Methylmercury and sulfate-reducing bacteria in mangrove sediments from Jiulong River Estuary, China

Estuaries are important sites for mercury (Hg) methylation, with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) thought to be the main Hg methylators. Distributions of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in mangrove sediment and sediment core from Jiulong River Estuary Provincial Mangrove Reserve, China were determined and the possible mechanisms of Hg methylation and their controlling factors in mangrove sediments were investigated. Microbiological and geochemical parameters were also determined. Results showed that SRB constitute a small fraction of total bacteria (TB) in both surface sediments and the profile of sediments. The content of THg, MeHg, TB, and SRB were (350 150) ng/g, (0.47 0.11) ng/g, (1.4 1011 4.1 109) cfu/g dry weight (dw), and (5.0 106 2.7 106) cfu/g dw in surficial sediments, respectively, and (240 24) ng/g, (0.30 0.15) ng/g, (1.9 1011 4.2 1010) cfu/g dw, and (1.3 106 2.0 106) cfu/g dw in sediment core, respectively. Results showed that THg, MeHg, TB, MeHg/THg, salinity and total sulfur (TS) increased with depth, but total organic matter (TOM), SRB, and pH decreased with depth. Concentrations of MeHg in sediments showed significant positive correlation with THg, salinity, TS, and MeHg/THg, and significant negative correlation with SRB, TOM, and pH. It was concluded that other microbes, rather than SRB, may also act as main Hg methylators in mangrove sediments.     

Distribution characteristics of total mercury and methylmercury in the topsoil and dust of Xiamen, China

The levels and distribution of mercury (Hg) species, including total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in the topsoil and dust collected from twenty sampling stations located in di erent land function areas of Xiamen, China, were investigated. The THg concentrations in topsoil ranged from 0.071 to 1.2 mg/kg, and in dust ranged from of 0.034 to 1.4 mg/kg. For stations where the THg of dust was less than 0.31 mg/kg, THg concentrations in the topsoil were significantly correlated to those in the corresponding dust (r = 0.597, n = 16, P = 0.014). The MeHg concentrations in topsoil were varied between 0.14 and 5.7 g/kg. The ratios of MeHg/THg in the topsoil ranged from 0.069% to 0.74%. The range of MeHg concentration in the dust were 0.092–2.3 g/kg. The ratios of MeHg/THg in the dust were at the same level as those in the topsoil. The MeHg concentrations in both topsoil and dust were linked to corresponding THg concentrations and soil organic matter. Neither THg nor MeHg concentration in the topsoil and dust was obviously linked to the land function.     

三峡库区消落带农业活动对土壤汞变化的影响

针对三峡库区消落带退水期农业生产是否会对库区环境带来不利影响的问题,以分布面积较大、农业活动较为频繁的重庆市开州区渠口镇消落带为研究区域,选择种植水稻、玉米、蔬菜和未农用的草地4类消落带地块为研究对象,调查了不同利用地块表层土壤汞(Hg)的变化特征.结果表明,研究区域内土壤THg、有效态Hg(Hg-wh)和甲基汞(MeHg)平均含量分别为25.80~68.74、0.44~0.88和0.08~0.85 ng·g-1.未耕作土地表层土壤THg、Hg-wh和MeHg含量均高于耕作土地表层土壤,说明耕作扰动能够加速土壤Hg的流失.未耕作土壤与耕作土地表层土壤MeHg含量随着落干时长的增加均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,峰值大约出现在落干后1~2个月内,约为淹水末期的4倍,之后逐渐降低至相对稳定的水平.MeHg占THg比例(%MeHg)也呈现类似规律,峰值出现在落干后1个月左右,降到稳定水平时与淹水末期含量无显著性差异(P0.05).土壤%MeHg与Hg-wh含量呈显著性正相关关系(r=0.642,P0.01),而与THg含量没有显著相关性(P0.05),说明消落带土壤Hg甲基化主要受生物可利用性Hg形态的影响.     

