除草剂灭草烟在土壤中的吸附、脱附

对咪唑啉酮类除草剂灭草烟在8种土壤的吸附、脱附进行了研究,对振摇时间、温度、土壤pH值的影响作了探讨,并对吸附、脱附常数与土壤的理化性质的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,灭草烟在土壤中吸附常数和土壤〔H^＋〕（OM％）呈正相关,灭草烟在土壤中脱附的难易程度与土壤有机质含量呈负相关     

不同干扰程度下土壤盐分和有机质空间变异特征

为明确人类活动影响下土壤盐分和有机质的空间变化特征,对新疆阜康市土壤实地定点取样,基于GIS和地统计学方法,分析不同人为干扰程度下土壤盐分和有机质的相关性及空间变异特征。结果表明:1)随干扰程度的增加,土壤盐分含量逐渐增加,有机质含量逐渐减小,两者变异系数在15.45%～60.19%,均属中等变异;2)各干扰程度下土壤盐分和有机质的相关性为:相对无人为干扰区>人为干扰区>重度人为干扰区,相关系数分别为:-0.614、-0.412、0.043;3)干扰程度越大,土壤盐分和有机质受随机因素作用越来越强,相对无人为干扰区两者块基比为12.5%和9.68%,具有强烈的空间相关性;4)Kriging插值结果为:相对无人为干扰和人为干扰区土壤盐分高、有机质低分布区域具有一致性,重度人为干扰区两者分布复杂,关系不明显。研究结果可为盐渍土的改良利用及人类合理适度开垦提供参考。     

施用生物炭对土壤Cd形态转化及烤烟吸收Cd的影响

采用盆栽试验模拟Cd污染土壤,研究施用烟秆炭(0、10、20 g·kg~(-1))对土壤pH、有机质含量、土壤Cd形态分布及烤烟Cd含量和Cd累积量的影响.结果表明:随着生育期的延长,土壤pH和有机质含量均呈现升高的趋势.在同一Cd污染水平下,土壤pH和有机质含量均随生物炭施用量的增加而升高.随生物炭施用量的增加,土壤有效态Cd和可交换态Cd含量显著降低,土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd、有机结合态Cd和残渣态Cd含量升高.移栽后30 d,处理G2T2和G2T1的土壤有效态Cd含量的降幅分别达到45.59%和24.56%.外源添加Cd的土壤中,土壤pH和有机质含量均与土壤有效态Cd和可交换态Cd含量呈显著负相关关系(p0.01),与土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量呈显著正相关关系(p0.01).在Cd污染土壤上,施用生物炭能明显降低烟株各部位Cd含量,烟株各部位干物质积累量随生物炭施用量的增加显著升高,烟株各部位Cd累积量和总Cd累积量随生物炭施用量的增加呈降低的趋势.由此说明,在Cd污染的土壤上施用生物炭能够使土壤中可被植物吸收利用的有效态Cd转化为潜在的无效态Cd,从而达到修复土壤并减轻作物受Cd毒害的目的.     

煤矿复垦地不同恢复模式下土壤特性研究——以黑岱沟露天煤矿为例

以准格尔旗黑岱沟露天煤矿复垦区主要植被类型为研究对象,进行了土壤容重、土壤有机质含量及氮、磷、钾养分状况的调查分析.结果表明,各种植被类型均能有效地改良土壤,但以豆科灌丛对土壤容重的改良效果最明显;不同植被类型土壤养分含量有明显的差异.在9种植被类型和一个裸地对照类型中,混合植被配置土壤有机质高于草地和高大乔木纯林;复垦区土壤中以裸地对照区有机质含量最低,油松 柳 沙棘、锦鸡儿和杨 沙棘各种类型的乔、灌混合林提高土壤有机质含量的效果明显优于其他植被类型,各种植被群落下土壤氮、磷含量均明显高于对照区(裸地).     

生态系统转换区土壤有机质动力学特征的δ^13C方法研究

对土壤有机质的动力学过程的研究是评价区域土壤质量、合理开发利用土壤以及全球碳循环一气候交化研究的基础性工作。系统分析了生态系统转换区土壤有机质动力学特征的δ^13C方法研究的理论基础和应用现状,包括影响土壤有机质δ^13C值的各种内外因素;土壤有机质不同化学组成、不同粒径组分、不同比重组分的δ^13C特征值域;土壤微生...     

