Mechanisms of the effects of solar radiation and terrain anisotropy on the vegetation of dark conifer forests in the Pechora-Ilych state biosphere reserve

Consideration is given to three mechanisms of the topography-modulated influence of solar radiation and terrain anisotropy on the vegetation. Variables in the equations describing these mechanisms take into account (1) doses of photosynthetically active radiation, (2) the thermal regime of slopes, and (3) anisotropy resulting from wind impact and interspecific competition. Approaches (1) and (2) single out southern and southwestern slopes, respectively, whereas in approach (3) slopes of any aspect can be found distinguished. Statistical analysis of correlations between the total coverage of vegetation layers and the topography of the terrain has shown that mechanisms (2) and (3) play a leading role in the study area.     

三峡库区土地自然坡度和高程对经济发展的影响

坡度和高程是土地资源固有的二个重要环境因子,对土地利用和土地生产力有直接作用。在山区,坡度和高程基本上决定了土地利用方向和利用方式,从而影响到经济效益和发展潜力。三峡库区面积62640km     

Indicatory aspect of the geographic analysis of plant communities with respect to floristic composition on mountain slopes differing in exposure (the Polar Urals)

Latitudinal geographic groups of vascular plant, moss, and lichen species included in tundra communities and lower vegetation layers of larch forest and open forest have been analyzed with respect to their distribution according to different altitudinal levels and slopes differing in exposure. Prevailing plant groups have been identified. The results were compared with corresponding data on the composition of plant communities in the neighboring flatland area (Kharp Research Station).     

Fluxes of dissolved organic matter in larch forests in the cryolithozone of central Siberia

Fluxes of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in larch biogeocenoses and its export from the drainage basin have been studied in the zone of continuous permafrost. A comparative assessment of DOM input into the soil has been made on slopes of northern and southern exposures (as variants reflecting the current state and warming). The dynamics of DOM export in a creek depending on the increasing depth of the active soil horizon in the drainage area have been revealed. It is concluded that an increase in the depth of the seasonally thawing layer induced by global warming will not have any significant effect on the amount of annual DOM export. Reduction of DOM export may be expected upon a decrease in litter stocks under the effect of their mineralization and forest fires.     

基于MODIS NDVI的攀枝花市植被覆盖变化及其驱动力#br#

攀枝花市位于金沙江与雅砻江的交汇处是长江上游生态脆弱区,也是天然林保护工程和退耕还林工程等的重点实施区。基于2001~2010年MODIS NDVI数据,以及同时期的气象数据和其他辅助数据,利用最大值合成法（MVC）、趋势分析法以及线性相关分析等方法研究了攀枝花市植被覆盖时空变化及其与气候因素和人类活动的关系。研究结果表明：攀枝花市植被覆盖整体较高,属于高植被覆盖区域,年际尺度上,植被覆盖呈上升的趋势,增长速率为0.02/10 a;从年内来看,9月NDVI达到最大值,NDVI最小值出现在3月;植被覆盖在水平空间上呈“南低北高”的分布特征,并在垂直空间上呈现出显著的差异性,研究区植被覆盖分别在海拔2 000~3 000 m、坡度30°~40°达到最大值;受水热条件的影响,阴坡（0°~45°, 315°~360°）植被覆盖高于阳坡（135°~225°）,而平地（-1°）植被覆盖度最低;就整个研究区而言,植被退化的面积与增加的面积分别占0.7%和44.4%,增加的面积远大于退化的面积;年际尺度上植被受气温的影响高于受降水的影响;大规模生态工程建设是研究区植被覆盖增加的主要驱动因素。 关键词： 植被覆盖变化;归一化植被指数;气候变化;人类活动;攀枝花市     

Distribution of plants differing in attitude toward thermal conditions in communities of the timberline ecotone on Mount Iremel’, the Southern Urals

Specific features in the distribution of plant species differing in their attitude toward thermal conditions have been studied in communities of the present-day timberline ecotone on Mount Iremel’ in the Southern Urals. It has been shown that the distribution of such species is characterized by significant spatial nonuniformity. Elevation above sea level, local conditions in habitats located at the same altitudinal level, and specific features of mountain slopes account for 13–84, 5–30, and 0.4–14% of the total variance of test parameters, respectively. The abundance of plants changes nonlinearly along the altitudinal gradient, whereas changes in the species diversity of different plant groups have an almost linear pattern. Marked differences between plant communities with respect to the proportions of species differently responding to changes in thermal conditions have been revealed on all slopes in the upper part of the timberline ecotone, upon transition from the slopes proper to the plateau-like areas of intermontane depressions.     