三峡库区消落带沉积物对鱼体富集汞的影响

水体环境中的汞（Hg）容易被鱼体富集.为了研究三峡库区消落带沉积物对鱼体Hg含量的影响,采用不同Hg含量的消落带沉积物进行了为期90 d的模拟淹水实验.结果表明沉积物淹水后,水体总汞（THg）和甲基汞（MeHg）含量显著增加,鱼体肌肉中THg和MeHg含量不断增加,而内脏和头部中THg和MeHg含量前期不断增加,后期则有轻微减小的趋势.肌肉对Hg的富集量大于内脏和头部,后两者的富集量没有显著性差异.与对照组（无沉积物）相比沉积物的存在明显增加了鱼体富集Hg的量,而且当沉积物中Hg含量较高时,鱼体对Hg的富集量也显著增加.鱼体各部位THg和MeHg含量变化曲线高度相似,各部位对MeHg的富集系数（bioaccumulation factors,BCF）在1.93×10⁵~8.89×10⁵之间,对无机Hg的BCF在1.3×10³~12.8×10³之间,表明鱼体所富集的Hg形态上主要为MeHg.鱼体各部位MeHg和THg含量均为极显著相关,线性回归方程表明,在富集Hg的量中,MeHg占THg比例分别为：肌肉80.1%、内脏79.3%、头部66.7%.消落带沉积物再淹水后会发生一定程度的净甲基化现象产生MeHg,由于扩散作用使水体MeHg浓度在一段时间内升高,这导致了鱼体对Hg的富集量增加.因此对三峡库区大面积消落带可能存在的Hg污染风险不可忽视.     

巨牡蛎(Crassostrea sp.)对燃煤电厂脱硫海水中汞的生物累积

研究了巨牡蛎(Crassostrea sp.)对配备烟气海水脱硫装置电厂的脱硫海水中汞(Hg)的生物累积.在电厂的排水口(实验点)和参考点分别吊养牡蛎群,定期采集样品,测定海水中的Hg浓度和牡蛎的Hg含量(均以干重计).实验点和参考点海水中的总汞(THg)浓度分别为(120.6±55.5)ng.L-1(n=5)和(2.7±1.0)ng.L-1(n=5),甲基汞(MeHg)的浓度分别为(0.30±0.44)ng.L-1(n=5)和(0.28±0.31)ng.L-1(n=5).在7 d内,实验点牡蛎体内THg含量从(138.3±14.3)ng.g-1(n=6)迅速增加到(3 012±289)ng.g-1(n=6),且在后来的34 d内,一直保持在2 935～4 490 ng.g-1的高含量水平;而参考点牡蛎对THg未见明显累积,为60.7～137.5 ng.g-1之间.暴露期间实验点牡蛎体内MeHg的含量未发生显著变化,保持在55.4～73.1 ng.g-1之间.而参考点牡蛎MeHg含量呈略微下降的趋势,但变化幅度不大,在15.6～55.6 ng.g-1之间.本研究表明,燃煤电厂排放的脱硫海水中的THg可被牡蛎迅速累积至很高的含量水平,有不容忽视的潜在风险.脱硫海水中MeHg的浓度很低,其在牡蛎体内未见明显累积;在本研究的条件下,未观测到牡蛎自身合成MeHg或将无机汞转化为MeHg.     

唐山陡河水库沉积物汞的分布、来源及污染评价

为弄清陡河燃煤电厂大气汞沉降对毗邻的陡河水库沉积物中总汞、甲基汞的贡献及其污染程度,于2013年8月对陡河水库沉积物进行了采样,测定了沉积物中总汞、甲基汞、有机质以及孔隙水中溶解态汞含量等参数,运用地累积指数法评价了陡河水库沉积物的汞污染现状和污染程度.结果表明,陡河水库沉积物中总汞含量(dw)范围为19~97 ng·g~(-1),甲基汞含量(dw)范围为0.02~1.27 ng·g~(-1),均表现为表层高于底层,说明陡河水库沉积物的汞含量正逐年升高,外源汞输入对陡河沉积物负荷产生了一定的影响.受电厂大气汞干湿沉降影响,陡河水库周边土壤汞含量(dw)平均值为22 ng·g~(-1),而陡河水库3个沉积物柱库心总汞含量最高,其次为西支,东支最低.结合上游大黑汀水库较高的沉积物汞含量(总汞平均值为176 ng·g~(-1)),以及陡河水库附近较低的土壤汞含量,初步判断陡河水库沉积物中汞的主要来源为大黑汀水库的高汞水源输入,电厂汞沉积输入贡献相对较小.陡河沉积物总汞、甲基汞与有机质之间均呈显著的正相关关系,表明沉积物中有机质具有较好的吸附总汞和甲基汞的能力,并对甲基汞产生具有重要作用.地累积指数Igeo的评价结果表明,陡河水库各点位沉积物的汞污染程度依次为库心西支东支,库心和西支属于中度污染,东支属于轻微污染.大黑汀水库受周边采矿企业影响,两个采样点沉积物的地累积指数污染评价属于中强污染和强污染.     

