Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at a large-scale antimony mining area in southern China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have great potential for assisting heavy metal hyperaccumulators in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the community composition of AMF under natural conditions in soils contaminated by antimony (Sb). The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of AMF molecular diversity, and to explore the effects of Sb content and soil properties on the AMF community structure in an Sb mining area. Four Sb mine spoils and one adjacent reference area were selected from around the Xikuangshan mine in southern China. The association of AMF molecular diversity and community composition with the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was studied by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Results from all five studied sites showed that the diversity of AMF decreased with increasing Sb concentration. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the AMF community structure was markedly different among these groups. Further redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that Sb contamination was the dominating factor influencing the AMF community structure in the Sb mine area. However, the multivariate analysis showed that, apart from the soil Sb content, extractable nitrogen content and organic matter content also attributed to AMF sequence distribution type. Some AMF sequences were only found in the highly contaminated area and these might be ideal candidates for improving phytoremediation efficiency in Sb mining regions. Gene sequencing analysis revealed that most species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the studied Sb mining area.     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at a large-scale antimony mining area in southern China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have great potential for assisting heavy metal hyperaccumulators in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the community composition of AMF under natural conditions in soils contaminated by antimony (Sb). The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of AMF molecular diversity, and to explore the effects of Sb content and soil properties on the AMF community structure in an Sb mining area. Four Sb mine spoils and one adjacent reference area were selected from around the Xikuangshan mine in southern China. The association of AMF molecular diversity and community composition with the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was studied by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Results from all five studied sites showed that the diversity of AMF decreased with increasing Sb concentration. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the AMF community structure was markedly different among these groups. Further redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that Sb contaminationwas the dominating factor influencing the AMF community structure in the Sb mine area. However, the multivariate analysis showed that, apart from the soil Sb content, extractable nitrogen content and organic matter content also attributed to AMF sequence distribution type. Some AMF sequences were only found in the highly contaminated area and these might be ideal candidates for improving phytoremediation efficiency in Sb mining regions. Gene sequencing analysis revealed that most species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the studied Sb mining area.     

外加不同铁源和丛枝菌根对砷污染土壤上玉米生长及磷、砷吸收的影响

通过盆栽模拟试验研究了添加不同铁源及接种丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuecular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)对高砷污染土壤上玉米生长及其吸收磷、砷、铁、锰、铜和锌的影响.试验结果表明,与对照相比,添加硫酸亚铁并接种AMF显著地提高了土壤有效铁、锰含量,降低了土壤中水溶性砷、磷含量以及玉米地上部砷的含量,并极大地增加了植株对磷的吸收,提高了植株体内磷砷吸收量之比,从而明显地改善了植株的菌根建成和生长状况.在不接种情况下,硫酸亚铁和石灰混合处理显著地降低了土壤水溶性砷、磷含量及根系砷含量,并明显增加了磷的吸收以及磷、砷吸收量的比值,使玉米植株生物量和根长增加的幅度较其它铁源处理时更大.尽管添加铁尾矿砂增加了土壤水溶性磷的含量以及植株磷的吸收而在一定程度上改善了玉米的生长,但这种效果以不接种时更为明显,因而有必要根据土壤的污染程度调整铁尾矿砂的添加量和接种抗性菌株,以强化植物的抗砷能力.     

Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at a large-scale antimony mining area in southern China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) have great potential for assisting heavy metal hyperaccumulators in the remediation of contaminated soils. However, little information is available about the community composition of AMF under natural conditions in soils contaminated by antimony(Sb). The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of AMF molecular diversity, and to explore the effects of Sb content and soil properties on the AMF community structure in an Sb mining area. Four Sb mine spoils and one adjacent reference area were selected from around the Xikuangshan mine in southern China. The association of AMF molecular diversity and community composition with the rhizosphere soils of the dominant plant species was studied by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE). Results from all five studied sites showed that the diversity of AMF decreased with increasing Sb concentration. Principal component analysis(PCA) indicated that the AMF community structure was markedly different among these groups. Further redundancy analysis(RDA) showed that Sb contamination was the dominating factor influencing the AMF community structure in the Sb mine area. However, the multivariate analysis showed that, apart from the soil Sb content, extractable nitrogen content and organic matter content also attributed to AMF sequence distribution type. Some AMF sequences were only found in the highly contaminated area and these might be ideal candidates for improving phytoremediation efficiency in Sb mining regions. Gene sequencing analysis revealed that most species were affiliated with Glomus, suggesting that Glomus was the dominant AMF genus in the studied Sb mining area.     

