低温高湿环境下低浓度烟尘测试方法研究

燃煤电厂是颗粒物重要的排放源之一。"超低排放"后,部分工况下烟气处于低温高湿条件,对烟尘测试工作带来挑战,尤其是低浓度时。选择某典型低温高湿的测试环境,比对研究了《固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定与气态污染物采样方法》(GB/T 16157—1996)和《固定污染源的排放在低浓度时颗粒物质(粉尘)的质量浓度的测定手工重量分析法》(ISO 12141:2002)两种烟尘测试方法,并依据国际标准化组织的"测量不确定度描述指南"(简称GUM)测量不确定度,评估了不同方法的测量不确定度。结果表明:低温高湿环境下,ISO 12141:2002测试数据的准确度、精密度均好于GB/T 16157—1996,同时ISO12141:2002测量不确定度明显低于GB/T 16157—1996;采用高等级天平、增加烟气采样体积和烟尘采样测试数量,可有效降低烟尘排放值测量不确定度。     

密相塔半干法烟气脱硫塔内加湿降温及其对脱硫效率的影响

为了实现密相塔半干法脱硫工艺的精确加湿进一步提高系统脱硫效率,利用推导出的传热传质计算方法,得到烟气温度降低和加水量的关系.结合3组密相塔半干法工程实际数据,发现理论计算值和实测值误差区间仅为2.9％ ～5.4％.通过选取河北某钢厂210 m2烧结烟气密相塔半干法脱硫项目实际在线检测数据,发现循环脱硫灰含湿量为3％的系统脱硫效率整体高于含湿量为5％和4％的样品,最大值达93.56％.通过粒度分析、扫描电镜、X射线衍射及差热-热重对2种不同含湿量的循环脱硫灰进行表征,结果表明,含湿量为3％的循环脱硫灰较含湿量为5％的样品粒径小、比表面积大,无团聚现象,物相分析还证实相对于含湿量为5％样品,其Ca(OH)2和结晶水含量少,几乎都是CaSO4和CaS03干态物质,因此脱硫反应进行彻底,脱硫效率较高.     

4种脂肪多胺修饰硅胶对铅离子的吸附

为了合成高效铅离子吸附剂,了解其对铅离子的吸附规律。采用(3-氯丙基)三甲氧基硅烷(CPTS)架桥法,以硅胶(SG)为载体,乙二胺(EDA)、二乙烯三胺(DETA)、三乙烯四胺(TETA)和四乙烯五胺(TEPA)为表面修饰剂,合成了4种胺化硅胶,测定了它们的红外光谱、热重等性质以及对Cu2+、Zn2+和Pb2+的吸附能力。结果表明,4种胺化硅胶对Pb2+的吸附量均大于Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附量,其中DETA修饰硅胶对Pb2+的吸附量较高。4种胺化硅胶对Pb2+的吸附过程较好地符合拟二级动力学模型以及Langmuir和Scatchart等温吸附热力学模型,其对Pb2+吸附的速率常数、饱和吸附量以及吸附位点数由大到小的顺序一致,均为SG-DETASG-TEPASG-EDASG-TETA。4种胺化硅胶对Pb2+的吸附速率和吸附量呈现"奇数胺"增强效应,亲和常数则依次减小。阐明了脂肪多胺修饰硅胶对Pb2+的吸附规律,并进一步讨论了Scatchart和Langmuir热力学模型的统一性。     

β射线衰减法和重量法测定环境空气中PM10的对比研究

用β射线衰减法和重量法同步测定了2005年乐清市环境空气中PM10日均浓度,实验覆盖了乐清市的各种气象条件和PM10的浓度变化范围,具有一定的代表性.实验结果表明:在同一监测条件下,两种方法的测定结果具有一致性和可比性,β射线衰减法测得的PM10比重量法高,年均值偏高23%;两种方法测得的PM10高度相关,相关系数为0.994,能用回归直线来描述两者之间的关系.     