Assessing the factors impacting the bioaccessibility of mercury (Hg) in rice consumption by an in-vitro method

Mercury (Hg) in rice is drawing mounting concern since methylmercury (MeHg) was found capable of accumulating in rice. In-vitro bioaccessibility is a feasible and reliable method to assess the health effects of Hg in rice and has been utilized in a number of studies. This study was done to investigate the impact of cultivar, planting location, and cooking on the total mercury (THg) and MeHg bioaccessibility of rice, for which multiple statistical analysis methods were used to analyze the significance of their effects. The THg concentrations of rice samples taken from non-Hg contaminated areas of China were all below 15 ng/g and their MeHg concentrations were below 2 ng/g. Cooking could significantly reduce the MeHg bioaccessibility of rice because the MeHg was mainly combined with protein and the protein will be denatured during the cooking process, and then the denatured MeHg is difficult to be dissolved into the liquid phase. Indica- and japonica-type rice cultivars did not show significant differentiation in either the concentration of Hg or its bioaccessibility. However, the glutinous rice type differed significantly from the above rice types, and it showed greater bioaccessibility of THg and MeHg due to its distinct protein contents and starch properties. Planting location can affect the Hg concentration in rice and THg bioaccessibility but has a limited impact on MeHg bioaccessibility. Based on these results, two macro factors (rice cultivar, planting location) are presumed to impact Hg bioaccessibility by how they affect micro factors (i.e., Hg forms).     

海河干流水产品汞污染特征及摄入风险评估

通过现场实地采样和实验测定分析了天津市海河干流水产品中汞含量水平及食用人群的暴露风险.结果表明,海河淡水水产品中甲基汞和总汞的含量(以湿重计)分别为42.51 ng·g~(-1)和77.31 ng·g~(-1),甲基汞是水生生物中汞的最主要存在形式,且与鱼体中总汞含量水平显著相关.鱼体在不同器官中和不同养殖方式下的汞含量水平差异显著.海河淡水鱼类和底栖动物的甲基汞富集系数(BCF)分别为1.00×105m L·g~(-1)和4.23×104m L·g~(-1),与总汞相比,甲基汞具有更强的生物富集特性.海河淡水生物生物链中的甲基汞和总汞营养级放大系数分别为1.38和1.36.水产品中的甲基汞和总汞含量最大允许含量均低于我国国家标准限定值,但同时应该注意,以海河淡水野生鱼类为食的儿童,汞摄入风险相对较高,其总汞和甲基汞摄入量分别达到154.07 ng·(kg·d)~(-1)和81.11 ng·(kg·d)~(-1).     