三峡库区扩种龙眼荔枝的适宜性分析

荔枝与龙眼系亚热带水果,集中分布于闽粤两省,三峡库区上段河谷两侧也有零星分布,是该类水果分布的最北界。这类水果在训区栽培始于汉唐时代,并被列为贡品荔枝与龙眼系喜温性水果,库区栽培间冻害发生,成为限制扩大栽培的主要因素,故多分布于万县－重庆江段两海拔２００ｍ上下地段,水库蓄水后,原栽培区部分被淹没,但水体有增温作用,为扩大栽培提供了有利的条件。研究了万县－重庆沿江两岸河谷地段与非河谷地段适宜载种范围     

向家坝工程扰动区不同修复类型边坡土壤养分及土壤酶活性特征

土壤养分和土壤酶活性是土壤质量评价的重要指标，为明确向家坝工程扰动区不同修复类型边坡土壤养分及土壤酶活性特征，该研究以向家坝工程扰动区4种不同类型的人工恢复边坡：植被混凝土（CBS）、厚层基材（TBS）、客土喷播（OSS）、框格梁（FBS）为研究对象，以天然林（NF）边坡为对照，测定分析土壤养分含量、土壤酶活性及其相关关系。结果表明：（1）4种人工恢复边坡土壤pH均高于NF，且均属碱性；（2）CBS、TBS土壤全量养分和土壤速效磷含量均显著高于OSS、FBS和NF；TBS显示出土壤氮营养的明显优势、CBS显示出土壤磷营养的明显优势；（3）人工恢复样地土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶酶活整体高于NF；OSS、FBS土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶和磷酸酶活性差异均不显著；（4）TBS当前状态接近接近NF；OSS、FBS在土壤养分和土壤酶活性两方面均呈现较大的相关性。综上，CBS、TBS两种人工恢复手段对于向家坝工程扰动边坡土壤养分持续性和土壤酶活性影响较好，TBS发展趋近天然林，OSS、FBS对于土壤酶活性影响积极，但养分累积效果稍差。     

Autumn bed site selection by sika deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cervus nippon</Emphasis>) in the Taohongling National Nature Reserve,China

To better understand the habitat requirements of sika deer in the Taohongling National Nature Reserve, transect lines were set out to collect data on bed sites used by sika deer during the autumn. The results showed that sika deer displayed a preference for bed sites with a moderate height of grass fallow and brush fallow, lower shrub density, higher herb density, lower canopy coverage, and higher undergrowth coverage. The bed sites were also characterized as being located on sunny slopes, gentle slopes, and upper slopes, with high elevation. In addition, most bed sites were located far away from human disturbance (more than 1000 m). A logistic regression analysis model indicated that undergrowth coverage, slope location, canopy coverage, and height of undergrowth were important factors that contributed to the difference between used and non-used plots. The habitat–animal relationship is one of the most important types of information, which could provide important references for the conservation and management of sika deer and their habitats in the Taohongling reserve.     

The Structure of Narrow-Skulled Vole (Microtus gregalis Pall.) Colonies in Western Siberia

The structure of Microtus gregalis colonies was studied in different parts of the species range in Western Siberia, both in the south (Omsk oblast) and in the north (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area), in 1999 and 2000. The colonies studied in the steppe zone of Omsk oblast, southern tundras of the Yamal Peninsula, and mountain tundras on the northern slopes of the Polar Urals prove to have some common structural features. In Omsk oblast, seasonal variation in the area of colonies and the number of entrances to the burrows was revealed, although the general structure of colonies (the pattern of tunnels and location of the nest and storage chambers) was largely the same in spring and autumn.     

