天然气燃烧器的低氮优化及数值模拟

近年来，天然气低氮燃烧技术层出不穷，然而单一低氮技术的控制效果始终有限。为实现天然气清洁燃烧和低氮排放，设计了一种集分级燃烧、旋流燃烧和烟气再循环等低氮技术于一体的新型低氮燃烧器，以降低燃烧过程中氮氧化物的生成和排放。建立了功率14 MW的燃烧器模型并对其进行数值模拟计算，分析了不同燃烧器结构和运行参数下燃烧器出口附近温度场、速度场以及氮氧化物(NO)浓度场，探究了混合气体旋流强度和二次风出口速度等因素对低氮燃烧性能的影响，优化该燃烧器的结构和运行参数使其达到最佳低氮性能。结果表明：优化前的燃烧器可使燃气在出口截面分布均匀并与空气充分混合，出口截面NO质量浓度已经低于30 mg·m^-3的低氮排放标准；燃气支管数量优化为8根时，高温区的集中度和氮氧化物的排放量最低，出口截面NO质量浓度低至7.61 mg·m^-3;一次风和燃气混合气体旋流强度S₀优化为0.6时，出口截面NO质量浓度低至5.04 mg·m^-3,S₀越大，产生的旋流效果越好，炉膛内的烟气内循环效应越明显；二次风出口速度...     

偏转二次风系统600MW燃煤锅炉NOx排放特性及数值模拟

某600MW四角切圆燃烧锅炉，采用顶部燃尽风系统并配合使用偏转二次风系统，炉膛下部二次风大角度正切，上部二次风和OFA风反切消旋 ，在炉 膛截面水平方向和炉膛高度方向形成分级燃烧。运行结果表明，该燃烧器布置方式能抑制炉内结渣，减轻炉膛出口扭转残余并能降低NO x排放量。通过工况试验，将锅炉的氮氧化物排放水平降低到国家标准限定值以下，采用数值计算对该炉炉内流动、传热、燃烧和氮氧化物生成过程进行模拟。     

径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器直流二次风对流场及NO_x排放的影响

针对径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器直流二交风对出口冷态流动特性的影响进行了试验研究，并在一台２２０ｔ／ｈ锅炉和一台６７０ｔ／ｈ锅炉上进行了工业性试验。冷模试验表明，直流二次风对旋流燃烧器出口气流的流动和混合特性有重要影响。     

偏转二次风系统600MW燃煤锅炉NO_x排放特性及数值模拟

某 6 0 0MW四角切圆燃烧锅炉 ,采用顶部燃尽风系统并配合使用偏转二次风系统 ,炉膛下部二次风大角度正切 ,上部二次风和OFA风反切消旋 ,在炉膛截面水平方向和炉膛高度方向形成分级燃烧 .运行结果表明 ,该燃烧器布置方式能抑制炉内结渣 ,减轻炉膛出口扭转残余并能降低NOx 排放量 .通过工况试验 ,将锅炉的氮氧化物排放水平降低到国家标准限定值以下 .采用数值计算对该炉炉内流动、传热、燃烧和氮氧化物生成过程进行模拟     

小型燃油锅炉用的转杯式燃烧器

随着我国石油工业的发展,使用重油作为燃料的工业和供暖锅炉日渐增多。燃油技术也就成了当前迫切需要解决的问题。例如有的燃油锅炉运行得很好,但也有燃油炉运行很不正常,烟囱冒黑烟很严重,影响了安全经济运行,也污染了环境。原因在哪里呢?这里有运行方面的原因,但很重要的一个原因就是没有合理的选择燃烧器(包括辅助设备)和合理的配风。目前国内使用较普遍的有二种燃烧器,一种是简单机械压力雾化燃烧,另一种是蒸汽雾     