水稻甲基汞富集对大气气态单质汞浓度升高的响应研究

水稻具有很强的甲基汞(MeHg)富集能力,从而增加了汞污染地区居民甲基汞暴露的风险.本研究利用开顶气室熏蒸实验和土壤加汞培育实验探究水稻各组织中MeHg富集对大气中的气态单质汞(GEM)浓度升高的响应.结果表明:水稻根中甲基汞含量与土壤中甲基汞含量显著正相关(r=0.9462~0.9870,p0.05),与大气汞含量无线性关系(p0.05),表明水稻根中的MeHg主要来自土壤.水稻茎中甲基汞含量随土壤甲基汞含量的增加而线性增加(上部茎:r=0.8560,p0.05;下部茎:r=0.9178~0.9484,p0.05),与大气汞含量没有相关性(p0.05),但在气室熏蒸实验中上部茎中的甲基汞含量高于下部茎;而在土壤加汞培育实验中下部茎中的甲基汞含量高于上部茎,表明水稻茎主要受土壤汞的影响,且大气汞可能对水稻上部茎甲基汞的富集有一定的影响.水稻叶中甲基汞含量与土壤甲基汞含量显著正相关(r=0.9708,p0.01),与大气汞含量无线性关系,但在气室熏蒸实验中实验组叶中甲基汞的含量高于对照组,表明水稻叶中的甲基汞可能受土壤甲基汞和大气汞的共同影响.水稻籽粒中甲基汞的含量与土壤甲基汞含量呈显著正相关(r=0.9046~0.9865,p0.05),与大气汞含量无明显的线性关系(p0.05),表明水稻籽粒中的甲基汞主要来自土壤,但在水稻上部茎和叶中甲基汞含量受一定程度大气汞含量影响的情况下势必会对水稻籽粒甲基汞的富集产生影响,但究竟有多大程度影响或量化其贡献还需进一步实验研究.     

武汉城市湖泊表层底泥汞分布、风险评价及影响因素

底泥作为汞重要的"汇"及二次"源"，在湖泊系统汞生物地球化学循环中起到了重要作用。本文以武汉主要城市湖泊为研究对象，探究了表层底泥中总汞（THg）和甲基汞（MeHg）的分布特征、潜在生态风险及主要影响因素。结果表明，武汉15个城市湖泊表层底泥THg平均浓度为152±170 ng/g （24~611 ng/g），与国内其它湖泊系统相比处于较高水平；MeHg浓度为52.0±46.8 pg/g （ND~161.0 pg/g），低于其它湖泊系统。空间分布上，底泥THg浓度呈现由武汉市中心向外逐渐递减的趋势，MeHg含量并未呈现类似THg的分布趋势。潜在生态风险评价（PERI）结果显示，所有采样点位中汞潜在生态风险极高和高风险等级占比均为5.7%，且主要分布在市中心附近，说明武汉市中心附近湖泊底泥汞污染程度较重，而市中心外围湖泊底泥汞生态风险较低。相关性分析结果显示，有机质可能是影响武汉城市湖泊底泥THg分布的重要因素之一，而MeHg主要受控于无机汞的原位甲基化过程。底泥THg浓度-湖泊距市中心距离间显著的负相关关系、THg浓度-湖泊所在区GDP/人均GDP间的显著正相关关系均表明人为活动对武汉城市湖泊汞分布影响明显。     

贵阳市水库中硫酸盐还原菌及铁还原菌对甲基汞分布的影响

微生物在汞的甲基化过程中起着关键作用,但关于野外微生物活动对甲基汞分布的影响研究较为缺乏.通过对贵阳市不同污染类型水库中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、铁还原菌(DIRB)、甲基汞(MeHg)及相应水质参数分布规律研究,探讨了水库中SRB和DIRB活动在汞甲基化及其分布中所起的作用.在水库上覆水体中,SRB与甲基汞呈显著正相关关系(r=0.398,p0.015,n=37),表明在上覆水体中,SRB为主要的汞甲基化细菌.在污染严重且差异明显的沉积物中,两种微生物对甲基汞分布的影响各不相同.在受矿山酸性废水污染的阿哈水库,由于其过高的SRB含量及其硫酸盐还原活动,导致夏季沉积物表层硫离子大量积累,严重抑制了汞的甲基化过程,使得沉积物孔隙水表层甲基汞明显低于其它两个水库,也低于阿哈水库上覆水体甲基汞含量.在红枫水库,沉积物表层适宜的SRB活动促进了汞的甲基化,硫酸盐还原物硫离子和孔隙水甲基汞存在显著相关性(r=0.674,p0.001,n=31);在百花水库,由于沉积物曾受到严重汞污染,甲基汞峰值主要受到沉积物总汞的影响,和两种微生物活动及其产物均未表现出显著相关性.     