青藏工程走廊(昆仑山口-清水湖段)地质灾害隐患点成因调查

通过野外实地调查发现,青藏工程走廊昆仑山口-清水河段发育的主要地质灾害隐患点有活断层儒移引起路基位错;活断裂作为导水通道,使冰丘穿刺路基;河岸坍塌导致铁路桥墩外露;铁路工程排水沟渗漏,铁路路基两侧水动力条件发生变化,导致铁路路基发生管涌;冻土冬季冻胀,夏季融沉导致路基裂缝、道路翻浆、管道变形;风力堆积作用导致青藏铁路护坡局部沙淤;风力吹蚀导致格拉输油管线外露。综合分析认为,青藏工程走廊昆仑山口-清水河段环境地质问题的产生是自然和人为因素复合作用的结果,应点、线、面结合考虑,综合治理。     

长江三峡地区坡地发育初步研究

坡地发育是地貌学研究的基本问题之一。三峡地区坡地发育的研究对三峡库岸稳定性的评估和三峡移民的土地开发具有十分重要的意义。首先从概括坡地发育的研究进展，阐述科学家们对坡地发育的不同看法入手，引出三峡地区坡地发育的特殊性。初步研究三峡地区的坡地发育具有分段式分进的特点，包括中山峰陡坡的剥蚀后退过程，山顶缓坡的风化剥蚀夷平的过程，上段斜坡的片流坡地侵蚀过程，下段陡坡的剥坡后退过程，山麓堆积缓坡的剥蚀过程等。通过分析三峡地区坡地的五种坡段的成因、现状、发展趋势以及它们对三峡库区的稳定性和三峡移民的土地开发的影响，预测未来的三峡库岸，大部分为剥蚀陡坡，部分为崩塌滑坡陡坡，三峡沿岸城镇开发建设的重点将是库岸有坡地的防护工程。     

汉江中下游流域土壤侵蚀高风险期及优先控制区协同分析

土壤侵蚀高风险期和优先控制区分别指土壤侵蚀发生的主要时段和区域。基于月尺度土壤侵蚀高风险期及优先控制区识别,对水土资源保护具有实践意义。基于USLE模型,定量分析汉江中下游流域不同月份土壤侵蚀时空分布特征,采用土壤侵蚀高风险期及优先控制区协同分析方法,先基于侵蚀量-时间曲线定量识别流域土壤侵蚀的高风险期,再基于侵蚀量-面积曲线识别高风险期内的优先控制区。结果表明,汉江中下游流域2010年土壤侵蚀具有集中分布特点,严重侵蚀区域主要集中在流域西北和东南地区,占流域面积的11.70%;轻度及以下侵蚀区域主要集中在流域东部和南部坡度较低的区域,占流域面积的88.30%。流域土壤侵蚀的高风险期为4月和7月,侵蚀量占全年的69.12%,其中,7月土壤侵蚀量最高,占全年的41.83%,4月土壤侵蚀量占全年的27.29%。汉江中下游流域高风险期内优先控制区占流域面积的12.22%,其侵蚀量达82.01%,优先控制区主要分布在流域北部、西部及东南部分县市。通过优先控制高风险期内的优先控制区域可以大大提高土壤侵蚀的控制效率。     

基于GIS的岷江上游乡村聚落空间聚集特征分析——以茂县为例

将四川省茂县作为典型研究区,以其ETM影像及国家1〖DK1〗∶25万基础地理数据库为主要信息源,经图像识别与实地验证获得乡村聚落的空间信息,并运用GIS空间分析方法对岷江上游乡村聚落的空间聚集特征作了定量化分析。结果表明,研究区586%的乡村聚落在局部空间上相对集中,其余的则弥散分布;大部分聚落（约782%）分布在海拔1 500~2 700 m的中高山处,海拔1 200~2 200 m干旱河谷区聚集的聚落约552%,80%以上聚落的坡度大于15°;大多数聚落的水源和交通状况良好,水系和道路缓冲区较小半径内的聚落多沿道路聚集,而较远的则多沿水系聚集。分析还发现,少数乡村聚落的空间分布不宜于居民正常的生产生活,也不利于脆弱生态环境的保护,对此应进一步深入研究后探寻适当的对策对其进行重建或迁建。     