基于多光谱遥感影像的富川县表层土壤有机质含量反演

土壤有机质是影响土壤光谱特性的一个重要因素。本文以富川县为研究区,探索分析土壤有机质与LandsatTM影像光谱DN值之间的回归关系。结果表明土壤有机质与波段3、5、7呈极显著负相关,与波段4呈极显著正相关,与波段比值(b5-b7)/b7的回归方程决定系数为0. 631,且回归方程和回归系数经统计检验为极显著,表明回归方程较为合理。通过建立土壤有机质和光谱反射率之间的关联性可以估测有机质含量,为农业土壤施肥及生产管理提供参考。     

1985—2005年聊城市土壤有机质的时空变异分析

通过统计及地质统计学方法,研究了山东省聊城市1985—2005年土壤w(有机质)的时空变异性. 结果表明:近20年来聊城市表层土壤有机质共增加了34.31×104 t,但不同土壤类型的增幅不尽相同,本底值较低的土壤亚类有机质增加较多,本底值较高的则增加较少. 2005年w(有机质)插值结果表明,研究区w(有机质)分布存在四周高、中部低的趋势. 聊城市北部、临清县南部以及高唐与茌平县之间部分区域w(有机质)比1985年下降明显,而冠县以南及以北、茌平县东部及南部部分区域的w(有机质)增加明显. 影响土壤有机质时空变异的因素主要为土壤类型和区域内农业种植及生产管理方式的改变.      

蔬菜镉(Cd)富集因子变化特征及其影响因素

本研究以湖南省攸县为例,测定重金属镉(Cd)在585个灌溉水样品和625对土壤蔬菜样品中的含量水平,结合农业与气象调查数据,应用典型相关分析及路径分析模型研究各环境因子对于Cd在土壤-蔬菜系统累积水平的影响.结果表明研究区灌溉水、土壤、蔬菜中Cd含量差异较大.蔬菜Cd富集因子(PUF)服从自然对数分布,有10%的概率大于1.土壤pH和土壤有机质对PUF有着显著的直接效应,土壤阳离子交换量,灌溉水pH,降雨量和氮肥施肥量通过与pH及土壤有机质的相关关系间接影响PUF变化.研究区土壤pH和土壤有机质含量较低,对于Cd在土壤-蔬菜系统中的累积风险应给予一定关注.     

东北地区污染黑土中重金属与有机质的关联作用

通过对东北地区污染农田黑土剖面的取样调查,对重金属Cd,Pb,Cu,Zn在农田黑土中不同采样点的全量、有效态和有机质结合态的分布特征及其与有机质的关系进行了研究,并分析了土壤有机质对重金属有机质结合态的影响.结果表明,Pb以有机质结合态存在的量较大,能与有机质形成较多的络合物,而Zn的有机质结合态占全量的比例相对较小,Cd和Cu有机质结合态占全量的比例处于Pb和Zn之间.由于外源污染的影响,土壤有机质含量与重金属有机质结合态相关性并不显著.由于土壤样品的不同解离功能团结合重金属的能力不同,采样区的重金属有机质结合态未表现出明显的分布规律.      

浙江省宁波市土壤有机质的时空变异特征

运用地统计学方法分析了2007年浙江省宁波市土壤w(有机质)的空间分布规律,并比较了1987与2007年城区的土壤w(有机质)的时间变化特征. 结果表明:壤土、砂土、黏土中的黏土质地w(有机质)最高;针叶林、阔叶林、草甸、灌丛、农作物、竹林植被覆盖类型中的针叶林w(有机质)最高;水田、旱田、林地、草场、未利用地土地利用方式中草场的w(有机质)最高;潮土、水稻土、红壤、黄壤、紫色土、滨海盐土、粗骨土土壤类型中的黄壤w(有机质)最高.经西北—东南向的变异函数分析得到研究区土壤w(有机质)空间分布呈现城区高、周围低的规律,空间自相关距离约500 m. 1987—2007年,水田采样点的土壤w(有机质)显著减小. 配对数据T检验的结果显示,北仑区的土壤w(有机质)显著变化,耕作方式由水田变为旱田是土壤w(有机质)减小的主要原因.      