Total mercury in wild fish in Guizhou reservoirs, China

The health hazard of mercury (Hg) compounds is internationally recognized, and the main pathways for methylmercury (MeHg) intake in humans are through consumption of food, especially fish. Given the large releases of Hg to the environment in China, combined with the fast development of hydropower, this issue deserves attention. Provided similar mobilization pathways of Hg in China as seen in reservoirs in North America and Europe one should expect increased Hg contamination in relation to future hydropower reservoir construction in this country. This study presents total Hg (THg) concentrations in wild fish from six Guizhou reservoirs, China. The THg concentrations in fish were generally low despite high background levels in the bedrock and depositions from local point sources. The over all mean ± SD concentration of THg was (0.066 ± 0.078) μg/g (n = 235). After adjusting for among-reservoir variation in THg, there were significant differences in THg among functional groups of the fish, assumed to re?ect trophic levels. Predicted THg- concentration ratios, retrieved from a mixed linear model, between the functional groups were 9:4:4:1 for carnivorous, omnivorous, planktivorous and herbivorous fish. This result indicated that MeHg accumulation may prevail even under circumstances with short food chains as in this Chinese water system. No fish exceeded recommended maximum THg limit for human consumption set by World Health Organization and the Standardization Administration of China (0.5 μg/g fish wet weight (ww)). Only six fish (2.5%) exceeded the maximum THg limit set by US Environmental Protection Agency (0.3 μg/g fish ww).     

Occurrence and fate of chlorinated methylsiloxanes in surrounding aqueous systems of Shengli oilfield, China

Mono-chlorinated products of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS), i.e., Monochlormet-hylheptamethylcyclotetrasiloxane [D3D(CH₂Cl)], monochlormethylnonamethylcyclopenta-siloxane [D4D(CH₂Cl)], and monochlormethylundemethylcyclohexasiloxane [D5D(CH₂Cl)], were detected in water [<LOQ (Limit of quantitation) -86.3 ng/L, df (detection frequency) = 23%-38%, n=112] and sediment samples [<LOQ-504 ng/g dw (dry weight), df = 33%-38%, n=112] from 16 lakes located in Shengli oilfield of China, and had apparent increasing trends (31%-34% per annum) in sediments during Year 2014-2020. Simulated experiments showed that chloro-cVMS in sediment-water system had approximately 1.7-2.0 times slower elimination rates than parent cVMS. More specifically, compared with those of parent cVMS, volatilization (86-2558 days) and hydrolysis (135-549 days) half-lives of chloro-cVMS were respectively 1.3-2.0 and 1.8-2.1 times longer. In two species of freshwater mussels (n=1050) collected from six lakes, concentrations of chloro-cVMS ranged from 9.8-998 ng/g dw in Anodonta woodiana and 8.4-970 ng/g dw in Corbicula fluminea. Compared with parent cVMS, chloro-cVMS had 1.1-1.5 times larger biota-sediment accumulation factors (2.1-3.0) and 1.1-1.7 times longer half-lives (13-42 days). Their stronger persistence in sediment and bioaccumulation in freshwater mussels suggested that environmental emission, distribution and risks of chloro-cVMS deserve further attention.     

Ant colonization increased total mercury but reduced methylmercury contents in boreal mires, Northeast China

Soil macroinvertebrates as ecosystem engineers play significant, but largely ignored, roles in affecting mercury (Hg) cycle by altering soil physical-chemical properties. Ant is likely expanded into boreal mires with climate warming, however, its impacts on Hg cycle remained poorly understood. We compared total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) contents in soils from antmounds (Lasius flavus) and the nearby ambient in a boreal mire in Northeast China. The present work seeks to unravel factors that controlling MeHg levels in case of ant appearance or absence. The average THg was 179 µg/kg in the ant mound and was 106.1 µg/kg in nearby soils, respectively. The average MeHg was 10.9 µg/kg in the ant mound and was 12.9 µg/kg in nearby soils, respectively. The ratios of MeHg to THg (%MeHg) were 7.61% in ant mounds and 16.75% in nearby soils, respectively. Ant colonization caused THg enrichment and MeHg depletion, and this change was obvious in the 10-20 cm depth soil layer where ants mainly inhabited. Spectrometry characteristics of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) exert a stronger control than microorganisms on MeHg variation in soils. A structural equation model revealed that the molecular weight of DOM inhibited MeHg irrespective of ant presence or absence, while humification conducive to MeHg significantly in ant mound soils. Microorganisms mainly affected Hg methylation by altering the molecular weight and humification of DOM. We propose that the effects of ant colonization on MeHg rested on DOM feature variations caused by microorganisms in boreal mires.     

