成都市府河流域邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征及生态风险评价

选取成都市府河城区段作为研究对象,采用固相萃取(SPE)-气相色谱质谱联用仪法(GC-MS)测定了地表水中7种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)类物质的含量,并通过风险熵值法(RQs)对这7种PAEs进行了生态风险评价。结果表明,7种钛酸酯在所有检测点位中均有检出,检出率范围为50%～100%,丰水期和枯水期7种PAEs的总质量浓度(ΣPAEs)分别为1.72～8.27μg/L和2.26～5.30μg/L,两个水期中主要污染物均为邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP),与国内外其它地表水相比,成都市府河城区段7种PAEs的含量处于中等偏低水平;生态风险评价结果表明,成都市府河城区段地表水中7种PAEs对水生生物存在较高风险。     

基于模糊数学的矿业城市地表水污染风险评价

根据模糊数学方法,建立了水污染风险模糊综合评价数学模型,以煤炭资源型城市阜新为研究对象,选取辽河流域阜新段1996～2005年枯水期和丰水期水质状况平均值进行水污染风险评价。旨在定量分析评价阜新地区地表水环境质量现状和存在的问题。结果表明：辽河阜新段水质在1996～2005年间波动较大,呈水质日益恶化的状态。水体主要污染物为有机物、氨氮和溶解性铁,总体来说各污染物变化规律各不相同,总磷、BOD5、溶解性铁呈递增趋势,其他污染物质都呈波动性变化。     

大庆地区水体环境的水生生物调查结果与评价

结合区域工业污染源的构成特点，对分布在油田的13个湖库进行了浮游生物和底栖动物的调查，从生物学角度，科学地评价了各类水体的污染程度，为保护和合理开发利用地表水资源，污染源的优化管理，实现污染物的总量控制提供了科学依据。     

新安江-钱塘江流域水环境健康风险评价研究

本文采用美国环境保护署推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,对新安江—钱塘江流域水体通过饮水途径导致的人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明:水环境质量监测的11项污染物浓度均符合或优于地表水三类标准。对人体有健康风险的有毒污染物主要是化学致癌物Cr(Ⅵ);非致癌物中氨氮的健康风险最大;个人化学致癌物年总风险远大于非致癌物年总风险;2014年新安江—钱塘江流域的三都大桥断面、西区、闸口、七堡断面的水环境健康个人总年风险均超过国际辐射防护委员会推荐的标准,分别超标0.03、0.69、0.20、0.23倍,其主要原因是这些断面的Cr(Ⅵ)的风险略高。因此,加强对化学致癌物Cr(Ⅵ)的管控,是降低水环境健康风险的有效途径。     

湟水流域水污染源排放现状评价

评价因子和评价标准的确定根据湟水水质现状评价结果,其污染物主要是COD_(cr)、石油类、挥发酚.在各控制段的污染源评价中相应选取COD_(cr)、石油类及挥发酚三项为评价因子.     

基于主成分分析法和综合污染指数法的乌鲁木齐河灌区农田灌溉水质量分析与评价

2019年以来,在每年灌溉期对乌鲁木齐河灌区的农田灌溉水质开展了监测工作,参照《农田灌溉水质标准》(GB 5084-2021)和《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002),采用单因子指数法和综合污染指数法对原有控制项目进行了分析评价,乌鲁木齐河灌区农田灌溉水质均属于“清洁”等级,同时结合标准中新增有机控制项目要求,对以灌溉水源作为补给水源的地表饮用水源地(五、八水厂)的8项有毒污染控制项目进行了分析评价,总检出率达14.0%,检出浓度均不超过特定项目标准限值。采用主成分分析法将乌鲁木齐河灌区的水质参数概括为4个主成分：理化指标与无机阴离子、营养盐及有机污染指标、盐分指标和金属类指标。结合《地表水环境质量评价办法(试行)》(环办[2011]22号),扣除乌鲁木齐河灌区水质本底影响指标无机阴离子及盐分指标的影响,根据指标排名确定乌鲁木齐河灌区主要控制指标为营养盐及有机污染指标的高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量和五日生化需氧量,其中化学需氧量浓度远远高于其他指标浓度,可将其视为衡量水中有机物质含量多少及水体受污染严重程度的重要指标。这三种污染物在各年份各水期浓度排序基本为枯水期>平水期&...     