周年轮作休耕对土壤AMF群落和团聚体稳定性的影响

为探究轮作休耕对丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）群落组成及土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,以坡耕地红壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序和湿筛法分别测定AMF群落组成和团聚体,研究了苕子轮作玉米（V-C）、豌豆轮作玉米（P-C）、冬闲-玉米（F-C）和周年休耕（F-F）这4个处理下AMF群落组成及其与土壤养分和团聚体稳定性之间的关系.结果表明,F-F、V-C和P-C处理的>2 mm团聚体含量、R_0.25及MWD均显著高于F-C （P<0.05）,<0.25 mm团聚体含量均显著低于F-C （P<0.05）;F-F处理的ACE、Chao1和Shannon指数较F-C分别显著提高29.56%、35.78%和45.55%;球囊霉属（Glomus）为各处理AMF群落的优势属,盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）在各处理间差异显著（P<0.05）;PCoA分析发现,PC1和PC2分别累计解释了AMF群落组成差异的29.99%和22.40%;相关性分析表明,盾巨孢囊霉属与碱解氮（AN）和有机质（SOM）呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与速效钾（AK）呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,球囊霉属与碱解氮呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;RDA分析表明,AMF多样性（Shannon指数）和盾巨孢囊霉属分别与>2 mm和2~1 mm团聚体含量显著正相关（P<0.05）.因此,周年休耕和苕子轮作玉米有利于提高土壤团聚体稳定性和改变AMF群落组成,研究结果为我国南方周年轮作系统提高土壤质量和推行合理轮作休耕模式提供理论依据和参考.     

Impact on soil quality of a 10-year-old short-rotation coppice poplar stand compared with intensive agricultural and uncultivated systems in a Mediterranean area

Bioenergy crops play an ecologically and economically fundamental role as an alternative to agri-food productions and as renewable energy sources. Little attention has been focused on soil quality following conversion of agricultural lands to biomass crops. Here, we assessed the impact of a 10-year-old short-rotation coppice (SRC) poplar stand on the main soil chemical parameters, microbial biomass carbon, soil respiration, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), compared with intensive agricultural and uncultivated systems. Three different harvest frequencies of poplar SRC (annual T1, biannual T2 and triennial T3 cutting cycles) were evaluated. Multivariate analysis showed that poplar SRC improved soil quality compared with intensive agricultural and uncultivated systems. T1 and T2 positively affected AMF inoculum potential and root colonisation of a co-occurring plant species, while T3 improved the majority of soil chemical and biochemical parameters. Moreover, three different AMF morphospecies belonging to the genera Glomus and Scutellospora were found in poplar SRC, while morphospecies belonging exclusively to genera Glomus were recorded in intensive agricultural and uncultivated systems. Such aspects have agro-ecological implications, since the positive changes of soil nutrient availability and carbon content together with a high abundance and diversity of soil biota show clear soil sustainability of poplar SRC.     

黄土高原六道沟流域8种植物根际细菌与AMF群落多样性研究

采用末端限制性片段长度多态性(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)方法,研究了神木县六道沟流域8种植物根际细菌与丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)群落多样性及其相互关系.目的是获得有关植物根际细菌和AMF群落的多样性指数,为生态环境修复提供科学依据.结果表明,8种植物根际细菌和AMF的种类和数量有较大差异,其中刺槐根际细菌的Shannon指数最高(4.01),垂柳最低(2.18),根际AMF的Shannon指数最高为小叶杨(2.07),最低为沙棘(1.21);聚类分析(cluster analysis)和冗余分析(redundancy analysis)结果表明,不同植物根际细菌和AMF的群落结构有较大差异,但同时部分植物间也存在相似性;8种植物根际细菌和AMF的多样性指数总体呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01);冗余分析结果表明在根际土壤环境因子中,对根际微生物群落多样性影响最大的环境因子为有机质含量.植物种类和根际环境对根际微生物群落结构有较大影响,同时,刺槐的根际细菌和AMF群落多样性指数均较高,故可作为六道沟流域植被恢复的先锋树种.     

丛枝菌根真菌在矿区生态环境修复中应用及其作用效果

针对煤矿区生态环境修复中存在的主要问题,研究丛枝菌根真菌与紫穗槐共生状况,丛枝菌根真菌对紫穗槐根系发育的影响及其对煤炭开采塌陷区退化土壤的改良效应.结果表明,接种菌根5个月后,接种丛枝菌根促进紫穗槐地上部分和根系生长,提高了紫穗槐根系侵染率;接种区紫穗槐根际土壤中球囊霉素、易提取球囊霉素含量显著增加;接种菌根提高了紫穗槐根际土壤有效磷和有机质含量,微生物数量明显提高,取得较好的菌根生态效应.接种菌根有利于对矿区根际土壤的改良,促进了矿区生态系统稳定,对维持矿区生态系统的持续性具有重要意义.     

