marine organisms. Bacteria can be resistant to arsenic by preventing arsenate from entering the cell (chromosomal resistance) or pumping arsenic out of the cell (plasmid resistance). Many different organisms, including mammals, have the ability to methylate inorganic arsenic. Biomethylation seems to be a mechanism of arsenic detoxification.     

Influence of groundwater recharge and well characteristics on dissolved arsenic concentrations in southeastern Michigan groundwater

Arsenic concentrations exceeding 10 μg/l, the United States maximum contaminant level and the World Health Organization guideline value, are frequently reported in groundwater from bedrock and unconsolidated aquifers of southeastern Michigan. Although arsenic-bearing minerals (including arsenian pyrite and oxide/hydroxide phases) have been identified in Marshall Sandstone bedrock of the Mississippian aquifer system and in tills of the unconsolidated aquifer system, mechanisms responsible for arsenic mobilization and subsequent transport in groundwater are equivocal. Recent evidence has begun to suggest that groundwater recharge and characteristics of well construction may affect arsenic mobilization and transport. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between dissolved arsenic concentrations, reported groundwater recharge rates, well construction characteristics, and geology in unconsolidated and bedrock aquifers. Results of multiple linear regression analyses indicate that arsenic contamination is more prevalent in bedrock wells that are cased in proximity to the bedrock-unconsolidated interface; no other factors were associated with arsenic contamination in water drawn from bedrock or unconsolidated aquifers. Conditions appropriate for arsenic mobilization may be found along the bedrock-unconsolidated interface, including changes in reduction/oxidation potential and enhanced biogeochemical activity because of differences between geologic strata. These results are valuable for understanding arsenic mobilization and guiding well construction practices in southeastern Michigan, and may also provide insights for other regions faced with groundwater arsenic contamination.     

Arsenic accumulation in the shore crab Carcinus maenas: the influence of nutritional state,sex and exposure concentration

The accumulation of arsenate from seawater by the shore crab Carcinus maenas L. (collected from Odense Fjord, Denmark in 1991 and from Restronguet Creek, UK in 1991) was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. A field study was also carried out to determine the effects of raised environmental arsenic concentrations on intra-organismal distribution and tissue concentrations. Studies on the influence of nutritional state and sex on accumulation of As(5) from seawater indicated that most of the arsenic taken up from seawater in laboratory experiments was retained in the gills and the midgut gland. Arsenic accumulation exhibited sex-dependent differences which were also evident in correlation analyses carried out between total lipid contents and total arsenic contents of midgut glands of individual crabs. Arsenic concentrations in the gonads of both sexes were strongly influenced by the nutritional state of the crabs. Elevated arsenic concentrations in seawater and food at an arsenic polluted site (Restronguet Creek) significantly influenced arsenic concentrations and distribution among the tissues of C. maenas. Arsenic concentrations and distribution patterns differed markedly from those crabs from an unpolluted site in Odense Fjord. The gills of the crabs from Restronguet Creek contained extremely high arsenic concentrations ranging from 179 to 483 g As g^-1 dry wt. These values were even higher than those measured in the gills of Odense crabs that had been exposed to 3 mgl^-1 As(5) for 2 wk in the laboratory. Arsenic concentrations in the exoskeleton of Odense Fjord crabs were 15 times lower than those measured in exoskeletons of Restronguet Creek crabs. Approximately 69% of the total body burden of arsenic was located in muscle tissue of crabs from Odense Fjord, whereas the major pool of arsenic (46%) in Restronguet Creek crabs was located in the exoskeleton.     

Pathways of arsenic uptake and incorporation in estuarine phytoplankton and the filter-feeding invertebrates Eurytemora affinis,Balanus improvisus and Crassostrea virginica

Arsenic uptake from water and from phytoplankton was followed in the copepod Eurytemora affinis and the barnacle Balanus improvisus collected from the Patuxent River estuary, Chesapeake Bay, eastern coast of the USA in 1987, and in the oyster Crassostrea virginica obtained from a hatchery on the shore of Chesapeake Bay in 1987. Dissolved arsenic was readily taken up by phytoplankton and by shell material of B. improvisus and C. virginica; however, no dissolved arsenic was incorporated into the invertebrate tissues. When E. affinis, B. improvisus and C. virginica were fed phytoplankton containing elevated arsenic contents, significant arsenic incorporation occurred. Juvenile B. improvisus incorporated relatively more arsenic than adults of all three species. Compared to the 100 to 200% increase in arsenic content by phytoplankton exposed to dissolved arsenic, the 25 to 50% increase in these invertebrate species via trophic transfer is relatively small. Even though the trophic pathway for arsenic transfer is the major one for higher trophic levels within an ecosystem, the potential for direct arsenic impact to trophic levels other than phytoplankton appears to be minimal.     

Arsenic bioaccumulation in rice and edible plants and subsequent transmission through food chain in Bengal basin: a review of the perspectives for environmental health

Arsenic (As) is a metalloid that poses serious environmental threats due to its behemoth toxicity and wide abundance. The use of arsenic-contaminated groundwater for irrigation purpose in crop fields elevates arsenic concentration in surface soil and in the plants. In many arsenic-affected countries, including Bangladesh and India, rice is reported to be one of the major sources of arsenic contamination. Rice is much more efficient at accumulating arsenic into the grains than other staple cereal crops. Rice is generally grown in submerged flooded condition, where arsenic bioavailability is high in soil. As arsenic species are phytotoxic, they can also affect the overall production of rice, and can reduce the economic growth of a country. Once the foodstuffs are contaminated with arsenic, this local problem can gain further significance and may become a global problem, as many food products are exported to other countries. Large-scale use of rainwater in irrigation systems, bioremediation by arsenic-resistant organisms and hyperaccumulating plants, and the aerobic cultivation of rice are some possible ways to reduce the extent of bioaccumulation in rice. Investigation on a complete food chain is urgently needed in the arsenic-contaminated zones, which should be our priority in future researches.