应用于锻造炉的FKS燃烧器

上海第二工业大学研制的螺锥状旋风式燃烧器(简称FKS燃烧器)在锻造炉上应用获得成功.在该燃烧器的鉴定会上,专家们一致认为FKS燃烧技术在室式锻造加热炉上应用是成功的,技术是先进的。FKS燃烧器是根据煤粉与空气旋转混流,内部风管排列一定角度和风割中快风升温的原理,采用多级多咀送导向结构设计的。生产时,煤粉与风量控制在一定适度,使煤粉在燃烧器內形成理想的旋转路线,从而达到充分燃烧、充分利用热能的目的。使用FKS燃烧器的锻造加热炉的结构如下图所示。     

离子风和磁场作用下分布指数对线板式ESP中PM_(2.5)捕集效率的影响

为了分析分布指数对线板式静电除尘器(ESP)中PM2.5捕集性能的影响,给出了基于电磁场、流场和颗粒动力场的数学模型,数值模拟了PM2.5分级效率、综合效率分别与分布指数的变化关系,比较了有无离子风和磁场作用时PM2.5的捕集性能。结果表明:数值模型与D-A公式相比具有较高的计算精度;离子风和外加磁场均能提升PM2.5的捕集性能,且捕集效率均随着分布指数的增大而逐步降低,为进一步提升ESP捕集性能提供技术参考。     

白山热电1号锅炉低氮燃烧器改造

为满足国家对电厂燃煤锅炉NOx达标排放的要求,白山热电300MW机组1号、2号锅炉进行加装脱硝装置和低氮燃烧设备改造。本文介绍了低氮燃烧器的改造方案、低氮燃烧器技术特点,低氮燃烧调整,和燃烧器改造后的锅炉性能变化。     

冷却塔改造

在冷却塔改造中，淋水填料和配水喷头的选择是提高热力性能的关键。本文详细介绍了淋水填料与配水喷头的选择     

基于不同配风方式下的四角切圆燃煤锅炉燃烧特性的数值计算研究

利用数值计算方法分析了某火电厂四角切圆燃煤锅炉炉内燃烧特性,重点考察了配风调整对炉内温度场、速度场、组分场、NO_x以及飞灰含碳量的影响规律。结果表明:不同配风方式下,炉内温度场和速度场的分布都比较合理,没有出现贴壁燃烧现象,倒宝塔配风时,炉膛出口CO的浓度和飞灰含碳量相比均等配风和正宝塔配风时要高,而NO_x浓度相比其他两种方式时要低。该研究结果可为四角切圆燃煤锅炉的实际运行提供了一定的参考。     

水热反应时间对氧化锌半导体材料吸波性能的影响

目的研究水热反应时间对氧化锌吸波性能的影响,以获得高性能吸波材料。方法通过控制水热反应时间,制备不同形貌的氧化锌半导体材料,并采用XRD、SEM、TEM等表征手段,分析水热反应时间对氧化锌半导体材料形貌及结构的影响。利用矢量网络分析仪测定该材料在2~18 GHz频率范围内的相对复介电常数和复磁导率,采用MATLAB模拟分析不同厚度下水热反应时间对氧化锌半导体材料吸波机制及吸波性能的影响。结果当水热反应时间为12 h时,氧化锌在高频率处可达到较好的吸波效果,最大回波损耗可达?52.86 dB。结论通过控制水热反应时间,可实现对氧化锌的形貌进行调控,进而得到吸波性能优异的氧化锌吸波材料。     

浙江省县级单元建成区用地绩效评价及其地域差异研究

为评价浙江省县级单元建成区用地的绩效,并探讨其地域差异,论文采用AHP法、空间分析法,得到研究结果为:构建了基于经济、效益、效率和公平四个维度的土地绩效评价框架;经济绩效与效率绩效呈现较强的空间集聚特征;效益绩效与公平绩效的空间分布趋于离散;综合绩效呈现四种不同的空间模式;用地协调度并不与经济发展水平直接相关。由此得出结论:由于城市的规模报酬递增和工业化水平提高,子绩效中经济绩效与效率绩效呈现较强的空间集聚特征;而效益绩效与公平绩效则体现出相反的两极分化特征;在区域中心城市的产业梯度转移、辐射效应、周边地区的功能承接等机制影响下,H-H绩效和L-L绩效呈显著的空间集聚形态;产业结构升级提高了土地利用协调性,而欠发达地区的土地利用低水平自组织优化机制也可能具有较高的协调度。     