重庆市南岸区近年来地表水环境状况及保护对策

介绍了重庆市南岸区废水及主要污染物排放状况,分析了该区地表水质量状况,针对南岸区地表水水质污染状况、污染特点提出了南岸区地表水环境保护对策。     

基于熵权法-模糊综合评价的污染物总量减排绩效评估与思考

利用熵权法-模糊综合评价的方法,从减排工作完成情况、污染物减排效果、污染物治理等方面构建涉水和涉气污染物总量减排评价体系,对四川省21个市(州)的2016年水环境和大气的污染物减排进行绩效评估。结合减排工作中存在的问题,思考并提出一系列针对四川省大气和水环境的污染物总量减排工作的建议,为推动未来污染物总量减排工作的发展提供了科学的指导。     

绵竹市地表水环境质量现状及水环境容量分析

本文通过对绵竹市污染源现状调查及地表水环境现状评价,计算并分析了境内主要河流的水环境容量。绵竹市地表水环境污染较为严重,水环境容量短缺已成为绵竹市主要环境制约因素。为实现绵竹市水环境保护与经济社会的可持续发展,需及时采取污染物总量控制、工业污染防治、生活污水处理、控制农村面源污染等一系列措施。     

青岛市大气环境质量状况分析与评价

以青岛市2001年至2010年大气环境中的主要污染物二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的监测结果为依据,对青岛市大气主要污染物变化趋势进行了分析,并利用模糊综合评价模型对各年大气环境质量状况进行了综合评价。研究结果表明:近10年来青岛市大气环境质量处于尚清洁状况,且在不断改善;受工业扬尘和建筑扬尘的影响,青岛市主要污染物是可吸入颗粒物PM10;以煤炭为主的能源结构加之落后的工艺设备等原因使得大气中二氧化硫的浓度一直处于较高的水平;随着青岛市机动车保有量的增长,以氮氧化物为特征的机动车尾气的污染日趋明显,因此,冬季采暖燃煤利用、机动车尾气控制及城市扬尘抑制仍是青岛市未来大气污染的治理重点,强化燃煤脱硫技术和改善机动车尾气排放是青岛市大气环境质量改善的关键。     

AGRICULTURAL LEGISLATION'S POTENTIAL IN REDUCING DISCHARGE OF POLLUTANTS1

ABSTRACT: Agricultural lands (including most forest lands) make up almost four-fifths of the total land area of the United States and include, or are traversed by, perhaps an equal proportion of our ground and surface waters. Therefore, a very large part of our environment is directly “agriculture-related” in any consideration of the discharge of pollutants. Several important Federal and State laws relate to the control or abatement of agriculture-related pollution. Existing legislation generally mandates the control or abatement of pollution (from point or nonpoint sources) or authorizes the use use of public funds or other resources for such purposes. Some of these laws can be effective instruments in keeping pollutants from being discharged into surface or ground waters or into the air, but the degree to which some pollutants originating from agricultural lands and operations constitute a serious environmental hazard in waters remains controversial. Although most of the technology exists to reduce greatly the movement of these pollutants, investments are often required which benefit the nonfarm public without economic returns to the farmer. Whether a zero discharge is either an environmentally or economically feasible alternative to more limited or selective control, is explored. However, if the public is willing to bear its reasonable share of the cost for clean air and water, the needed basic legislation already largely exists. Under it, agricultural land holders may apply program standards and use their own and available program resources to bring about effective control or abatement of pollutants.     

Governmental Oversight of Discharges from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

As point sources of pollution in the United States, concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are subject to the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permitting system requirements. Changes to federal regulations in 2003 and a 2005 court decision have increased the governmental oversight of CAFOs. Manure application to fields from “large CAFOs” that results in unpermitted discharges can be regulated under the Clean Water Act. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s interpretation of agricultural stormwater discharges was approved so that unpermitted discharges may arise if an owner or operator of a CAFO fails to apply manure correctly. Owners and operators do not, however, have a duty to secure governmental permits in the absence of a discharge. Turning to the federal provisions regarding nutrient management plans, a court found that they were deficient. Moreover, the federal government needs to reconsider requirements that would reduce pathogens from entering surface waters. Although these developments should assist in reducing the impairment of U.S. waters, concern still exists. Greater oversight of nutrient management plans and enhanced enforcement efforts offer opportunities to provide greater assurance that CAFO owners and operators will not allow a discharge of pollutants to enter surface waters.     

A METHOD FOR DETERMINING SALT SOURCES IN SURFACE WATERS'

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a method for determining the causes of salinization of surface waters, in this case the upper Colorado River and its tributaries in Texas. The analysis, which includes a combination of statistical analysis and graphical methods, indicates that among the sources of salt (e.g., saline ground water discharge into surface waters and storm runoff, both surface and shallow subsurface, and washing minerals into surface waters) the major contributor is saline ground water, which discharges into the river and streams. Data also points to salt plume intrusion into the river and streams from sources of salt in the aquifers.     

