Prioritisation of existing biocidal active substances in the European Union

This article describes the priority setting process in the 10-year review programme for the systematic examination of all existing active biocidal substances as foreseen in Article 16(2) of the European Commission Biocidal Products Directive (BPD). In the first phase of this programme, all existing biocidal substances were identified or notified. For the evaluation in the second phase, the notified substances will be grouped in four priority lists according to the product types (PTs) for which they were notified. The prioritisation principles were the availability of test guidance for efficacy testing, overlap with other review programmes and overlap between the substances in different product types. The details of these principles are explained in this article.     

The control of active substances used in biocides in the European Union by means of a review regulation

In early 1998, the European Commission and parliament adopted Directive 98/8/EC concerning the placing in the market of biocidal products. After the adoption of the Directive the Commission started the proposal for a Review Regulation of the existing active biocidal substances. This article outlines the effort currently being undertaken, to define the procedures to be used. A statistical analysis of current uses of the active substances is included (correct as of February 2000).     

UV/Oxone降解水中扑热息痛的效能及影响模型

采用UV、oxone和UV/Oxone3种工艺降解ACE,同时对体系中氧化活性物质种类和贡献率进行鉴别和计算.采用响应面曲线法研究HCO₃^-、Cl^-、NO₃^-、pH值和温度5因素、3水平条件下UV/Oxone对ACE的去除效果的综合影响,并选用3种实际水体作为原水水质背景来评价UV/Oxone降解ACE的实际降解值和模型预测值的差距,最后比较了3种工艺的效能.结果表明UV、oxone、UV/Oxone3种工艺对ACE的去除率分别为2.1%、53.7%和98.3%.活性物质的鉴别实验发现UV激活oxone会产生^·OH、SO₄^·-和活性氯3种活性物质,且对ACE降解的贡献率分别为37.05%、19.22%和43.73%.通过响应面曲线法得到影响降解ACE效果的回归方程式,该回归方程对应的p值小于0.0001,拟合缺失项不显著,校正决定系数R²>0.8,说明该模型可信度高.选用实际水体进行实际降解和模型预测比较时发现实际降解值基本符合模型预测值.最后对两种不同工艺进行效能比较发现在同等时间和降解率的情况,UV/Oxone耗能最低,是一种高效、快速、可行的降解工艺.     

欧盟水框架指令优先污染物筛选方法的应用

利用欧盟水框架指令(EU WFD)方法筛选优先污染物,得到适用于我国的水环境优先控制污染物清单。检索了包括中国、美国、欧盟、日本等国家和地区的水质标准和污染物清单,对这些清单污染物进行初筛选,得到449种污染物为我国登记在用的污染物,在此基础上运用改进的WFD优先污染物筛选方法对这些污染物进行计分筛选,并按照其半致命毒性LD50排序,得到包含19种污染物的水环境优先控制污染物排序清单。结果表明,WFD优先污染物筛选方法能较全面的筛选出环境危害大的污染物,根据我国实际情况,对WFD现有污染物清单做出补充与筛选后,适合作为水环境优控污染物筛选的方法。     

Is European end-of-life vehicle legislation living up to expectations? Assessing the impact of the ELV Directive on ‘green’ innovation and vehicle recovery

The end-of-life vehicle (ELV) Directive in Europe aims to generate environmental gains through increased levels of vehicle recovery and a reduction in the use of hazardous substances. This paper presents an evaluation framework based on five anticipated changes that could result from the ELV Directive. These changes relate to three areas: (a) vehicle design, (b) level of ELV recovery, and (c) information provision. We evaluate the extent to which expected outcomes have materialized since the establishment of the ELV Directive. Current information provides an emerging picture of the impact of ELV legislation. We show that legislative factors and market forces have led to innovation in recycling, increased hazardous substance removal and improved information dissemination. Such actions may be sufficient to reach ELV Directive targets and could have spill-over benefits to other industries. Carmakers are also taking steps to design for recycling and for disassembly. However, movement toward design for re-use and remanufacturing seems limited. Increasing the level of re-use and remanufacturing will be a key part of moving toward sustainable vehicle production.     