强电离放电模拟烟气脱硫实验

应用强电离放电方法进行烟气脱硫 ,将烟气中大部分O2 、N2 和H2 O等气体分子电离后加工成OH等活性粒子 ,在高温、不加吸收剂的条件下 ,直接将SO2 氧化成H2 SO4。实验中分别研究了烟气在反应室内的停留时间、烟气中含水量和含氧量等因素对脱硫率的影响。实验结果表明 ,烟气在反应室内停留时间为 0 74s ,烟气中含水量和含氧量分别为2 8%和 2 0 8%时 ,SO2 脱除率可达到 10 0 %。     

玻璃碳电极阳极溶出伏安法测定矿物、金属氧化物、粮食、土壤中微量砷

用玻璃碳电极阳极溶出伏安法在Cu~( )存在下测定微量As~( )已有报导。本校实验室中曾研究了Cu~( )、Au~( )共同沉积下测定砷,灵敏度可大大提高,曾用于污水中砷的测定。但在HCl溶液中.由于铜引起的空白值大,限制了方法的灵敏度进一步提高。为了降低空白值提高方法的灵敏度,本文研究了Cu~( )、Au~( )与砷共同沉积时,在HClO_4底液中测定砷的条件。一、仪器及试剂 1、仪器国产883型笔录式极谱仪。扫描速度0.53伏/分。旋转玻璃碳电极作为指示电极,转速1200转/分。电极表面处理手续见文献。饱和甘汞电极作为参比电极,以饱和KNO_3溶液作盐桥。     

硅胶键合醛基型吸附材料的制备及对重金属离子的吸附

以无机材料硅胶为基体,利用有机硅烷偶联剂KH550、乙二醛和戊二醛为原料进行希夫碱反应,分别合成含有C=N的硅胶键合醛基型吸附材料(乙二醛修饰的为SG-1、戊二醛修饰的为SG-2),并采用红外光谱、热重、扫描电子显微镜和孔结构等分析手段对吸附材料进行了表征。结果表明:(1)从微观上看,硅胶表面较光滑;SG-1、SG-2表面的粗糙度、孔隙率都较硅胶明显增加,有利于吸附实验的进行。(2)拟二级动力学方程更适合描述SG-1、SG-2对重金属离子的吸附行为,吸附过程由化学吸附过程决定。SG-1、SG-2对4种重金属离子的吸附热力学过程适合用Langmuir等温吸附方程解释,其过程是单分子层吸附。(3)SG-1、SG-2对4种重金属离子的静态饱和吸附量均表现为Cu(Ⅱ)Ni(Ⅱ)Pb(Ⅱ)Cr(Ⅵ)。SG-1、SG-2对Cu(Ⅱ)静态饱和吸附量分别达到9.401、9.738mg/g。(4)SG-1、SG-2对4种重金属离子解吸率与解吸液(5%(质量分数)硫脲+0.1mol/L盐酸)体积并不呈现正相关,解吸率基本可达到90%,再生性能良好,当解吸液体积为6mL时解吸率最大。     

强电离放电模拟烟气脱硫实验

应用强电离放电方法进行烟气脱硫，将烟气中大部分O2、N2和H2O等气体分子电离后加工成OH等活性粒子，在高温、不加吸收剂的条件下，直接将SO2氧化成H2SO4。实验中分别研究了烟气在反应室内的停留时间、烟气中含水量和含氧量等因素对脱硫率的影响。实验结果表明，烟气在反应室内停留时间为0．74s，烟气中含水量和含氧量分别为2．8％和20．8％时，SO2脱除率可达到100％。     

给水污泥对水中磷的吸附性能

以给水污泥为磷的吸附材料,采用静态吸附和动态吸附方法对比研究了干、湿状态下给水污泥对磷的吸附特性。静态吸附实验结果表明,给水污泥对磷的吸附过程以化学吸附为主,满足Freundlich等温吸附方程式。在300 K条件下,原始状态的湿污泥相比烘干后的污泥能更快地达到磷吸附平衡,且具有更高的理论饱和吸附量,分别为3.487mg·g~(-1)(相当于11.710mg·g~(-1),以干污泥计)和9.832mg·g~(-1)。长期动态吸附实验结果表明,原始状态的给水污泥对磷的实际饱和吸附量为3.065 mg·g~(-1),接近理论饱和吸附量。因此,原始状态的给水污泥可直接用作除磷材料,无需预先烘干处理。     

医疗废弃物焚烧挥发性氯含量与热值测试与估算

通过测定上海某医疗废弃物处置公司设定燃烧工况条件下某时间段内烟气中HC l的平均排放速率,估算出上海地区医疗垃圾废物中的可燃烧转化氯含量在2.33%~2.64%左右;通过测定各较小采样时间段(2 m in)的烟气HC l浓度测定发现批次进料造成烟气中HC l浓度近4倍的波动,通过初步的热平衡估算得到医疗废弃物的热值大致在21.8 M J/kg,得到的结果可为我国医疗废弃物的焚烧工艺设计提供基础依据。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.