Impact of land clearing methods and cropping systems on labile soil C and N pools in the humid zone Forest of Nigeria

Labile soil C and N play vital roles in soil–plant nutrient dynamics, especially in the low input cropping system and are vulnerable to perturbation. Surface (0–0.15 m) soils from three land clearing methods (slash and burn, bulldozed non-windrowed and bulldozed windrowed) and each with two cropping systems (5-and 4-year cropping/2-year cassava fallow) were collected in the humid forest ecosystem of Nigeria.The soils were analysed for total C and N, microbial biomass C and N (SMB C and N), particulate organic matter C and N (POM C and N), water-soluble C, potentially mineralizable N (PMN) and mineral N. The size of the labile C and N and their relative contributions to the organic C and total N differed significantly among land clearing methods, irrespective of the cropping system. Soils under slash and burn had a significantly (p > 0.05) higher particulate organic matter C, N (10.80 and 0.16 g kg⁻¹, respectively) and microbial biomass C and N (1.07 and 0.12 g kg⁻¹) compared to the bulldozed windrow, regardless of the cropping system. Four years cropping/2-year cassava fallow resulted in a significant higher labile C and N, relative to 5-year cropped plots across the land clearing methods. Effect of the treatments on the concentration of PMN and mineral N mirrored the SMB N and POM N. However, the quantity of most of the labile C and N pool and crop yield obtained from the slash and burn and bulldozed non-windrowed treatment did not differ significantly. Hence, bulldozed non-windrowed clearing could be a viable alternative to slash and burn in the case of large-scale farming in ensuring reduced losses of soil organic matter and nutrient during land clearing in the humid tropics.     

Soil properties as affected by the use of leguminous shrubs for alley cropping with maize

Alley cropping is a crop production system whereby food crops are planted in spaces created by hedgerows of selected leguminous shrubs. The leguminous shrubs supply nitrogen, organic materials and recycle leached nutrients.This study was elaborated to evaluate the effects of prunings of three leguminous shrubs on some soil properties in an alley cropping system.Soil chemical properties were improved in alley cropped sites. Soils under Cassia had the highest content of N,P,K and organic carbon with values of 0.344%, 45.6 ppm, 0.55 meq/100g and 2.32%, respectively, after the second maize crop. Bulk density, mean aggregate diameters and water holding capacity were better in the alley cropped sites, relative to control. Gravimetric moisture content was generally higher in the alley cropped sites and highest under Cassia. Cassia maintained a relatively high soil biomass C, probably because of its slow rate of decomposition. N fertilizer applied at 90 kg ha⁻¹ promoted soil biomass C, essentially through increased shrub and maize dry matter production.     

新疆有机水稻种植对土壤环境质量影响的初步分析

通过初步分析新疆有机水稻种植对土壤环境质量影响的情况,为今后改善农村生态环境、促进生态农业发展提供科学依据。在水稻有机种植方式下,重金属、农残含量要低于常规种植方式,而有机质明显要高于常规。有机水稻种植有利于改善生态环境,提高土壤环境质量,有利身体健康。     

设施番茄种植年限对土壤理化性质及微生物群落的影响

为探究设施番茄种植年限对土壤理化性质和微生物群落影响,以种植1~3 a、5~7 a和>10 a的设施番茄耕层土壤为研究对象,采用常规分析方法测定土壤理化性质,采用Illumina NovaSeq高通量测序技术测定土壤微生物群落结构和多样性.结果表明,随着种植年限的延长,土壤容重和pH呈现降低趋势,最大持水量和有机质等指标逐渐增加,电导率（EC值）和全盐含量先降低后升高,显现出土壤次生盐渍化的趋势,其中土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾含量不同连作年限间差异显著（P<0.05）.土壤碱性磷酸酶在种植1~3 a与5~7 a存在显著性差异.各处理间真菌群落相对丰度存在显著性差异,Simpson指数和Shannon指数先升高后降低,Chao1指数逐渐降低;在属水平上,随种植年限的增加,链霉菌属（Streptomyces）等有益细菌群落相对丰度升高成为优势菌属;曲霉菌属（Aspergillus）和Pseudaleuria等致病真菌群落相对丰度逐渐增加成为优势菌属.冗余分析表明设施番茄种植年限与速效钾、速效氮呈显著正相关关系.研究认为,随种植年限的延长,设施番茄土壤次生盐渍化加重、氮磷钾养分累积和微生物群落失衡,导致设施番茄连作障碍.     

Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhiza to soil quality in contrasting cropping systems

The aim of this study was to determine how the potential to rely on arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) for plant nutrition differs between a conventional and a low-input cropping system in the long term. The roles of fertilisation rate, composting of recycled plant residues and stage of the rotations in the overall impact of the cropping systems on soil quality and AM were also identified. The conventional cropping system with a non-leguminous crop rotation (barley–barley–rye–oat–potato–oat) was fertilised at either full or half the recommended rate. In the low-input cropping system, one year with barley was replaced by clover, and oat was cultivated mixed with pea. Straw and clover were returned to the soil either with or without composting. In the low-input system, biotite and rock phosphate were used to compensate for K and P in the harvested yield, while animal manure was applied at the start only. After 15 years, crop growth and nutrition, AMF colonisation and soil quality were assessed in the field, while the AM contribution to growth and nutrient uptake were determined in a bioassay in a growth chamber. AM functioning made a higher contribution to soil quality in terms of crop performance and environmental benefits in the low-input cropping system than at either fertilisation rate in the conventional system. Halving fertilisation in the conventional system prevented some costs and enhanced some of the benefits of AM in comparison with full fertilisation. However, only the low-input system with composting conclusively favoured AM in comparison with the conventional system. It resulted in the highest percentage colonisation and, in a bioassay with flax and clover, gave a relative average contribution to growth of 27% and to P uptake of 68% in comparison with 4 and 36%, respectively, for the conventional cropping system with full fertilisation. Rye yield was in the low-input system without composting similar to that in the conventional system with full fertilisation, and with composting 87% of the latter one. Incorporation of clover green manure without composting inhibited AM functioning, leading to a temporary loss of AM contribution to crop performance. This effect draws attention to the impact of the form of recycled organic matter on supporting ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling.     

玉米—大豆轮作体系对黑土土壤固氮菌群落结构及其质量的影响

以大豆连作（CS）、玉米连作（CM）、玉米—大豆轮作（MS）、玉米—玉米—大豆（MMS）和玉米—大豆—大豆（MSS）为研究对象,利用荧光定量PCR和高通量测序分析种植制度对土壤固氮菌丰度和群落结构的影响。结果表明：轮作中土壤有机质（SOM）、全磷（TP）、有效氮（AN）和有效磷（AP）的含量显著高于连作;轮作固氮菌丰度显著高于CM,显著低于CS;MMS与MSS固氮菌多样性显著高于CM;轮作和连作土壤固氮菌群落结构差异明显,全氮（TN）是固氮菌群落结构变化的主要驱动因子,种植制度通过土壤化学性质间接影响固氮菌丰度和多样性。这说明,在吉林省西部半干旱区,MSS与MMS更有利于土壤固氮菌繁殖,可以从微生物学的角度为合理种植和氮素调控提供科学依据。     

崇明东滩潮间带硫酸盐还原菌及有机质含量的初步研究

针对崇明东滩湿地不同潮滩和不同高程的土壤采样,进行了MPN法微生物计数、沉积物有机质含量的测定,计算了SO42-和Cl-浓度的摩尔比,研究了硫酸盐还原菌的分布状况、与有机质含量的相关性、以及植物根际环境对其生长的影响.结果表明,不同高程潮滩同一深度的硫酸盐还原菌数量,按大小排序为:中潮滩高潮滩光滩.同一潮滩不同深度的硫酸盐还原菌含量,均显示为51～52 cm21～22 cm81～82 cm,说明东滩湿地51～52 cm的土壤深度是硫酸盐还原菌生长的主要层位,与存在较好的适于硫酸盐还原菌生长的条件有关.不同深度土壤中的有机质含量,呈现高潮滩中潮滩光滩的趋势.从21～51 cm处,随着深度的增加,有机质含量减少但硫酸盐还原菌的数量却大幅增加,说明硫酸盐还原菌利用土壤中的有机质进行了还原反应.所有土壤样品的SO42-/Cl-摩尔比值均0.05,表明硫酸盐还原菌十分活跃地进行着硫酸盐还原作用.芦苇根际中硫酸盐还原菌含量是最高的,说明东滩湿地芦苇的根际环境对硫酸盐还原菌的生长具有促进作用,而藨草根际的硫酸盐还原菌数量相对非根际环境较低,说明不同的根际效应对于东滩硫酸盐还原菌的生长有不同的影响.     