基于SEVESOⅢ指令对某市工业企业危险性进行评估

参考欧盟SevesoⅢ指令,结合区域风险评估的方法,对江苏省某市31家工业企业源于工业事故的潜在危险性进行评估。评估时综合考察工业企业储存(包括输入、输出)危险物质的种类及数量,以及工业企业危险的生产工艺流程,基于SevesoⅢ指令对企业的危险性进行分级。通过改进SevesoⅢ指令工业企业危险性评估方法(如用连续分类法代替阈值法等),采用工业危险性指数(ⅡH)表征工业企业的危险性,并对ⅡH进行排序。结果表明,该市工业企业的ⅡH值范围在0-1,其中低危险或无危险企业(ⅡH<0.5)24家;中度危险企业(0.5≤ⅡH<1.0)6家;重度危险企业(ⅡH=1.0)1家。通过本研究,实践并改进了工业企业危险性评估的方法,为环境风险管理提供方法支持,以预防工业事故和环境灾害的发生。     

新化学物质环境管理技术规范体系的构建

概述了新化学物质申报制度及其配套的技术规范,指出了现有新化学物质环境管理技术规范中存在的对风险评价指导不足、缺乏整体规划、个别技术规范过时或有错误等主要问题,提出了从风险评价和风险控制出发,以与国际接轨为原则,以新化学物质申报全过程为纲,针对申报物质确定、申报材料准备、风险评价、社会经济影响分析、分类管理和风险控制等不同阶段,通过制订新的技术规范或修订原有技术规范的方式,分别建立相应的技术规范,以构建新化学物质环境管理技术规范体系;并通过5年一周期的复审和持续改进机制,不断完善新化学物质环境管理技术规范体系.      

Overview of current regional and local scale air quality modelling practices: Assessment and planning tools in the EU

The 2008 European Air Quality Directive (AQD) (2008/50/EC) encourages the use of models in combination with monitoring in a range of applications. It also requires Member States to design appropriate air quality plans for zones where the air quality does not comply with the AQD limit values. In order to cope with these various elements, a wide range of different modeling methods have been developed and applied by EU Member States in the last decade to assess the effects of local and regional emission abatement policy options on air quality and human health. However, an overall review of the methodologies that are used in different countries to compile local and regional air quality plans has not been performed so far. Such a review has been the objective of the APPRAISAL EU FP7 project with the main goal to identify methodologies and their limitations and to propose possible key areas to be addressed by research and innovation on the basis of this review. To fulfill these objectives, a structured online database of methodologies has been developed in collaboration with experts involved in the design of air quality plans (AQP). The current work relies on the APPRAISAL database which currently totals 59 contributions from 13 Member States. In this paper we summarize the outcome of the APPRAISAL project with respect to the review of current Integrated Assessment Modeling practices.     

欧盟工业废水污染物排放限值的制定方法

依据欧盟委员会的IPPC指令和水框架指令，欧盟成员国目前在制定废水污染物排放限值时，都以最佳可得技术（BAT）为参考，同时运用反演的方法将污染物排放限值与环境质量标准相结合。阐述了欧盟国家制定废水污染物排放限值的“BAT法”和“质量标准反演法”，并举例分析了“质量标准反演法”。提出了我国借鉴欧盟方法的几点建议。     

生物破乳菌XH-1的破乳有效成分研究

对破乳菌XH-1（Bacillus mojavensis）的破乳效能进行研究,并对该菌所产生的破乳剂有效成分及其理化性质进行考察。结果表明,破乳菌XH-1全培养液针对O／w型模型乳状液24h破乳率为86．0％,48h破乳率可达100％;XH-1菌的破乳有效成分为胞外分泌物质,该物质耐低温、不耐高温、经胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶及尿素处理后其基本失活;采用不同蛋白质粗体方法对破乳活性物质进行处理,发现粗提产物均具有较好的破乳功能,说明该物质具有蛋白质的特性;经可见-紫外分光光度法扫描及红外光谱扫描分析发现该生物破乳剂的有效成分为破乳菌株XH-1发酵产生的胞外蛋白类物质。     

Towards the harmonization of water-related policies for managing drought risks across the EU

Drought is recognized as a major issue in the EU, particularly in the Mediterranean region, posing risks to the environment as well as to local and regional economies. The EU policy on water management is continuously evolving, particularly in relation to water scarcity and drought. Starting with the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), which sets the general policy framework for water management across the EU, the EC Communication on Water Scarcity and Drought COM(2007) 414 final set the priorities for managing water scarcity and drought risks. Three follow-up reports (COM(2008) 875 final, COM(2010) 228 final and COM(2011) 133) highlighted achievements and yearly progress within the context of the implementation of the Water Framework Directive, whereas guidance has further been provided through the issue of Technical Reports (e.g. the EC Water Scarcity Drafting Group Technical Report 2008–023 on Drought Management, Including agricultural, drought indicators and climate change aspects). The 2012 EU Water Review (“Blue Print for Safeguarding European Waters” will assess achievements and identify further requirements towards long-term sustainable water use across the EU. However, a harmonized approach on drought risk management at the EU level is still lacking, whereas drought risk in several countries and regions has not been yet fully integrated in water management and relevant sectoral policies.This paper focuses on a proposed paradigm shift from crisis to risk management, which is currently gaining ground as a means of reducing societal vulnerability to droughts. The paper underlines the importance of engaging into risk assessment and management practices and identifies policy gaps and requirements for further improvement of the drought management policy framework at all levels of governance: at the EU, at the national and at the river basin and regional levels.     