西南地区不同地形降水稳定同位素特征及其水汽来源

为阐明西南地区不同地形对于降水稳定同位素的影响以及各个水汽团在地理上的分界线,选取四川盆地、云贵高原、青藏高原东部及横断山脉3个地区共10个研究点作为本次研究的对象,分析了西南地区大气降水中δD、δ18O的时空变化特征,并初步建立了3个地区大气降水线,探讨了降水稳定同位素与温度、降水量及水汽来源之间的关系,并利用HYSPLIT4.9模型分析追踪冬夏半年降水事件的水汽来源及运移路径。结果表明：西南地区降水稳定同位素存在显著的高程效应;δ18O=-0.0028H-3.93,R=0.89,降水中δ18Ｏ和δＤ值表现出由四川盆地-云贵高原-青藏高原东部与横断山脉地区逐渐贫化的趋势,季节变化规律特征为冬半年整体偏重,而夏半年整体偏轻。同时西南地区除昆明与成都地区外,d值整体上表现出夏低冬高的特征,符合我国季风降水影响区域的特点。3处地区大气降水线（LMWL）与全球大气降水线（GMWL）相比,四川盆地、青藏高原东部及横断山脉地区斜率与截距明显偏小,而云贵高原斜率与截距偏大,其主要与水汽凝结时温度、蒸发条件、水汽来源以及输送方式有关。温度效应和降水量效应在不同地区主导性存在差异,四川盆地地区、云贵高原地区、青藏高原东部以及横断山脉地区整体上不存在温度效应,存在显著降水量效应。西南各地区主导型水汽团也存在差异性,通过对不同地区冬夏季风期间主导型水汽团初步分析,受单一性水汽团影响的区域主要分布于西南部与东北部,而受多种水汽团影响的区域主要分布于西北部与东南部;贵阳-安顺一线处于西太平洋水汽团与孟加拉湾水汽团交界处,成都-卧龙-黄龙一线处于西太平洋水汽团与西风带水汽团的交界处。 关键词： 大气降水;稳定同位素;水汽来源;不同地形;西南地区     

Impact of peri-urban agriculture on runoff and soil erosion in the rapidly developing metropolitan area of Jakarta,Indonesia

Negative effects of land use change on water resources are among the most important environmental problems widely found in rapidly developing urban areas. Preserving green open spaces, including peri-urban agriculture, has been emphasized in urban planning to maintain or enhance the water catchment capacity of a landscape. However, the effect of agriculture on water-related landscape functions varies depending on the type, distribution, and management of farmland. This paper analyzes the dynamics of agricultural land and its effect on runoff and soil erosion, in order to support agricultural land management in Jabodetabek Metropolitan Area (JMA) with Indonesia’s capital Jakarta at its core. In 2012, agricultural land in JMA covered 53% of the total area, mostly located in the peri-urban zone. Peak Flow and Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) models were used to quantify the increase of runoff and soil erosion in the three most important water catchment areas in JMA caused by an expansion of dryland agriculture and mixed gardens from 1983 to 2012. Critical zones, which generate most of the runoff and soil erosion, were identified in each of the catchment areas. While reforestation of farmland in these zones will be only an option on steep slopes given the great food demands and rural livelihood, adoption of soil and water conservation practices can make a substantial contribution to reduce flood risks and conserve the productivity of agricultural land. A specific set of policy incentives is recommended considering agricultural land use types distribution and their impact on runoff and soil erosion.     

Current and future suitability areas of kermes oak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus coccifera</Emphasis> L.) in the Levant under climate change

