T型街道内空气流动与污染物扩散特性研究

为研究T型街道峡谷内空气流动与污染物扩散传质的特性,利用数值模拟研究来流风向角(θ)的变化(θ为45°、90°和135°)对T型街道交叉路口内空气流动与机动车尾气污染物扩散传递的影响,并与风洞实验测量数据进行验证。3种湍流模型中,可实现k—ε模型计算的速度相对偏差小于8%,与风洞实验结果一致性最好。结果表明,来流风向角的变化,会造成从街道顶部或侧面进入街道内的气流方向及通量发生改变,从而显著影响T型街道交叉口内及其附近的流动结构和污染物浓度分布。污染物容易在建筑尾流区等流动不畅的区域产生聚集,造成污染浓度偏高。当θ=135°时,T型街道内通风条件最好,街道内行人呼吸高度和建筑临街立面附近污染物浓度水平均相对较低。由于流动结构的改善,T型街道峡谷内的污染水平低于一般街道峡谷。     

主导风向对不规则建筑群街区污染物扩散的影响

以城市道路某段典型的街道峡谷为研究对象,采用ICEM CFD数值模拟技术,分析不同风向对不规则建筑群街区污染物扩散影响。结果表明:(1)北风时,距地10.0m以下范围是污染物高浓度聚集区。与北风工况相比,西北风时街谷内污染物浓度分布变化较大,沿高度截面上升依次呈连续线状→线状和部分团状→断裂团状。(2)随着建筑高度的增加,主干道中的气流绕流作用减弱。通过控制建筑的连续界面诱导街谷中的气流横向绕流,或在临街上游设置合适的开敞空间,以增加来流通风廊道,可有效改善街谷中污染物的扩散。(3)两种风向下每条街道人员停留区内污染物停留时间排序规律相同;不同风向下每条街道人员停留区内污染物停留时间不同,说明风向对每条街道内污染物的影响存在差异,每段街谷内的污染物扩散分布不是孤立系统,而是相互关联的有机整体。     

一次回风空调系统PM_(2.5)污染控制策略

基于浓度守恒原理建立了一次回风空调系统室内PM_(2.5)浓度模型,研究了过滤器分别安装在新风段、回风段和送风段时过滤效率和新风量的变化对室内PM_(2.5)浓度的影响。模拟结果表明:在室外PM_(2.5)浓度大于室内初始值的条件下,过滤器安装在送风段或回风段时,减少新风有利于室内PM_(2.5)污染控制,过滤器安装在新风段时,根据过滤器效率调节新风,过滤效率小于临界效率,减小新风有利于室内污染控制;在室外PM_(2.5)浓度小于室内初始值的条件下,过滤器安装在送风段或新风段时,增加新风有利于室内PM_(2.5)污染控制,过滤器安装在回风段时,也存在临界效率,过滤效率小于临界值,增加新风有利于室内PM_(2.5)污染控制。     

长春供暖季室内外PM2.5浓度垂直分布与分析

为研究严寒地区供暖季室内外PM_(2.5)浓度的垂直分布,在供暖季分别对长春某高层居住建筑1、8、15、24、33楼层的室内外PM_(2.5)浓度进行监测,研究不同楼层室内外PM_(2.5)的浓度与变化特征。采用随机组分重叠模型(RCS)方法研究各楼层PM_(2.5)渗透因子,采用逐步回归分析方法研究室内PM_(2.5)浓度的各影响因素。结果表明:在供暖季,长春市高层建筑的不同楼层均存在一定的PM_(2.5)污染,室内外PM_(2.5)浓度随楼层升高大体呈现减小的趋势,但差异不显著。室内外PM_(2.5)浓度存在显著的相关性(P 0.05),在没有室内污染源时,室外颗粒物渗透是室内污染的主要来源。室内PM_(2.5)浓度与房间面积等没有显著相关性。     

太原市近地面臭氧浓度变化规律及其与气象要素的关系

臭氧(O3)是城市大气污染和气候变化促进的重要因子,对于城市大气污染与防治研究具有重要意义。本研究选取太原城区10个国控点O3日浓度变化,分析了其与相关气象因子(能见度、室外温度、室外湿度、风速和风向)的关系。研究结果表明,夏季O3浓度最高;春季O3浓度变化次之,冬季变化最小;城市新兴繁荣区和传统重工业区高浓度O3变化的时间跨度要明显高于过渡区域。城区O3和相关气象因子存在显著季节性变化特征。小波分析结果显示,城区O3时间序列相对较高能量的变化周期为主要以4 d的短周期为主(p0.05),与各气象因子存在8 d的显著的同步变化特征(p0.05),且在6—7月与室外温度和室外湿度还存在严格的线性同步变化特征,在11月则与可见度存在近似严格的线性同步变化特征。全年,西西北风对O3浓度影响频率达50%;而夏季受此影响频率高达60%,秋季西西北风和西北北风对O3浓度的影响频率相近(约40%)。研究结果将有助于为北方城市大气污染防治提供理论参考和实践指导。     