A field experiment investigating the effects of olive husk and cow manure on heavy metal availability in a contaminated calcareous soil from Murcia (Spain)

The transfer of heavy metals from the former sites of mining activity in La Unión (Murcia) to the nearby agricultural soils is a serious environmental risk. The effect of two organic wastes, used as soil amendments, on the bioavailability of heavy metals in an agricultural soil and on their accumulation in Beta vulgaris L. var. Nomonta and Beta maritima L. was studied in a field experiment. The soil was a calcareous Xeric Torriorthent and the total metal levels were (mg kg⁻¹): 2706 Zn, 3235 Pb, 39 Cu. The treatments were: fresh cow manure, olive husk and inorganic fertiliser as a control. Two successive crops (B. vulgaris and B. maritima) were grown. The soil was sampled before each planting and after each harvest. B. vulgaris behaved as a metal indicator plant, as its concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Mn and Pb) in all treatments reflected the extractable soil levels. The high concentrations of metals, especially Pb (5.1–16.8 times the EU limit for plant foodstuffs), revealed a health risk for human and livestock due to the spread of the metal pollution from mining sites to agricultural areas. Cow manure did not alter the DTPA-extractable concentrations of metals in the soil or their absorption by plants in comparison with the control. But olive husk favoured solubility of metals in soils and their accumulation in plants, due to the reduction of Mn oxides during degradation of phenolic compounds. So, this material could be a useful amendment for phytoextraction of metals by accumulator species, while manure can be very useful for phytostabilisation.     

铜尾矿白羊草叶际和根际细菌群落特征

植物叶际、根际微生物及其生存环境共同形成复杂的生态系统,其中,根际微生物也是土壤物质循环的主要动力,可以为植物的生长发育提供基础.叶际和根际微生物也可作为生态学指标,在矿区生态稳定与生态恢复中具有显著作用.本研究选择铜尾矿优势禾草白羊草为研究对象,采用高通量测序的方法,研究白羊草叶际和根际细菌群落特征,探究影响白羊草叶际和根际微生物群落结构与多样性的关键生态因子.结果表明,白羊草叶际和根际细菌群落结构具有显著差异.其中,白羊草叶际细菌优势属包括假单胞菌属、肠杆菌属和鞘脂单胞菌属,根际细菌优势属为Solrubrobacter和酸杆菌属.白羊草根际细菌群落的香农指数、ACE指数和Chao1指数均显著高于叶际细菌.土壤水分含量、pH、土壤砷和锌含量,白羊草总氮和总硫,及叶片和根内的镉和铬是影响白羊草叶际和根际优势细菌属的主要生态因子.此外,根际细菌群落香农指数与根内铜含量显著负相关,辛普森指数与根的总氮含量显著正相关,叶际细菌群落ACE指数与叶片总硫含量显著正相关.本研究结果可为铜尾矿生态恢复中发掘和利用叶际或根际细菌资源及提高矿区生态修复效率提供科学依据.     

骆马湖浮游植物演替规律及驱动因子

江苏骆马湖作为南水北调工程的重要调蓄湖泊,水生态系统结构变化不容忽视.为研究骆马湖浮游植物群落结构演替规律及其与环境因子的关系,于2014~2018年进行了逐月监测.研究期间骆马湖总氮、高锰酸盐指数、电导率等参数呈逐年升高趋势,氟离子浓度呈逐年下降趋势.共鉴定有浮游植物7门71属,月均生物量变化范围0.16~5.51mg·L^-1.硅藻和绿藻为绝对优势门类,其次为甲藻及隐藻;主要优势属为针杆藻（Synedra sp.）、隐藻（Chroomonas spp.）、直链硅藻（Aulacoseira spp.）、锥囊藻（Dinobryon sp.）、栅藻（Scenedesmus spp.）、脆杆藻（Fragilaria spp.）、转板藻（Mougeotia sp.）、纤维藻（Ankistrodesmus sp.）和裸藻（Euglena spp.）.2014~2018年骆马湖浮游植物群落结构年际差异较大,其变化主要体现在浮游植物生物量的再分配,硅藻和绿藻继续保持优势外甲藻和蓝藻的优势度增加.非度量多维尺度分析显示,骆马湖浮游植物群落变化与总氮、氟离子、水温、总磷、溶解氧、pH、电导率和高锰酸盐指数等因素有关,广义可加模型同样显示总氮、氟离子浓度和水温是主导骆马湖浮游植物群落结构变化的主要因素.总氮、氟离子浓度是影响浮游植物群落年际变化的环境因子,而水温是引起浮游植物群落季节变化的主要因子.结合近几年管理部门采取的措施,浮游植物群落年际变化可能与骆马湖实行禁止采砂和拆除围网等管理修复措施有关.     