Groundwater dependent ecosystems. Part II. Ecosystem services and management in Europe under risk of climate change and land use intensification

Groundwater in sufficient amounts and of suitable quality is essential for potable water supplies, crop irrigation and healthy habitats for plant and animal biocenoses. The groundwater resource is currently under severe pressure from land use and pollution and there is evidence of dramatic changes in aquifer resources in Europe and elsewhere, despite numerous policy measures on sustainable use and protection of groundwater. Little is known about how such changes affect groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDEs), which include various aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems above ground and inside the aquifer. Future management must take this uncertainty into account. This paper focuses on multiple aspects of groundwater science, policy and sustainable management. Examples of current management methods and practices are presented for selected aquifers in Europe and an assessment is made of the effectiveness of existing policies such as the European Water Framework Directive and the Habitat Directive in practice and of how groundwaters and GDEs are managed in various conditions. The paper highlights a number of issues that should be considered in an integrated and holistic approach to future management of groundwater and its dependent ecosystems.     

碱减量印染废水特征污染物的生物降解特性

利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC/MS)和液相色谱-质谱联用(LC/MS)对碱减量印染废水特征污染物在不同条件下生物降解产物进行了研究.结果表明,对苯二甲酸(TA)、分散橙4RL、分散蓝2BLN3种特征污染物在好氧环境和厌氧环境中都可以降解,其中TA最容易降解,2BLN次之,4RL的生物降解性能最差.4RL分解过程产生大量对微生物具有很强的抑制作用的苯胺类物质;易降解物质的添加可以增强难降解物质的分解,这种作用在厌氧条件下更加明显.对特征污染物的分解规律进行了分析和推断.     

Integrated pollution prevention and control in large industrial installations on the basis of best available techniques – The Sevilla Process

With respect to emissions from industry, the IPPC Directive is one of the key instruments of the environmental legislation of the European Union. The purpose of this Directive is to achieve integrated pollution prevention and control from large industrial installations. The conditions of required permits have to be based on Best Available Techniques (BAT). In 1997, the so-called Sevilla Process was established to develop these BAT. Since then, 33 Best Available Techniques REFerence Documents (BREFs) were drafted, adopted and published. This Sevilla Process with its actors is described. The BREFs are unique documents containing ambitious consumption and emission levels which cannot be found anywhere else.     

Adapting the European approach of Best Available Techniques: case studies from Chile and China

Best Available Techniques (BAT) are an essential element in European environmental legislation as required by the Directive on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC 96/61/EG). The technology transfer to industrialising countries, however, requires the adaptation of the underlying criteria, due to differences in economic, legal and technical conditions. Additionally, their prevailing technology standards and different priorities concerning the affected environmental media (air, soil, water) must also be considered. At hand of case studies for VOC emission reduction and prevention for coating applications in Chile, China and Germany, the use of a metric for country-specific determination of BAT is proposed.     

Effect of natural aquatic humic substances on the photodegradation of bisphenol A

The photochemical degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) was studied in the presence of natural humic substances from different origins under simulated solar irradiation. BPA underwent insignificant direct photolysis in neutral water, but rapid photosensitized degradation in four humic substances solutions via pseudo-first-order reaction occurred. The photo-degradation rate of BPA was insensitive to the different initial BPA concentrations and was inhibited in aerated solution compared with the deoxygenated medium. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as ·OH and ¹O₂ produced from excitation of humic substances under irradiation was determined from the quenching kinetic experiment using molecular probe. The five main intermediate photoproducts of BPA in Nordic lake fulvic acid (NOFA) were tentatively identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Based on the identification of ROS and the analysis of photoproduct formation, the possible phototransformation pathways of BPA were proposed, involving the direct photolysis due to the energy transfer from the triplet state humic substance (³HS*) to BPA molecules and hydroxyl radical addition and oxidation as well. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(6): 816–820 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Trends in ground level ozone concentrations in the European Union

