电絮凝法处理纺织废水研究

为了考察铁、铝电极电絮凝法处理纺织废水的效果和影响因素,以铁板和铝板为电极对纺织废水进行了电絮凝处理,考察了初始pH值、电流密度、电絮凝时间对COD去除率、色度去除率、电能消耗及电极损失的影响。结果表明:初始pH值为7时,铁、铝电极电絮凝后最终pH值均有上升,但均未超过8,无需调节pH值;随电流密度增加,COD去除率、色度去除率、电能消耗及电极损失呈上升趋势,电流密度为7.5 mA/cm2时,铁电极的COD去除率可达72%,色度去除率可达89.1%,高于铝电极;电絮凝时间为15 min时,铁电极的COD去除率可达到76%,色度去除度可达90%,高于铝电极,且电能消耗低于铝电极。研究表明,铁电极电絮凝法处理纺织废水具有技术可行性,最佳试验条件为:初始pH值中性,电流密度7.5 mA/cm2,电絮凝时间15 min。     

好氧与电絮凝组合工艺处理糖蜜酒精厌氧出水研究

采用好氧与电絮凝联合工艺处理糖蜜酒精厌氧出水,考察COD和色度的去除效果.首先,采用SBR工艺去除废水中的易降解污染物.结果表明:采用SBR法处理稀释10倍的糖蜜酒精厌氧出水,适宜的水力停留时间为10 h;COD去除率为42％,脱色效果不明显,BOD5/COD由0.54下降到0.09,好氧出水难以生化降解.进一步采用电絮凝法处理好氧出水,并考察了极板间距、初始pH值、电流密度和电解时间等因素对COD去除及脱色效果的影响.结果表明,在极板间距为3 cm、废水pH=7.83(无须调节,最佳pH=6～8)、电流密度为10 mA/cm2、电解时间为30 min的条件下进行电絮凝处理,与稀释10倍的糖蜜酒精厌氧出水相比,COD总去除率可达86％,脱色率达95％.     

周期换向电凝聚法处理黄连素模拟制药废水研究

为了降低能耗和解决极板钝化问题,以铝板和铁板为反应电极,与周期换向电源装置组成无隔膜体系,以黄连素模拟废水为处理对象,对周期换向电凝聚法处理制药废水进行试验研究.结果表明,反应电压、换向周期、极板间距、电解质浓度及搅拌速度对处理效果都有较大影响.在反应电压为6V,换向周期为10 s,极板间距为0.3～0.6 cm,电解质Na2SO4浓度为0.015 mol/L,搅拌速度为750 r/min,初始pH值为3～ 10的条件下,质量浓度为800 mg/L的模拟制药废水反应60 min,黄连素去除率可达99.11％.研究表明,周期换向电凝聚法处理黄连素模拟制药废水具有技术可行性.通过对反应机理初步分析,推断模拟废水中大部分黄连素分子是通过气体气浮作用和金属离子絮凝作用直接去除,部分黄连素分子由氯离子在反应过程中形成的中间产物及羟基自由基氧化作用去除.     

电絮凝除硅的影响因素分析

在很多地区和行业中,水的有效利用和再生回用受硅沉积的限制。开展了铝电极电絮凝处理不同质量浓度的含硅废水的研究,考察了不同操作条件下出水可溶性硅质量浓度、单位电耗除硅量(SiO2/W)和单位铝耗除硅量(SiO2/Al)的变化特性。结果表明:初始硅质量浓度越高,电絮凝除硅速度越快,SiO2/W和SiO2/Al也越大;极间距减小可增大硅的去除速度,但SiO2/W和SiO2/Al值也变小;当极板间电压变小时,电絮凝除硅速度变小,但SiO2/W和SiO2/Al增大。因此,不同行业应综合去除效果和经济性来选择最佳操作条件。采用DPS(Data Processing System)系统进行数据处理,初步探讨了不同操作因素的相互关系,以及与除硅效果的关系。电极表面SEM图像表明,电絮凝过程中阳极表面不断受到腐蚀,而阴极表面产生了沉淀附着物。     

Ti/RuO2-SnO2-TiO2涂层电极电催化氧化苯酚废水研究

采用热分解法将SnO_2掺杂于RuO_2-TiO_2涂层中,制得性能高效的Ti/RuO_2-SnO_2-TiO_2阳极氧化电极。以该自制电极为阳极、钛板为阴极构成电催化氧化体系,对模拟苯酚废水进行电催化氧化试验。利用高效液相色谱探讨了苯酚废水溶液在该体系中的电催化氧化反应历程,并推断出氧化降解途径。采用SEM和XRD表征电极涂层结构和形貌,循环伏安法测试电极电化学性能。通过单因素试验考察反应时间、电流密度(CD)、电极间距、Na_2SO_4电解质浓度、苯酚质量浓度、pH值五个因素对电催化氧化试验的影响,结果表明:在反应时间为240 min、电流密度为102.6 mA/cm~2、电极间距为1.5 cm、电解质浓度为0.5 mol/L、苯酚质量浓度为300 mg/L、pH=5的最佳试验条件下,苯酚的降解率达到98%以上,COD的去除率达到90%以上。     