四川汉源万顺铅锌矿区蜈蚣草共附生细菌群落结构对重金属的响应特征

为了充分挖掘重金属污染地区植物共附生细菌资源,提高重金属污染土壤生态修复的效率,利用变性梯度凝胶电泳(Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis,DGGE)技术,对四川省汉源县万顺铅锌矿区蜈蚣草根状茎中共附生细菌多样性和群落结构进行了研究,并分析了共附生细菌群落结构与蜈蚣草根状茎中有效重金属间的关系.结果表明,不同采样点间的蜈蚣草共附生细菌多样性存在明显差异,多样性指数和丰富度指数均表现为尾矿矿口弃渣区选矿区农田.基于DGGE回收条带序列的系统发育显示,蜈蚣草共附生细菌包括芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacteria)和弯曲杆菌属(Campylobacter)等细菌类群.相关性分析表明,共附生细菌多样性指数和丰富度指数均与有效Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和As含量呈显著正相关(p0.05).冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis,RDA)显示,有效As是影响蜈蚣草共附生细菌群落结构的关键因子,对砷含量较高的采样点,砷对蜈蚣草共附生细菌群落有促进作用,在砷含量相对较低的采样点,共附生细菌群落与砷呈负相关.研究表明,蜈蚣草存在丰富的共附生细菌种群,这些种群受蜈蚣草中有效重金属含量的影响明显,在修复重金属特别是砷污染土壤方面表现出潜在应用价值.     

云南兰坪铅锌矿区优势植物重金属富集特性及应用潜力

为筛选适合云南高原地区重金属污染土壤修复治理以及矿区生态复垦的植物材料,通过实地野外调查,采集云南兰坪铅锌矿区18种优势植物样品及相应根系土壤,测定其Cd、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni、 Pb和Zn含量,计算植物对重金属的富集和转运系数,通过聚类分析方法,综合评估植物的应用潜力.结果表明, 18种优势植物分属18属13科,均为草本植物.植物体内多种重金属含量均高于植物正常含量,其中,延胡索(Corydalis yanhusuo)、旱芹菜(Carum bretschneideri)和毛连菜(Picris hieracioides)地上部Cd含量分别达到62.29、 76.49和85.09 mg·kg~(-1),Cd富集系数分别为0.57、 0.58和0.66,转运系数分别为0.89、 0.45和1.48,有着较强的吸收和转移土壤重金属Cd能力,具有修复Cd污染土壤潜力.狼毒(Euphorbia fischeriana)和倒提壶(Cynoglossum amabile)地上部Cd含量分别为0.46 mg·kg~(-1)和0.23 mg·kg~(-1),富集系数均小于0.01,属于重金属低积累植物,适合在中国西南高海拔地区生长,两种植物可以考虑作为Cd污染农田安全利用经济植物.其余13种植物对矿区重金属污染有着较好的耐性,可以用作矿区植被修复.     

湘西花垣矿区主要植物种类及优势植物重金属蓄积特征

矿区重金属污染严重,寻找和发现适合当地气候与土壤条件的重金属耐性植物是矿区植被恢复和污染土壤修复的前提.通过对湘西花垣县锰矿、铅锌矿区植被调查,共记录到高等植物76种,隶属69属,39科.对两矿区的主要优势植物及其土壤重金属含量进行了测定、分析,结果表明,两矿区土壤Pb、Zn、Cd含量均超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准阈值,对矿区土壤造成了污染.主要优势植物均能适应矿区土壤重金属元素较高的环境,对重金属具有一定的耐性,但不同植物对重金属的吸收和蓄积特征不同,油茶、芒萁吸收的重金属主要分布在地上部分,属于金属富集型植物,适于修复湘西矿区重金属污染中等且使用价值较高的污染土壤;灰白毛莓、山莓、毛萼莓、魁蒿、蕨吸收的重金属主要累积在根部,属于根部囤积型植物;芒草、白茅、箬竹、飞龙掌血根、茎、叶重金属含量均较低,属于重金属规避型植物.这2种类型的植物适合种植在湘西矿区重金属污染严重、使用价值相对较低、面积较大的矿山废弃地.     