Quercus coccifera L. (Kermes oak) is an evergreen oak, typical of the maquis in the eastern and south-eastern part of the Mediterranean. It occurs almost continuously along the Syrian–Lebanese coast up to 1500 m and is more scattered inland, up to the arid southernmost area of Petra in Jordan. Human impact and global warming both strongly affect the natural distribution of the species, thus leading to a widespread forest fragmentation in the whole region. In this study, we investigate the current bioclimatic range of Kermes oak and forecast which areas are potentially most suitable over the course of the twenty-first century. Ecological niche modelling was used to retrieve the environmental envelope of the species according to 23 topographic and climate variables. Five algorithms and three general circulation models were applied to provide the potential distribution of Kermes oak at the present time and project it to the future. Results showed a current suitability area in the Middle East extending from NW of Syria, rather continuously along the Lebanese coasts and inland up to the Mediterranean western slopes of Palestine and the Golan area (Israel), encompassing the Jordan Valley towards Dana and Wadi Rum (Jordan), with an isolated patch in Jabal Al-Arab (South Syria). Future scenarios depict a significant fragmentation and restriction of Kermes oak range, especially in the north of Syria and Golan, with a general shifting in altitude. This information may be useful in helping the foresters to cope with the challenge of climate changes by identifying the most suitable areas climatically effective for successful ecosystem restoration and management, including reforestation programmes.     

九寨沟震区地表形变监测及震损物源估算

地震及其次生地质灾害（滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等）引发的松散物质（即震损物源）剧烈迁移会给震区环境与安全造成极为深远的影响。“8·8”九寨沟地震发生后,大量的震损物源加剧了九寨沟景区地质灾害易发性及湖泊淤积风险。获取震损物源的分布与数量,是减少灾害风险与保护湿地景观的基础。因此,利用DInSAR技术实施地表形变监测,基于形变数据,再结合光学遥感数据解译和实地观测,估算九寨沟景区震损物源,解析空间分布与数量特征。研究结果显示:地震在震中的西北侧造成了较大的沉降形变,在震中东南侧也产生了轻微隆起形变,雷达视线向形变量达-23～11 cm;景区震损物源呈带状分布,沿沟谷和道路较为发育,以五花海区域最为集中,估算数量达1.658×105m³。研究结果将为九寨沟景区地质灾害隐患的监测防治及河湖湿地的绿色防淤提供支撑。     

Decline of spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis>) in forests of Belarus

The decline of spruce stands in Belarus has been analyzed in relation to the dynamics of climatic variables. The results show that this process is correlated with the amount of precipitation, moisture deficit, index of aridity, relative air humidity, and evapotranspiration. Frosts at the onset of the growing season enhance tree die-off, while increase in cloud cover has a favorable effect on the state of spruce stands. Damage to trees occurs mainly in areas with elevated and convex topography and slopes of southwestern aspect, increasing on steeper slopes. The level of die-off is most closely correlated with conditions of the previous year, which is explained by the impact of biological factors (pest insects and phytopathogens) on tree stands already affected by water stress. The decline of spruce stands on a mass scale is also observed in neighboring regions of Russia and counties of East Europe, which is evidence for a low adaptability of spruce to current climate change, including the increasing frequency and severity of dry periods.     

太湖流域1954~2006年气候变化及其演变趋势

用Mann Kendall统计检验方法对太湖流域6个气象站点1954~2006年降水、气温、相对湿度、日照时数的变化趋势和时空特征进行了分析，结果表明：50余年来太湖流域降水量呈较弱的增加趋势，冬季和夏季降水增加显著；空间变化趋势表现为北部地区降水量呈下降趋势，东南部地区呈上升趋势。年平均相对湿度表现为微弱的下降趋势，M K倾斜度值为 -099%/10 a；春、秋季相对湿度都显著减小，而夏季减小幅度较弱，冬季减小现象不显著。年平均气温呈现明显上升趋势，并表现出最低气温比最高气温增高趋势显著的特点，冬、春季增温显著；空间分布变化趋势为以平湖和溧阳为中心的两个地区上升趋势最小，以上海为中心地区上升幅度较大。年日照时数的下降趋势幅度较大，以溧阳为中心的西部地区最为明显，四个季节日照时数都呈减少的趋势；空间分布变化趋势表现为全流域呈减少趋势，由西向东减少幅度依次减小。气候变暖，降水将进一步增加，必然导致径流也呈增加趋势，在一定程度上加大了太湖流域洪涝灾害发生的可能性。分析成果有助于进一步研究气候变化对太湖流域水资源和防洪安全的影响，也将为太湖流域未来气候变化情景的构建提供科学依据。