胞外聚合物对MBR中改性无纺布过滤性能的影响

采用统计分析方法研究了胞外聚合物(extra-cellular polymeric sub6tances, EPS)对浸渍式膜生物反应器(submerged membrane bioreactor, SMBR)中聚乙烯醇改性聚丙烯无纺布过滤性能的影响.结果表明,无纺布膜组件表面污泥的溶解性EPS(soluble EPS, EPSs)、EPSs,组成(protein/carbohydrate, P/C)以及相对疏水性(relative hydrophobicity, RH)对膜的过滤性能有显著影响,与膜污染阻力的皮尔逊相关系数(rp)分别为:0.868、0.840、0.890;改性无纺布膜组件能有效抑制EPSs,的吸附、降低EPSs组分中P/C的比率、减少活性污泥的沉积.表明聚丙烯无纺布通过亲水改性后,过滤性能得到明显改善,表现出一定的耐污染性.     

弹用电连接器湿热环境下寿命预测

目的 预测某型电连接器的剩余寿命。方法 以某弹用电连接器为研究对象,在分析导弹服役环境和电连接器失效机理的基础上,基于电连接器接触电阻性能退化特点,利用Wiener过程拟合电连接性能退化轨迹。然后,以Wiener过程的漂移参数为中间变量,采用广义Eyring模型,对温度、湿度应力进行建模,进而根据试验数据对性能退化数据似然函数的参数进行估计。最后,结合加速模型,推导得到正常应力水平下的漂移参数值,从而确定出电连接器的可靠度模型。结果 计算出样品电连接器的平均寿命,可进一步推断该型电连接器的其他寿命信息。结论 Wiener过程可以拟合湿热环境下电连接器的性能退化轨迹,温湿应力是开展弹上设备试验需重点关注的因素,考虑进一步提高类似环境载荷下的加速退化试验效率,可在一定程度上增大温度应力水平。     

Green project partnership in the supply chain: the case of the package printing industry

By interacting with their suppliers and their customers, manufacturing organizations can potentially develop and implement more effective solutions to environmental challenges they are facing. This paper explores the outcome, in terms of operational performance, of green project partnership in the supply chain. Green project partnership, defined here as the degree of interaction between organizations in the supply chain regarding pollution prevention, can take place upstream with the suppliers and downstream with the customers. Using the data from a survey of the Canadian and United States package printing industry, the linkage between green project partnership and five performance indicators was tested. The results indicate that green project partnership with customers was positively linked to quality, flexibility and environmental performance while partnership with suppliers was associated with better delivery performance.     

Characteristics of abrasive waterjet cut-edges and the affect on formability and fatigue performance of high strength steels

The characteristic surface properties and internal workpiece transformations formed during the Abrasive Waterjet (AWJ) cutting process influences the formability and fatigue performance of steel cut-edges. This relatively established cutting technology is used in industry to generate specialist low production components, which may undergo continual loading cycles under operational service conditions. The fatigue performance of AWJ cut-edges can be critical since individual notch defects produced by the cutting process can act as initiation sites from where fatigue cracks can propagate. Due to the increased sensitivity of high strength structural steels to cut-edge fatigue, AWJ cut-edge defects have an ever more significant influence on fatigue performance. The relationship between the traverse cutting speed and the influence on the resulting properties of the cut-edge has been the critical area of investigation. The affects of traverse cutting speed on the surface roughness properties and cut-edge hardening through a process of plastic deformation of grains in the near edge region were observed to be influenced by the traverse cutting speed. It is these characteristic factors that were determined to influence the cut-edge ductility and fatigue performance of steel components. It is a combination of the AWJ properties that produces cut-edges, which are positive for the Hole Expansion Capacity (HEC) but negative for stress life and cyclic stress strain life fatigue performance of AWJ cut high strength steels.     

