黄陵矿区煤层围岩油气测井识别研究

黄陵矿区含煤地层中油、气共存,在巷道掘进和回采过程中均出现油、气异常涌出,影响煤炭安全开采。利用矿区测井资料,分析了煤层围岩延安组和延长组地层的岩性和储层电性特征,通过与邻近水层对比研究,估算围岩油气异常地层电阻增大率小于2,储层流体判别对比度低。选择了合适的测井解释模型,计算得出储层孔隙度和渗透率较低,含油气饱和度低于30%,解释为含油水层。综合认为,矿区煤层围岩油气层属于含油气丰度较低的低电阻率油气储层。在此基础上,运用地质方法进行巷道掘进或回采前油气预测,可以指导矿井瓦斯抽放作业。     

TOFD技术在球罐焊缝裂纹检测中的应用

本文简单介绍了15MnNbR球罐历次检验情况,本次全面检验中应用TOFD检测技术对环焊缝进行检测,从检测面的选择、检测工艺参数的设置、检测发现缺陷,采用射线方法复验、缺陷性质返修确认为裂纹,说明TOFD技术应用于球罐焊缝裂纹缺陷的检测是一种行之有效的方法,不仅能检测内部裂纹,而且能发现扫描面盲区内的近表面裂纹。     

汽车制动性动态测试装置设计及仿真分析

分析了汽车制动系统的技术要求和制动性能检测指标,及现有的制动性能检测方法和检测设备存在的问题,然后提出了动态检测系统的设计构想,并在理论上建立了汽车在该系统下制动时的动力学模型,用Matlab对该模型进行仿真,进一步说明在进行汽车制动性能检测时应检测汽车的动态轴重而非静态轴重,为汽车制动性能检测提供充分的理论依据。     

页岩气开发水力压裂活动的环境监管对策

页岩气作为重要的新兴非常规能源,目前已成为全球天然气勘探开发的重点。由于页岩气储层具有渗透率低等特点,需要通过水力体积压裂技术增加页岩地层的透气性才能进行有效开发。然而,水力压裂会消耗大量的水资源,还可能导致地下水环境污染。本文借鉴美国相关经验,提出了我国页岩气开发水力压裂的环境监管对策:基于区域水资源承载能力实施取水许可制度;加强建井评估和压裂备案管理;实施压裂液组分公开;加强对深井灌注活动的管理并鼓励废水回用;对井漏及其可能影响的地下水环境进行跟踪监测。     

基于轨道检测数据的轨道状态评定方法研究

为了保证列车在轨道上安全运行,铁路部门采用动态检测和静态检测两种方式对铁路轨道进行检查。笔者针对现有铁路轨道检测方式,提出根据检测数据评定轨道质量状态的方法。该法采用数据仓库技术存储检测数据,给出检测数据存储的双重粒度模式和数据分割模式。从时间和空间两个方面对检测数据进行分析,采用轨道局部状态、整体状态、超限点重复率和重点地段分析的方法。将轨道数据分为时间维、地理维、类别维3个维度,运用星型模式对轨道检测数据进行数据挖掘,发现轨道变化规律。将上述方法应用到南疆工务管理信息系统中,取得了较好的实用效果。     

自动扶梯超速和非操纵逆转保护装置检测技术及仪器研制

本文介绍了一种基于变频技术,采用工况模拟的手段来检测自动扶梯超速和非操纵逆转保护装置的新方法及依赖于该方法研制的综合检测仪器。该仪器可以模拟出扶梯意外超速和非操纵逆转的危险工况,从而实现定性定量检测。本文着重介绍了该仪器的原理、特点以及操作方法,详细分析了其与传统方法在实际检测中的对比案例。该技术和仪器以其直观、准确、可定性定量的优点,很好的解决了自动扶梯超速和非操纵逆转保护装置的检测难题,填补了国内外空白,达到了国际先进水平。     

职业卫生实验室质控检测中选用不同状态标准物质的差异

各实验室采用各种方法进行质量控制与管理,其中较常用的方法是标准样(或质控样)对比分析法,该方法要求选择合适的标准物质.针对通常用活性炭吸附有害物质的检测方法,本文通过实验证明,选用不同状态的液态标准物质和固态标准物质用于职业卫生机构实验室质量控制检测时,产生了不同的检测结果.职业卫生实验室在选择标准物质时,尽量选择与采集样品相同前处理的标准物质能使检测结果更准确可靠.     