Following the Council Directive 92/72/EEC on air pollution by ozone the Member States of the European Union have to inform the European Commission on ozone concentrations and exceedances of threshold values within their territory. Using the available information covering the period of 5 years (1994–1998), the data has been analysed for a possible trend in statistical parameters (50- and 98-percentiles) and number and severity of exceedances. Time series are relatively short but the data suggest that there might be a small increasing trend in the 50 percentile values. The ozone peak values, expressed as 98-percentile values or as number of exceedance days tend to decrease. However, these conclusions must be interpreted carefully as on the short time scales considered here meteorological variations and inter-annual changes may play an important role. The decrease in peak values is most likely caused by the decrease in European ozone precursor emissions since 1990; insufficient data is available to explain the increasing 50-percentile values. Possible explanations are an increase in tropospheric ozone background values caused by a world-wide increase in CH₄, CO and NO_x emissions or a reduced ozone titration by reduced NO_x emissions on the local scale. The data submitted under the ozone directive is insufficient to provide firm conclusions on this point.     

Disproportionate costs in the EU Water Framework Directive—How to justify less stringent environmental objectives

The ambitious objective pursued by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) is good status for all European waters. However, “less stringent environmental objectives” are permissible if the costs of achieving good status are disproportionately high. This exemption, if abused, carries the risk of watering down the ambitions of the Directive. Currently, no transparent, well-established, universally applicable method for routinely testing disproportionality exists throughout Europe. In this paper, such a method is developed for surface water bodies. The core idea is to determine a water body-specific disproportionality threshold which is then compared to the projected costs of achieving “good status/potential”. For the sake of practicability, the benchmark for disproportionality is estimated on the basis of prior expenditure on water quality enhancement. The paper argues that the proposed method combines both possible interpretations of (dis-)proportionality—affordability and cost-benefit considerations. Due to the method’s moderate data requirements it can be used readily in most German federal states and is transferable in principle to other EU Member States. The method was tested empirically for a river in the German federal state of Rhineland–Palatinate.     

恶臭污染排放源指纹谱编制及初步应用

为了识别恶臭污染源排放特征以及了解不同行业恶臭物质排放差异,对恶臭污染排放源指纹谱指标物质进行了筛选,并依据筛选结果对6家典型恶臭排放企业进行样品采集及分析,绘制了各家企业的指纹谱图.结果表明:①通过物质嗅觉阈值与AMGE（ambient multimedia environmental goals,周围环境目标值）和RfC（reference concentration,健康风险参考浓度）对比以及结合国内外恶臭标准受控物质和现有的标准检测方法,最终确定了包括三甲胺、硫化氢、甲硫醇等典型恶臭物质在内的19种物质作为指纹谱指标物质.②依据我国现行的标准监测分析方法对19种恶臭指标物进行检测,初步得到了各家企业的恶臭物质指纹谱数据,绘制了各家企业的指纹谱图.③指纹谱成分分析结果显示,污水处理厂主要的恶臭物质是硫化氢,ρ（硫化氢）为44.566 mg/m3;涂料企业ρ（甲基乙基酮）、ρ（丁醛）和ρ（乙酸乙酯）较高,分别为39.037、28.757、27.840 mg/m3;制药企业ρ（丙醛）较高,为4.791 mg/m3;汽车和家具制造企业ρ（二甲苯）较高,分别为15.209和2.081 mg/m3.④应用分歧系数法分析不同企业指纹谱之间的相似程度,分析结果显示,分歧系数在0.331~0.809之间,不同企业之间指纹谱存在较大差异.研究显示,建立恶臭污染排放源指纹谱可进行恶臭源排放特征识别,为恶臭污染溯源提供基础数据和科学依据.      

填充新型抗菌PVA小球的固定柱床的应用

通过优化的PVA-H₃BO₃包埋法制备了抗菌PVA小球,并用新制备的小球填充柱床进行水处理研究. 结果表明:抗菌PVA小球具有良好的杀菌性能,在杀生剂添加量为m(杀生剂)∶m(PVA)3∶2时,杀菌率达到(92±2)%;扫描电子显微镜显示,包埋了杀生剂的抗菌PVA凝胶小球是一种多孔性的球形颗粒,结构较密实,并且包埋效果理想. 随着填充高度的升高、处理液与抗菌材料接触时间(停留时间)的延长、处理液出口端流量的减小, 填充柱的杀菌性能逐渐升高;对于30mm×300mm的填充柱,当填充高度≥20cm, 停留时间≥0.5 h,出口端流量为2.7 mL/s时, 杀菌效果较好. 对于50mm×500mm的填充柱,在填充高度为10 cm,停留时间为0.5 h,出口端流量为2.7 mL/s时,其杀菌率为(93±1)%.