电絮凝法处理电镀废水中重金属的研究

采用电絮凝法处理电镀废水中的重金属,考察了电极种类、溶液初始p H值、电流强度、电絮凝时间等因素对重金属离子去除效果的影响。结果表明:金属铁、铝分别作为电极,铝电极对重金属的的处理效果优于铁电极的处理效果;初始p H值在6~9时,重金属离子去除率最高,当p H值低于6或高于9时,去除率下降;随电流强度和电絮凝时间增加,金属离子的去除率增加;在初始p H=6、电流强度为30 A、电絮凝时间为2 min的条件下,电镀废水中Cu2+和Ni2+的去除率分别为98.98%和95.29%,出水重金属离子质量浓度均满足GB21900—2008《电镀污染物排放标准》的规定;以金属铝作为电极,电絮凝时间为2 min时,吨水处理电耗为6 k W·h/m~3。     

铝铁电极换向电源电凝聚法处理活性黑KN-B染料废水的研究

针对普通电凝聚技术处理染料废水过程中采用单向电流易造成阳极损耗增加处理成本的缺点,对传统的电凝聚法进行改进,采用换向电源、铝铁分别作为两极的新型电化学反应器,以色度和CODCr去除率作为指标,利用电凝聚技术处理活性黑KN-B染料模拟废水.通过周期性改变电解电流方向,实现金属铝和铁电极均可溶解,同时产生具有絮凝作用的金属离子,并减缓金属阳极的损耗速度.结果表明,该方法对活性黑KN-B模拟染料废水具有较好的处理效果.其最佳处理条件为: 电解时间30 min,电解电压10 V,电源换向周期10 s,染料质量浓度100～300 mg/L,电解质(Na2SO4)浓度0.01 mol/L,搅拌速度1 000 r/min,极板间距1.0 cm,pH=5～9.在此条件下,色度去除率可达99%以上,CODCr去除率可达50.0%以上.电解时间、电解电压、换向周期、染料质量浓度、电解质(Na2SO4)浓度、搅拌速度、极板间距、pH值等因素对色度和CODCr去除率均有一定程度影响.色度主要是由于活性黑KN-B染料发生化学反应,染料分子中的发色基团-N=N-键被打开,生成苯环衍生物而得到去除;CODCr的去除则主要是絮凝和气浮现象共同作用的结果.扫面电镜测试(SEM)结果表明,该方法可以有效减缓阳极损耗过程.     

冷轧乳化废水的电凝聚处理

针对冷轧高浓度含油乳化废水,使用电絮凝工艺进行了研究,探讨了pH值、电流密度、反应时间、NaCl投加量和板间距等因素对电絮凝的影响,试验比较了电絮凝与其他化学方法对高浓度乳化液的处理效果,得到了令人满意的结果。     

电催化氧化降解水中磺胺嘧啶的研究

为了解并优化电化学方法对水体中磺胺类药物的去除效果,以Ir O2-Ru O2/Ti为阳极,不锈钢为阴极,Na2SO4为电解质,电催化氧化降解模拟废水中的磺胺嘧啶(Sulfadiazine,SD),反应时间为240min。探讨了SD初始质量浓度、电流密度、p H值、电解质浓度及电极板间距对电催化降解SD效率的影响,并利用HPLC-MS分析降解产物。结果表明,电催化氧化可有效去除水中的SD。升高初始质量浓度、电流密度、极板间距可提高SD降解速率,初始质量浓度由15 mg/L升高到50 mg/L时,去除率降低了9.2%;电流密度从5 m A/cm2升高到15 m A/cm2,去除率增加了38.1%,电流密度大于15 m A/cm2时其对去除率的影响不明显;极板间距由2 cm增加到4 cm,去除率增加了12.2%;酸性条件降解效果最好,碱性对SD去除率略有抑制,p H值为1和13相比于p H值为7时去除率分别增加9.9%及降低4%;电解质浓度(≤0.05 mol/L)与SD降解速率呈负相关,电解质浓度大于0.05 mol/L时,对去除率影响不明显。降解主要基于·OH的氧化过程,生成4-(2-氨基嘧啶-l(2H)-基)苯胺中间产物,过程遵循一级反应动力学模型。     

Ti/RuO2-ZrO2-SnO2电极的研制及处理有机废水的研究

通过涂覆热分解法制备了Ti/RuO_2-ZrO_2-SnO_2、Ti/RuO_2电极材料,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和循环伏安(CV)对电极材料进行表征,考察了电流密度、Na Cl质量浓度、p H值及电极间距对废水COD降解率的影响。结果表明,Ti/RuO_2-ZrO_2-SnO_2电极对COD具有更高的降解率,对其进行工艺优化。电极材料对废水降解的最佳工艺条件为电流密度40 m A/cm2,Na Cl质量浓度4 g/L,p H=5. 0,电极间距10 mm,COD的降解率达到90. 5%。Ti/RuO_2-ZrO_2-SnO_2电极中SnO_2与RuO_2生成固溶体,有利于增强涂层与基体之间的结合力,提高电极的稳定性; ZrO_2起到细化晶粒的作用,致使电极表面粗糙度增加,增强了电极的电催化性能,且降解过程符合一级动力学模型。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。