室内PM_(2.5)浓度控制模拟分析

利用质量平衡方程建立了一次回风定风量系统室内PM_(2.5)浓度模型,并对新风PM_(2.5)浓度、新风量、室内污染源、过滤器效率、过滤器安装位置等因素对室内PM_(2.5)浓度的影响进行了模拟分析。模拟结果表明:新风PM_(2.5)浓度和室内污染源强度的变化对室内PM_(2.5)浓度均有较大影响;新风量越大,室内PM_(2.5)浓度受新风PM_(2.5)浓度变化的影响越大;将过滤器分别安装在送风段、新风段和回风段新风比为0.1时,过滤器安装在送风段效果最好,安装在新风段最差,新风比为0.8时,过滤器安装在送风段效果最好,安装在回风段最差;过滤器安装在送风段时,过滤器效率越高,室内PM_(2.5)浓度越低,波动越小。     

道路路障对街道峡谷内污染物扩散的影响

采用数值模拟,研究不同风向角α(α=0°、45°、90°)及道路屏障位置(中间单路障和两侧双路障)对街道峡谷内机动车尾气污染物扩散的影响。数值模拟采用标准κ-ε湍流模型且Sc_t选择0.3时,计算结果与风洞实验结果较好吻合。结果表明,2种路障布置方式可有效降低人行道内污染物浓度,特别是,当α=45°时,污染物浓度最多可降低46.23%。同时,风向角α对街道峡谷内污染物扩散影响较大。当α=90°时,空气流通不良使得污染程度最为严重,且污染集中在背风侧近地面。单路障比双路障布置对污染物扩散影响更大,前者使污染物主要集中在街道中心背风侧,其他位置浓度明显降低;双路障时仅在一定范围内改善人行道内空气品质,但对街道整体污染物分布影响不大。     

气流组织形式对室内微生物气溶胶的影响

为探明空调房间气流形式与通风量对室内微生物气溶胶的影响规律,在一个标准气流实验室,使用Andersen六级撞击式空气采样器对空气中的细菌与真菌气溶胶进行采样,分析了其浓度变化特点,及其与大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)的相关关系。结果表明,晴朗天气下,气流室内不同气流形式和通风量对微生物气溶胶浓度的影响不同。总体来说,不管是哪种气流形式,通风量的增加均在一定范围内降低了室内微生物气溶胶及大气细颗粒物浓度,其中细菌气溶胶和PM_(2.5)在通风方式为侧面送风侧面排风时的去除效果最好,且分别在换气次数为3次/h和4次/h时其浓度达到最低,其去除效率分别为88.5%和42%,而真菌气溶胶在侧面送风顶面排风时的去除效果最好,在4次/h浓度最低,去除效率为6%。研究结果可以为探究室内环境空气质量及控制室内微生物污染提供基础数据。     

室内外PM_(2.5)污染特征、形貌及矿物组成

为掌握室内外细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染特性,监测采集西安市某办公场所室内外PM_(2.5)样品,统计分析PM_(2.5)质量浓度特征,探究室内外PM_(2.5)相关性、微观形貌以及矿物组成的差异。结果表明:室内外PM_(2.5)年均质量浓度分别为85.32和109.83μg·m~(-3),冬季污染尤为严重。室内PM_(2.5)受室外PM_(2.5)影响显著,室内外PM_(2.5)质量浓度的相关系数为0.890 0。室内PM_(2.5)多为粒径小于1μm的球状颗粒物,而室外颗粒物形状、大小不规则,室内外PM_(2.5)均含有大量的碳、氧元素,其他元素的种类和含量存在一定差异。室内PM_(2.5)中矿物多为非晶态物质,室外PM_(2.5)主要由石英、赤铁矿和碳酸钙等矿物质组成。     

春节期间太原市环境空气质量变化

对包含春节节日的2014年1月16日至2月15日太原市环境空气中O_3、NO_2、CO、SO_2、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的质量浓度监测数据进行了统计分析,并就春节期间燃放烟花爆竹及气象因素对空气质量产生的影响利用Pearson分析展开相关研究。结果表明:烟花爆竹集中燃放阶段,O_3的质量浓度日变化基本不受其直接影响、呈单峰型,其他污染因子由双峰型变化为明显的三峰型,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)污染突出,PM_(10)增加速率高于PM_(2.5),PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)的3个谷值与污染因子的3个峰值相对应;分析气温、相对湿度、风速对CO、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的影响均在0.01显著水平上相关,但对于烟花爆竹集中燃放污染水平,气温、相对湿度对其影响不大,风速对其影响较为突出,风向与其有明显的相关性。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.