Evaluation of environmentally friendly lubricant for aluminum cold forging using friction test based on spline extrusion

It is required to replace the aluminum fluoride coating, which is a popular lubricant for aluminum alloy cold forging in Japan, with environmentally friendly lubricants, because the aluminum fluoride coating has high environmental risks and needs much expense. Evaluations of lubrication performance are necessary before lubricant replacement. The authors proposed new friction test based on combined forward spline-backward can extrusion. It can realize large surface expansion, which is a characteristic of aluminum cold forging. In the present paper, a double-layer-type environmentally friendly solid lubricant film and the aluminum fluoride coating were applied to a precipitation hardened aluminum alloy. The lubrication performance was evaluated by the friction test. The double-layer-type lubricant showed superior performance enough for the replacement. The effect of surface treatment applied to workpiece on the lubrication performance was also investigated. The surface asperity generated by a wet-blasting showed high pickup resistance and low friction.     

贮存老化条件下固体火箭发动机内弹道性能变化

研究了某型固体火箭发动机在贮存期间内弹道性能受推进剂药柱老化影响的变化规律。通过热加速老化试验．研究了HTPB推进荆的燃烧速度受老化影响情况：基于药柱材料的粘弹性本构关系,并考虑贮存环境温度波动、内压载荷和自重效应。对复合固体推进剂药柱完全固化后贮存老化条件下的变形进行了三维有限元分析。基于加速老化试验数据和数值仿真分析结果．对老化后固体火箭发动机的内弹道性能进行了分析。     

污染场地固化/稳定化修复的评价方法与标准

固化/稳定化技术是一项在欧美等国家的污染场地修复中广泛应用的技术.在分析固化/稳定化修复效果常用的浸出试验方法和物理评价方法以及相对应的评价标准的基础上,发现我国固化/稳定化修复效果的评价方法仅有少量振荡浸出试验的方法,还缺少动态浸出试验的评价方法;浸出毒性测试普遍采用硫酸硝酸法浸出评估,忽略了As、Cr(Ⅵ)等含氧阴离子在中性至弱碱性pH下溶解度达到最大的情况;固化/稳定化修复效果的评价标准则主要借鉴固废毒性鉴别与管理方法,但该方法未规定污染土壤资源化再利用时的评价依据;另外,污染土壤和固体废物的自身特性也有一定的差异.提出了基于我国国情的污染土壤固化/稳定化浸出测试和评价标准体系:当污染土壤固化/稳定化后采用卫生填埋或一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场处置时,可参考固体废物填埋处置时的评价方法与标准;当污染土壤固化/稳定化后原址填埋时,则应增加绕流浸出方法或穿透浸出试验方法,其评价标准可参考GB/T 14848—1993《地下水质量标准》或根据关注点浓度的要求进行风险评估推算确定;当污染土壤固化/稳定化后再利用时,需根据再利用的具体情景选择相应的评价方法与标准.      

A rough set-based quality function deployment (QFD) approach for environmental performance evaluation: a case of offshore oil and gas operations

Activities in offshore oil and gas (OOG) that cause environmental impacts can be systematically managed through an environmental management system (EMS). Environmental performance evaluation (EPE) is an essential part of an EMS. However, previous studies on EPE indicate that existing lists of indicators little insight into how indicators are modified to more accurately assess environmental performance.In this paper, a way is proposed to identify and define specific environmental performance indicators on a case-by-case basis, which consists of five steps: (1) describing environmental requirements; (2) determining favourable outcomes corresponding to the requirements; (3) identifying required activities or issues to achieve the outcomes; (4) searching for proper measures of the activities or issues; and (5) generating a list of key indicators. Based on these steps, a quality function deployment (QFD) approach is developed to determine key indicators and evaluate environmental performance. To handle uncertainties in QFD, the decision makers’ evaluations are quantified through rough numbers using the concept of rough sets. The outputs of the proposed approach are different environmental performance indices. Using these indices, decision makers can easily determine whether an improved performance has been achieved through an EMS. The proposed approach is transparent and promising for use as a unified tool for EPE. An application of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a numerical example.