高压气层地层压力监测方法在YB122井的应用

YB122井录井人员从收集区域及邻井资料等基础地质工作开始,通过随钻地层跟踪分析,准确判断实钻地层层位,依据钻时参数变化、钻井液液面波动、池面上涨、气测异常等常规技术方法成功地监测到地层压力异常并采取应对措施,为该井顺利钻进提供了依据,对相似地层的地层压力监测工作有一定借鉴意义。     

疏松砂岩油气藏出砂风险及机理离散元分析*

为了进一步了解疏松砂岩储层开发过程中的出砂机理,基于PFC3D平台构建离散元模型用于分析疏松砂岩储层出砂风险,探究生产压差等因素对地层出砂的影响。结果表明:较高生产压差下地层流体流速较快,流体对砂粒的拖曳力较大,出砂较严重,生产压差为4.5 MPa时出砂量比3.0,1.5 MPa分别高34.86%和75.45%;地层流体黏度的升高会降低其对砂粒的拖曳,一定程度上减弱出砂程度,流体黏度在1 000 mPa·s时出砂量比100,10 mPa·s下分别低42.50%和54.27%;较大地应力差异条件下砂粒间相互作用较强,砂粒更易脱离岩石骨架而出砂,地应力差异系数为1.75时出砂量是1.25时的2.51倍;另外,内聚力较低的储层砂粒间黏聚力较低,相同生产条件下更易出砂。研究结果可用于预测疏松砂岩储层出砂及定制防砂方案。     

基于多层感知器神经网络和统计小波特征的管道泄漏诊断

油气输送管道泄漏造成的主要问题包括环境危害和经济损失.为了降低管道泄漏造成的危害,提出了一种新的方法用于检测管道泄漏情况.该方法主要通过故障检测与隔离系统建立入口压力与出口流量之间的定量关系,首先,采用OLGA软件模拟获得管道入口压力和出口流量数据,为了提高模型精度,利用小波变换的多尺度分解和重构技术将获取的数据信号分为3级,并将其作为故障检测与隔离系统的训练数据.然后采用统计技术、小波变换及2种方法的融合等方式提取信号的均值、偏差、峰度等特征,将特征提取结果分别作为多层感知器神经网络分类器的输入来确定泄漏状态.最后,利用混淆矩阵对泄漏识别的精度进行验证.对一段长约5 km的天然气管道进行了泄漏检测,将泄漏类型分为10类,结果表明,提出的方法对泄漏位置和泄漏尺寸的自动检测识别率约为92％.该方法不仅可以检测泄漏故障的发生,还可以确定泄漏故障的位置和严重程度.     

Corrosion behavior of steels for CO2 injection

The process chain for Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) includes tubing for injection of CO₂ into saline aquifers. The compressed CO₂ is likely to contain specific impurities; small concentrations of SO₂ and NO₂ in combination with oxygen and humidity are most harmful. In addition, CO₂ saturated brine is supposed to rise in the well when the injection process is interrupted. The material selection has to ensure that neither CO₂ nor brine or a combination of both will leak out of the inner tubing. In this comprehensive paper the investigated materials range from low-alloy steels and 13% Cr steels up to high-alloy materials. Electrochemical tests as well as long term exposure tests were performed in CO₂, in brine and combination of both; pressure was up to 100 bar, temperature up to 60 °C. Whereas the CO₂ stream itself can be handled using low alloy steels, combinations of CO₂ and brine require more resistant materials to control the strong tendency to pitting corrosion. The corrosion behavior of heat-treated steels depends on factors such as microstructure and carbon content. For different sections of the injection tube, appropriate materials should be used to guarantee safety and consider cost effectiveness.     