Comparison of two methods for detection of fecal indicator bacteria used in water quality monitoring of the Three Gorges Reservoir

Scientifically sound methods to rapidly measure fecal indicator bacteria are important to ensure safe water for drinking and recreational purposes.A total of 200 water samples obtained from the Three Gorges Reservoir during three successive one-year study periods(October 2009 to September 2012) were analyzed using multiple-tube fermentation(MTF)and most probable numbers combined with polymerase chain reaction(MPN–PCR).The MPN–PCR method was found to be significantly more sensitive than the MTF method for detecting Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.,and of equal sensitivity for detecting total coliforms when all surface water samples were grouped together.The two analytical methods had a strong,significant relationship,but MPN–PCR took only 12–18 hr,compared with the 3–8 days needed using the MTF method.Bacterial concentrations varied per sampling site but were significantly lower in the mainstream of the Yangtze River than those in the backwater areas of tributaries.The water quality of 85.8% of water samples from the mainstream was suitable for use as a centralized potable water source,while the water quality of 52.5% of water samples from the backwater areas was unsuitable for recreational activities.Relationships between fecal indicator bacteria showed significant correlation(r = 0.636–0.909,p 0.01,n = 200),while a weak but significant correlation was found between fecal indicators and water turbidity,water temperature,daily inflow,and total dissolved solids(r = 0.237–0.532,p 0.05,n = 200).The study indicated that MPN–PCR is a rapid and easily performed deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)-based method for quantitative detection of viable total coliforms,E.coli,and Enterococcus spp.in surface water.     

太湖营养状态对沉积物中总汞和甲基汞分布特征的影响

为探讨营养状态对太湖沉积物汞的分布及其甲基化的影响,以太湖不同营养水平的湖区为研究对象,采用PSA和GC-CVAFS方法,分别测定了沉积物总汞(THg)、甲基汞(MeHg)含量;另测定了沉积物有机质含量和水体总氮、总磷浓度.结果显示,太湖表层沉积物THg含量为32.30~150.28ng/g,均值为62.94ng/g,含量高低与营养化程度一致,其垂向分布主要受到人为活动和有机质的影响;MeHg含量为0.32~1.01ng/g,均值为0.51ng/g,不同营养水平的湖湾区MeHg含量差别不大,其分布受有机质的影响,高含量富集在表层,随深度的增加逐渐降低并趋于稳定;甲基化比率比较低主要是太湖水体溶解氧含量高抑制了甲基化过程.     

大连湾表层沉积物中总汞和甲基汞的分布及影响因素

为研究大连湾表层沉积物中THg（总汞）和MeHg（甲基汞）的分布及影响因素,于2016年7月对大连湾12个采样点表层沉积物进行了调查,分析了沉积物中w（THg）和w（MeHg）及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明:①大连湾表层沉积物中w（THg）和w（MeHg）的平均值分别为（79.5±47.1）和（0.53±0.26）ng/g,MeHg%（甲基化比率）范围为0.39%~1.46%,平均值为0.74%.②沉积物中w（THg）和w（MeHg）均表现出由湾内向湾外降低的趋势,而MeHg%的空间分布特征与w（THg）和w（MeHg）相反,并且水产养殖活动的外源输入也可对MeHg%产生影响.③w（MeHg）与各环境因子均呈显著相关关系,表明沉积物中w（MeHg）主要受w（THg）和氧化还原条件的影响;MeHg%与Hg/C（THg与TOC摩尔比,下同）呈显著负相关,可能主要与沉积物中生物可利用Hg的比例影响有关,而MeHg%虽然与w（TOC）、w（TS）的相关性均不显著,但也体现出有机质和硫对Hg的生物可利用性的影响.研究显示,沉积物中生物可利用Hg在MeHg的产生过程中具有重要作用,而减少大连湾内汞和有机质的输入将有助于降低沉积物中w（MeHg）.      