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting of soil bacteria in the vicinity of the Chinese Great Wall Station, King George Island, Antarctica

Bacterial diversity was investigated in soil samples collected from 13 sites around the Great Wall Station, Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA genes. The classes α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacteria, as well as the phylum Actinobacteria, were found to be the dominant bacteria in the soils around the Great Wall Station. Although the selected samples were not contaminated by oil, a relationship between soil parameters, microbial biodiversity, and human impact was still seen. Sample sites in human impacted areas showed lower bacterial biodiversity (average H′= 2.65) when compared to nonimpacted sites (average H′= 3.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between soil bacterial diversity and total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen, or total phosphorus contents of the soil. Canonical correlation analysis showed that TOC content was the most important factor determining bacterial community profiles among the measured soil parameters. In conclusion, microbial biodiversity and community characteristics within relatively small scales (1.5 km) were determined as a function of local environment parameters and anthropogenic impact.     

天目湖沙河水库浮游植物群落结构的时空异质性

为揭示水库浮游植物群落结构的时空异质性,以江苏省溧阳市天目湖沙河水库为例,基于8年逐月浮游植物群落结构及相关环境因子的连续监测结果,分析了水库河流区、过渡区及湖泊区浮游植物群落结构的季节差异及影响因素.结果表明,空间上营养盐、浊度和悬浮颗粒物等关键水质指标及浮游植物叶绿素a含量均呈现河流区过渡区湖泊区的现象,透明度呈现河流区过渡区湖泊区的现象,其中河流区的各环境因子与过渡区和湖泊区的空间差异显著(ANOVA,P0.05),而过渡区与湖泊区之间仅在透明度、浊度、悬浮颗粒物等物理参数方面差异显著;同样,浮游植物生物量上也呈现河流区过渡区湖泊区的现象,其中河流区与过渡区、湖泊区之间差异显著(ANOVA,P0.05),而过渡区与湖泊区之间则无显著性差异;但在浮游植物的优势属方面,河流区、过渡区、湖泊区基本一致,仅隐藻门生物量在河流区、过渡区、湖泊区具有显著性差异(ANOVA,P0.05),呈现河流区过渡区湖泊区的特征.不同季节之间浮游植物群落结构差异较大:生物量在夏季最高,冬季最低;优势属在春季以针杆藻(Synedra)、小环藻(Cyclotella)、隐藻(Cryptomonas)和曲壳藻(Achnanthes)为主,夏季以针杆藻、隐藻、尖头藻(Raphidiopsis)、席藻(Phormidium)为主,秋季以隐藻、针杆藻、尖头藻、束丝藻(Aphanizomenon)为主,冬季以隐藻、针杆藻、曲壳藻和小环藻为主;其中针杆藻、隐藻为全年优势属.统计分析表明,水温、总磷、透明度是浮游植物时空差异的主要影响因子.研究表明,对于沙河水库这种换水周期为4个月的大(Ⅱ)型水库,虽然浮游植物总生物量在空间上有显著性差异,但群落组成上仅隐藻属的空间差异显著,多数浮游植物群落结构在空间分布差异较小,当浮游植物群落结构调查时可以适当减少观测点位,提高采样频次,以提高水库环境监测的样品代表性.     

长江中下游两种典型水稻土微生物对砷污染的响应

基于温室盆栽实验,利用磷脂脂肪酸分析(PLFA)方法研究了As污染、土壤类型和水稻品种对水稻抽穗期土壤微生物群落的影响.结果表明,水稻土土壤中微生物生物总量(总PLFAs)以及微生物组成均不同程度的受到了As污染、土壤类型及水稻品种的影响;As污染增加了土壤总PLFAs,黄泥田的土壤总PLFAs、真菌/细菌(F/B)、革兰氏阳性细菌/阴性细菌(G+/G-)、腐生真菌/丛枝菌根真菌(SF/AMF)显著高于红泥田;在黄泥田中,种植籼稻品种的土壤总PLFAs较杂交稻和粳稻品种平均减少30.0%,而在红泥田中平均增加24.8%.偏Mantel检验和冗余分析(RDA)表明土壤pH值、DOC、NH4+和As浓度是驱动水稻土微生物群落演变的主控因子,其中受As影响较大的特征PLFAs包括20:0、i17:1ω9c、18:1ω9c、cy17:0和18:3ω6c;ABT预测模型显示水稻品种和土壤类型对总PLFAs、F/B、G+/G-和SF/AMF指标的贡献相对较大,而As处理的影响较小.     