袋式除尘器喷吹管的气流均匀性研究

针对袋式除尘器喷吹气流不均匀性的问题,利用CFD数值模拟建立含有不同结构参数的喷吹管气流分布模型,通过正交试验方法,选取了喷吹管管径D,喷嘴孔径d,喷嘴个数N,喷嘴间距L及喷嘴长度H为主要因素,选取L25（56）正交表得到25组方案,用方差分析法找到了影响喷吹气流不均匀性的主要因素,并采用流量修正和重复迭代的方法对喷嘴孔径进行优化设计,获得较好的气流量分布,为喷吹管设计提供了参考;对修正后的喷吹管,得到不同入口流量下的喷吹管气流不均匀的变化情况。     

New tools predict monoethylene glycol injection rate for natural gas hydrate inhibition

In the oil and gas production operations, hydrates deposition leads to serious problems including over pressuring, irreparable damages to production equipment, pipeline blockage, and finally resulting in production facilities shut down and even human life and the environment dangers. Hence, it is of great importance to forecast the hydrate formation conditions in order to overcome problems associated with deposition of hydrate. In this article, an effective, mathematical and predictive strategy, known as the least squares support vector machine, is employed to determine the hydrate forming conditions of sweet natural gases as well as the monoethylene glycol (MEG) flow-rate and desired depression of the gas hydrate formation temperature (DHFT). The outcome of this study reveals that the developed technique offers high predictive potential in precise estimation of this important characteristic in the gas industry. Beside the accuracy and reliability, the proposed model includes lower number of coefficients in contrast with conventional correlations/methods, implying an interesting feature to be added to the modeling simulation software packages in gas engineering.     

吉林油田注水系统结垢机理分析及适宜阻垢剂研究

吉林油田注水系统管线结垢严重,影响正常生产安全.为了解决结垢问题,对吉林油田注入水和结垢产物进行了分析,并给出了防护对策.结果表明:吉林油田注入水含有大量的HCO3-,Ca2+含量较其他成垢离子含量高;结垢产物主要是CaCO3垢,另有部分MgCO3垢、硅铝酸盐垢和铁垢,垢样具有明显的有机物包裹特征.在此基础上运用化学溶度积和化学反应方程式直观地表示了吉林油田注水系统的结垢机理.吉林油田注入水中碳酸盐的浓度积远大于其溶度积,导致大量碳酸盐析出结垢.注入水中携带有黏土,在管壁沉积形成硅铝酸盐结垢.铁腐蚀导致吉林油田注水系统产生少量铁垢.最后通过室内静态防垢性能测定法从3种常用缓蚀阻垢剂中筛选出适合吉林油田现场水质防腐阻垢的TH-907型缓蚀阻垢剂,在TH-907药剂质量浓度为50 mg/L时,阻垢效果最好.     

高炉喷吹用贫瘦煤爆炸强度的实验研究

在20 L球的密闭容器中,对4种潞安贫瘦煤的爆炸强度进行了系统的实验研究.分析了煤粉质量浓度对爆炸后最大爆炸压力、最大压力上升速率的影响,并计算出相应的爆炸指数.实验数据表明,最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率都随煤粉质量浓度的增加先增大后减小,4种煤粉中常村喷吹煤最大爆炸压力最大,为0.7419 MPa;漳村喷吹煤最大压力上升速率最大,为43.54 MPa/s.爆炸指数都在9～12之间,均小于爆炸指数分级中对弱爆炸性定义的指标20.可知4种煤粉都属于弱爆炸性煤,可以比较安全的用于高炉喷吹.     