耕作历史和种植制度对绿洲农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

耕作历史和种植方式是影响黑河绿洲农田土壤总有机碳及其组成的重要因素。研究结果显示,随着耕作时间的延长,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(AOC)、惰性有机碳(NOC)的含量均呈增加趋势,但AOC、NOC的增幅存在差异,AOC因性质活泼,对农业活动等措施引起的变化较NOC有较快响应,因此,在耕作的初期(0~5 a),AOC的增幅高于NOC,而20 a的耕地NOC增幅大于AOC,之后达到AOC与NOC的增幅接近(>100 a)的动态发展趋势,表明总有机碳含量积累的过程是AOC与NOC增幅逐渐接近、NOC积累增速的过程。>100 a的耕地,因种植方式不同,剖面上TOC、AOC、NOC含量呈现出:油菜地>普通玉米地>制种玉米地>小麦地。分析发现,绿洲区近年来大面积种植制种玉米引起TOC、AOC、NOC发生改变,增加秸秆或牲畜粪便的归还量是提高土壤有机碳的有效途径。     

Modelling impacts of alternative farming management practices on greenhouse gas emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation system in China

Agricultural production plays an important role in affecting atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Field measurements were conducted in Quzhou County, Hebei Province in the North China Plains to quantify carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation field, a common cropping system across the Chinese agricultural regions. The observed flux data in conjunction with the local climate, soil and management information were utilized to test a process-based model, Denitrification–Decomposition or DNDC, for its applicability for the cropping system. The validated DNDC was then used for predicting impacts of three management alternatives (i.e., no-till, increased crop residue incorporation and reduced fertilizer application rate) on CO₂ and N₂O emissions from the target field. Results from the simulations indicated that (1) CO₂ emissions were significantly affected by temperature, initial SOC, tillage method, and quantity and quality of the organic matter added in the soils; (2) increases in temperature, initial SOC, total fertilizer N input, and manure amendment substantially increased N₂O emissions; and (3) temperature, initial SOC, tillage, and quantity and quality of the organic matter added in the soil all had significant effects on global warming. Finally, five 50-year scenarios were simulated with DNDC to predict their long-term impacts on crop yield, soil C dynamics, nitrate leaching losses, and N₂O emissions. The modelled results suggested that implementation of manure amendment or crop residue incorporation instead of increased fertilizer application rates would more efficiently mitigate GHG emissions from the tested agro-ecosystem. The multi-impacts provided a sound basis for comprehensive assessments on the management alternatives.     

西辽河流域沙土的氨氮解吸行为研究

采用小型回填式土柱淋溶实验方法研究了西辽河流域沙土的氨氮解吸行为。结果表明,西辽河流域沙土的氨氮解吸行为符合Langmuir和Freundlich解吸等温式;沙土氨氮解吸比率Dr在0.44～0.99之间,平均为0.75,解吸迟滞性指数TⅡ在0.05～0.65之间,平均为0.29,沙土对氨氮的解吸迟滞性较强,解吸可逆性较弱。被吸附的氨氮解吸淋失的环境风险较小;沙土氨氮解吸比率Dr与土壤有机质含量、粘粒含量和粗粘粒含量呈极显著负相关,影响程度顺序为:有机质含量>粗粘粒含量>粘粒含量;解吸分配系数k和解吸迟滞性指数与土壤有机质含量分别呈极显著和显著正相关,与粘粒含量和粗粘粒含量没有相关性;草地、农田和林地结构由于土壤有机质和团聚体含量较高,氨氮解吸迟滞性较强,氨氮流失的环境风险较小,沙荒地结构氨氮流失的环境风险较大。