利用共代谢机制降解水体中的氯代芳烃

氯代芳烃及其衍生物是一类毒性强、难降解的持久性有机化合物。在我国江河水体中检出率高，其中许多是优先监测污染物。水中的难降解有机污染物，可能通过几种微生物的一系列共代谢作用得到大部分，甚至是彻底的降解。本文针对水环境中的氟代芳烃污染物，分析了共代谢的类型、发生原因及影响因素。对利用共代谢机制修复水中氯代芳烃的最新研究进展进行了综述，并对本领域的发展前景进行了探讨。     

REGULATING NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION IN SURFACE WATERS: A PROPOSAL1

ABSTRACT: Nonpoint sources (NPS) are an important and continuing source of toxic and conventional pollutants to surface waters. The Clean Water Act amendments of 1987 call for the regulation of these sources through the use of Best Management Practices (BMP). However, BMP implementation has generally occurred on a voluntary basis. This paper proposes a regulatory mechanism to control nonpoint source pollution. The regulatory mechanism involves the development of consortia, made up of all parties potentially responsible for NPS pollution, the development of wasteload allocations that coordinate the pollutant contributions from both point and nonpoint sources in a stream segment, and the issuance of permits to consortia to regulate the impacts of NPS pollution and ensure achievement of state or federal Water Quality Criteria and Standards.     

环境污染与植物病害

本文讨论了环境污染物与植物病害的某些已知关系。污染物可以直接或通过作用于寄主植物影响病原接种体及其侵入后的扩展,影响植物体表微生物群落,改变各类有害生物的资源竞争格局,从而改变双方寄生关系的建立和发展模式,对发病率和严重度产生影响。而且,病害对植物生理状况的改变还将影响植株对污染物伤害的敏感性。污染物的这些作用都是依赖于特定植物病原组合的。     

Mapping hazard from urban non-point pollution: a screening model to support sustainable urban drainage planning

Non-point sources of pollution are difficult to identify and control, and are one of the main reasons that urban rivers fail to reach the water quality objectives set for them. Whilst sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) are available to help combat this diffuse pollution, they are mostly installed in areas of new urban development. However, SuDS must also be installed in existing built areas if diffuse loadings are to be reduced. Advice on where best to locate SuDS within existing built areas is limited, hence a semi-distributed stochastic GIS-model was developed to map small-area basin-wide loadings of 18 key stormwater pollutants. Load maps are combined with information on surface water quality objectives to permit mapping of diffuse pollution hazard to beneficial uses of receiving waters. The model thus aids SuDS planning and strategic management of urban diffuse pollution. The identification of diffuse emission 'hot spots' within a water quality objectives framework is consistent with the 'combined' (risk assessment) approach to pollution control advocated by the EU Water Framework Directive.     

Temporal Trends in the Spatial Distribution of Impervious Cover Relative to Stream Location

Use of impervious cover is transitioning from an indicator of surface water condition to one that also guides and informs watershed planning and management, including Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §1251 et seq.) reporting. Whether it is for understanding surface water condition or planning and management, impervious cover is most commonly expressed as summary measurement (e.g., percentage watershed in impervious cover). We use the National Land Cover Database to estimate impervious cover in the vicinity of surface waters for three time periods (2001, 2006, 2011). We also compare impervious cover in the vicinity of surface waters to watershed summary estimates of impervious cover for classifying the spatial pattern of impervious cover. Between 2001 and 2011, surface water shorelines (streams and water bodies) in the vicinity of impervious cover increased nearly 10,000 km. Across all time periods, approximately 27% of the watersheds in the continental United States had proximally distributed impervious cover, i.e., the percentage of impervious cover in the vicinity of surface waters was higher than its watershed summary expression. We discuss how impervious cover spatial pattern can be used to inform watershed planning and management, including reporting under the Clean Water Act.     

GROUND AND SURFACE WATER QUALITY IMPACTS OF NORTH CAROLINA SANITARY LANDFILLS1

ABSTRACT: Ground and surface water quality monitoring data from 71 municipal sanitary landfills in North Carolina were analyzed to determine the nature and extent of current contamination problems and identify any common characteristics associated with this contamination. A total of 322 surface and 411 ground water quality records were analyzed using the SAS data system. Almost all the landfill records included inorganic and heavy metal analyses while approximately half of the records also included organic analyses by CC/MS. Our analysis indicates that landfills are having measurable impacts on ground and surface water quality, but these impacts may not be as severe as is commonly assumed. Statistically significant increases were detected in the average concentrations in ground water and downstream surface water samples when compared to upstream surface water samples. The largest percentage increases were observed for zinc, turbidity, total organic carbon, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and lead. Violations of ground water quality standards for heavy metals and hazardous organic compounds were detected at 53 percent of the landfills where adequate data existed. The moat common heavy metal violations were for lead (18 percent), chromium (18 percent), zinc (6 percent), cadmium (6 percent), and arsenic (6 percent) (percentage of landfills violating shown in parenthesis). The organic compounds that appear to pose the greatest threat to ground water are the chlorinated solvents (8 percent), petroleum derived hydrocarbons (8 percent), and pesticides (5 percent). A comparison of monitoring data from sanitary landfills and secondary wastewater treatment plants suggests that the concentrations of heavy metal and organic pollutants discharged to surface waters from these two sources are similar.     

优化整合地表水环境质量标准分析方法

本文简述了我国《地表水环境质量标准》中分析方法已不适应现代分析技术的发展,归纳总结了地表水中无机元素和有机物污染物的最新分析方法。通过整合优化,分析地表水109项指标由原来的80余种精简至32种方法。