汞在小浪底水库的赋存形态及其时空变化

为了解小浪底水库汞的赋存状况,采用冷原子荧光光谱法测定了小浪底水库水体、表层沉积物、沉积物间隙水以及鱼类肌肉样品中的总汞,采用乙基化衍生-气相色谱-原子荧光法测定了上述样品中的甲基汞,进而分析了小浪底水库鱼体中汞的富集状况.结果表明,小浪底水库水体中丰、枯水期总汞浓度分别为0.71~1.42 ng·L-1和0.90~2.49 ng·L-1,均符合国家地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)一类水汞浓度标准限值,水样中未检出甲基汞.丰、枯水期沉积物中总汞浓度分别为51.74~90.42 ng·g-1和95.66~172.52 ng·g-1,甲基汞浓度分别为0.09~0.26 ng·g-1和0.18~0.39 ng·g-1,甲基汞浓度较低,这可能与水体底层溶解氧浓度较高以及沉积物中有机碳浓度较低有关.丰、枯水期沉积物间隙水总汞浓度分别为4.27~9.49 ng·L-1和5.46~41.04 ng·L-1,甲基汞浓度分别为0.09~0.99 ng·L-1和0.07~1.01 ng·L-1,间隙水中总汞和甲基汞浓度明显高于上覆水体,与水体间存在汞浓度梯度,可能存在从沉积物间隙水向水体中的扩散.鱼体肌肉总汞浓度在43.47~304.98 ng·g-1之间,甲基汞浓度为10.77~265.23 ng·g-1,甲基汞低于食品安全国家标准规定的污染物限量(GB 2762-2012)(非肉食性鱼500 ng·g-1和肉食性鱼1 000 ng·g-1).水库鱼体总汞的生物富集系数分别为鳙鱼1.3×105,梭鱼9.3×104,鲫鱼4.7×104,白条5.0×104,黄颡鱼1.7×105,弓鱼3.9×104.     

小兴安岭泥炭藓沼泽生态系统中的汞

研究了小兴安岭汤旺河流域中的泥炭、土壤和植物样品的汞,泥炭地总汞的平均含量为65.8～186.6ng/g;高于黑龙江土壤A层汞平均含量,也高于美国佛罗里达大沼泽国家公园和瑞典Birkeness湿地的含量.甲基汞平均含量为0.16～1.86ng/g;约占总汞的0.2%～1.4%,泥炭地总汞最高浓度出现在5～10cm深处,为186.6ng/g,甲基汞最高浓度出现在10～15cm处,为1.86ng/g,均随深度增加而减少.甲基汞含量与总汞没有很强的相关性(P=0.05,r=0.28)     

三门峡水库水体中不同形态汞的分布特征

为了解三门峡水库水体中不同形态汞的分布特征,在丰水期和枯水期对三门峡水库进行采样,分别采用冷原子荧光光谱法(CVAFS)和蒸馏-乙基化衍生-气相色谱-冷原子荧光法(GC-CVAFS)测定水样中总汞、总甲基汞、溶解态总汞和溶解态甲基汞的浓度.结果表明,三门峡水库水体中总汞、溶解态汞和颗粒态汞浓度范围分别为1.65~9.65、0.80~3.16和0.70~7.81 ng·L~(-1),符合国家地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)一类水汞浓度标准限值;总甲基汞、溶解态甲基汞和颗粒态甲基汞浓度分别为0.05~0.36、0.02~0.14和ND~0.26 ng·L~(-1).三门峡水库水体总汞和甲基汞在季节和空间分布上没有呈现出明显的变化规律.总汞和甲基汞与未受污染的天然水体差别不大,水库未受到明显的汞污染.丰、枯水期沉积物中总汞浓度分别为(92.96±10.65)ng·g~(-1)和(80.06±19.14)ng·g~(-1),甲基汞浓度分别为(0.33±0.14)ng·g~(-1)和(0.50±0.19)ng·g~(-1).较低的甲基汞浓度说明在三门峡水库汞的迁移转化过程中,甲基化作用可能并非主要的过程,这可能与水体底层溶解氧浓度较高以及沉积物中有机质浓度较低有关.