基于多采样点的南京市PM2.5中的水溶性砷分析

对南京市的18个采样点进行PM_(2.5)样品采集,并利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪以及液相电感耦合等离子体质谱联用仪分别对样品中的总砷和4种水溶性砷进行测量,在此基础上研究PM_(2.5)中砷的形态及其时空分布特征.结果表明:南京市PM_(2.5)中的砷以无机砷为主,有机砷为辅.无机砷以三价砷(As(III))为主,五价砷(As(V))为辅,As(III)/As(V)的平均值为0.39±0.03.有机砷以二甲基胂酸(DMAs(V))为主,所有样品均未检出甲基胂酸(MMAs(V)).总砷(As_T)、As(III)、As(V)和DMAs(V)的年平均浓度分别为6.90、0.99、3.20和0.03 ng·m~(-3).PM_(2.5)中的砷浓度具有明显季节变化:总砷和As(V)最大浓度出现在冬季,As(III)最大浓度出现在夏季,DMAs(V)只在夏季出现.T检验表明:As(III)、总砷和DMAs(V)年平均浓度在城区和郊区之间存在显著差异.空间变异系数的计算结果表明DMAs(V)的空间变化最大,其空间变异系数为0.6.总砷和3种水溶性砷年平均浓度由大到小排列为:农村郊区城区.道路采样点和城市背景点的总砷年平均浓度比为0.92,说明城区交通源对PM_(2.5)中砷污染的贡献不明显.As(III)和As(V)的主要排放源可能为燃煤电厂和钢铁冶炼厂,而DMAs(V)可能主要来源于生物挥发产物的二次生成.     

西江流域土壤砷含量空间变异与污染评价

以广西西江流域为研究区域,采集表层土壤2 585个,采用地统计分析与GIS相结合的方法研究流域内土壤As含量空间变异规律与污染分布.结果表明:西江流域表层土壤As含量为23.82 mg·kg~(-1),高于广西土壤背景值及西江流域自然土壤As含量值,上游(刁江、环江流域)As含量(30.22 mg·kg~(-1))显著高于流域其他区域.土壤As含量:矿区土壤旱地土壤自然土壤水田土壤,矿区土壤As含量显著高于其他类型.As含量高值聚类区集中于刁江流域中上游及大环江流域中下游,南丹北部远离矿区的六寨镇及大、小环江流域上游形成明显的低值聚类区.流域土壤As有明显的空间自相关性,以结构性变异为主,上游As含量由西北向东南递减,流域特征明显,高As含量区沿刁江流域自然分布,流域中下游土壤As含量基本处于0.44~40 mg·kg~(-1)之间;流域土壤样本As总体介于无污染-轻度污染之间,污染在金城江区及南丹县的分布较为突出,这与当地频繁的矿业活动关系密切,建议采取治理措施并加强雨季尾矿库安全排查力度,以保障当地居民的生产与生活质量.     

模拟酸雨对毛竹阔叶林过渡带土壤真菌结构及其多样性的影响

为探究酸雨对毛竹扩张形成的竹阔混交林土壤真菌群落的影响程度,于2017～2018年在浙江省杭州临安天目山国家级自然保护区开展酸雨模拟实验,选取T1(pH=4.0)和T2(pH=2.5)两个模拟酸雨梯度,并以CK(pH=5.5)对照,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析不同强度酸雨胁迫下,土壤真菌群落多样性变化及影响因素.结果表明与对照相比,T1处理显著提高了真菌群落的OTU数量、Chao1指数和Ace指数(P0.05).竹阔混交林土壤主要由13个门类群的菌群组成,优势菌群包括子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)和毛霉门(Mucoromycota).主坐标(PCoA)分析和相似性检验结果表明模拟酸雨改变了土壤真菌结构.Bifiguratu属、Geminibasidium属、Purpureocillium属和Oidiodendron属相对丰度变化显著,可作为酸雨胁迫下土壤真菌群落结构变化的指示种.冗余分析(RDA)和相关性分析表明,土壤pH和全氮对土壤真菌群落结构影响显著(P0.05).综上所述,酸雨提高了真菌群落多样性指数,改变土壤真菌群落结构.该研究结果有助于了解森林生态系统中的真菌群落,以及土壤真菌作为影响因子在预测环境变异中的作用.