注CO2置换/驱替煤中甲烷定量化研究

煤层注CO2促排瓦斯主要包含气体置换和流动驱替两种作用机理,但在注气过程中哪种机理占主导地位,能否将这两种机理剥离开还需要进一步研究。为了研究注CO2促排煤中甲烷的机理及其主导地位,进行了低应力载荷条件下分层预压成型煤样注CO2置换/驱替煤层甲烷的实验。实验结果表明:在置换和驱替最初246 min内,出气口没有检测到CO2气体,注入的CO2气体全部驻留在煤体中,没有随气流排出,宏观表现为仅有置换作用而没有驱替作用。在之后的1 180 min内,注入的CO2气体一部分继续驻留在煤体中,另一部分随气体流出,宏观表现为既有置换作用又有驱替作用,置换作用减弱,驱替作用增加的过程。在注气实验后期,随着注气时间的增加,煤体中CO2逐渐吸附平衡,驱替作用开始逐渐占据主导地位。截止到实验结束时,整个阶段过程中,置换作用累计贡献率为53.32%,驱替作用累计贡献率为46.68%,置换作用累计贡献率大于驱替作用累计贡献率,随着注气不断进行驱替作用累计贡献率会逐渐上升,会出现超过置换作用累计贡献率的现象。     

Research and practice on fluctuation water injection technology at low permeability coal seam

In order to solve the problem of poor affusion effect on low permeability coal seam, the paper analyzes the micro process of the coal seam water infusion in wetting coal and determines the main factors affecting coal seam water infusion. The permeability of the NO.3 coal seam in east working face of Xingcun coal mine by MTS815.03 servo-controlled rock mechanical test system has been tested. Results show that when the peak stress in coal sample specimens reaches 48.53 MPa, permeability ranges from 0.5158 to 2.9576 × 10⁻⁸ Darcy, and it means that the coal seam is low in permeability and difficult in water injection. Based on the characteristics of low permeability and geostress situation, efficient fluctuation water injection technology with permeable agent and relevant process parameters have been designed. The surface tension of the permeable agent developed here is 31.18 m N/m when mass concentration reaches 0.05%. The permeable agent can permeate into 2 cm thick coal layer completely in 10 s, thus improving the wettability of water effectively and the water injection pressure fluctuates between 7 MPa and 25 MPa. The application of the technique in the 3rd coal seam in east working face of Xingcun coal mine shows not only single-arch injection experienced a significant increase on average, from no more than 10 m³ to 63.3886 m³, but also the effect of dust fall, cooling and rock burst prevention is remarkable.     

Performance of water mist system with base injection in extinguishing small container fires

The purpose of the present work is the experimental investigation on the extinguishment of diesel container fires by a water-mist system with base injection through multiple nozzles placed symmetrically at various positions around the rim of the container. Experimental parameters selected are the orifice diameter of the nozzle, the number of nozzles, position of nozzles (angle of orientation, radial and vertical distance of the nozzle from the edge of the container), and injection pressure. Nozzles used in the present work are pressure-swirl nozzles with Z-type swirl-insert with solid-cone spray. Desirable properties of the system such as the non-clogging operation of the nozzle and uniform mass flux density in the spray are tested for the nozzles. The optimized solution is provided considering water consumption and the physical stability of the fuel surface in the container. Displacement of oxygen is observed as a predominant extinction mechanism due to the effective application of spray in the base region of the fire. The present work provides the parametric study of the extinction establishing the feasibility of the water mist system with a base injection for extinguishing tank fires. This may serve as guidelines for the preliminary design of the system with the extension for larger tank fires.     

聚氨酯-水泥带压注水封孔测压技术研究

基于传统上向钻孔测压技术的分析,提出一种新型上向孔测压技术—聚氨酯—水泥带压注水封孔测压技术。该技术利用气体渗透性大于液体的弱点,变传统封堵漏气通道为封堵液体泄漏通道,降低封堵漏气难易程度,提高测压成功率;同时利用水作为动力介质和辅助封孔材料,实现主动测压和钻孔带压注浆,隔绝钻孔瓦斯与外界环境的直接接触,提高系统本身测压的可靠性。通过理论分析及与常用测压技术对比表明,该技术用于煤层瓦斯压力测定是完全可行的。