1,4-二氯苯在褐土中的残留量变化及对几种土壤酶活性的影响

1,4-二氯苯(1,4-DCB)作为农药和化工产品生产的原料和中间体,在环境中的含量越来越多.采用气相色谱法对不同浓度1,4-DCB处理后土壤中药物残留量进行了测定;对1,4-DCB处理后褐土土壤中几种重要的氧化还原酶(多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶)和脲酶活性进行测定,用其改变来反应1,4-DCB残留对土壤生态系统的影响.结果发现:在1,4-DCB处理30 d后,土壤中1,4-DCB残留保持在44%~50%;1,4-DCB处理后土壤中多酚氧化酶活性呈现先升高后降低的现象,酶活性峰值因作用时间和作用浓度不同而不同.与多酚氧化酶活性改变趋势不同,1,4-DCB处理后土壤脱氢酶活性降低.两种酶活性与1,4-DCB处理浓度之间均具有一定的浓度-效应和时间-效应关系.与多酚氧化酶和脱氢酶活性变化结果不同,1,4-DCB处理后土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性则随着处理浓度升高和处理时间延长而升高.因此,土壤中不同酶活性对1,4-DCB污染产生了不同的响应.     

1,4-二氯苯的细胞毒性效应及在角毛藻中的富集

以1,4-二氯苯(1,4-DCB)处理后,角毛藻Chaetoceros mulleri的生长状况,藻体细胞的形态改变,及角毛藻中对1,4-DCB的富集能力,来检测1,4-DCB对海洋微藻的毒性效应.结果表明:1,4-DCB对角毛藻的生长有一定抑制作用,该效应表现出一定的质量浓度和时间依赖性;1,4-DCB处理后,角毛藻细胞能明显富集1,4-DCB,该富集能力与环境中1,4-DCB的质量浓度有关;而且角毛藻藻细胞形态受到1,4-DCB的损伤.这表明1,4-DCB污染后能在角毛藻细胞内富集并对其产生细胞毒害效应,且受有机物污染后藻类作为饵料的价值降低.     

重非水相液体性质对非离子表面活性剂增溶作用的影响

在油水比1:40的条件下,浓度为200-10000 mg·l-1的非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100(TX100)对三氯乙烯(TCE)、氯苯(CB)、1, 2-二氯苯(1, 2-DCB)、1, 3-二氯苯(1, 3-DCB)、四氯乙烯(PCE)和三氯乙烯-四氯乙烯混合物(TCE-PCE, 1:1,V:V)的增溶作用表明,TX100在试验浓度范围内,对TCE,CB和1, 2-DCB均无明显增溶作用,当TX100浓度分别大于6000,4000和800 mg·l-1时,对1, 3-DCB,TCE-PCE和PCE具有显著的增溶作用.TX100在TCE,CB,1, 2-DCB,1, 3-DCB,TCE-PCE及PCE有机相/水相间的分配系数(lgKd)分别为3.60,3.36,3.38,3.26,3.17和2.07,分配系数和分配损失的大小与油-水界面张力呈负相关.     

不同类型生物滞留介质对雨水径流中多环芳烃的去除效果

生物滞留设施是目前城市雨水控制利用中应用最广泛的措施之一,其中填料类型对雨水径流净化效果具有重要影响.通过实验室模拟实验,研究了不同类型填料生物滞留设施对雨水径流中多环芳烃(PAHs)的去除效果,并以炉渣为例研究了填料内部累积的PAHs降解特征.结果表明,不同类型填料对PAHs的去除效果从高到低依次为:炉渣砂土陶粒沸石,填料类型对PAHs的净化效果具有一定选择性;PAHs不同组分在不同填料中净化效果也不同,4种填料对2环PAHs净化效率均较高,约为70%,对56环的净化效率也均在50%以上,对4环PAHs的净化效率较低,约为40%.因此,生物滞留设施中填料类型对PAHs净化效果具有重要影响,实际工程中应根据PAHs的净化需求选择合适的填料.     

气液两相脉冲放电等离子体去除水中的全氟辛酸

水中的全氟化合物具有很强的稳定性,常规方法难以去除.本文以全氟辛酸(PFOA)为目标,考察了一种基于液滴喷雾的气液两相脉冲放电等离子体反应器对PFOA去除的影响因素与去除效率,并探讨了去除机理.发现PFOA起始浓度为1.5μg·L~(-1),等离子体反应器脉冲频率为1000 pps,电压为25 kV时PFOA的2 h去除率达40.5%.通过比较不同仪器参数下的去除效率发现,在相对低脉冲频率、低电压条件下PFOA去除效率更高,其表征去除效率的k/PD值达0.259 L·min~(-1)·W~(-1)(k为去除速率常数,PD=输入功率/处理体积),高于同样浓度水平下已报道的层流发泡等离子体反应器最大k/PD值(0.025 L·min~(-1)·W~(-1)),表明液滴喷雾反应器具有低能耗的特点.在等离子体处理过程中检测到多种短链全氟羧酸(碳原子数为4—7)和氟离子的生成,2 h后产生的短链物质总和占初始PFOA的10%左右,表明PFOA的碳链在等离子体处理时发生断裂.加入电子抑制剂NaNO_3后PFOA的去除明显被抑制,表明自由电子在初级反应过程中起较大作用.本研究对于水中PFOA的有效去除提供了一种有应用前景的技术选择.     

杞柳对水中2,4-二氯苯酚的降解

通过在人工配制的含有2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP, 2,4-Dichlorophenol)的营养液中培养杞柳(Salix integra),研究了杞柳在不同处理条件下对水溶液中2,4-DCP的去除效率,并探讨了其对2,4-DCP降解的动力学过程.结果表明,在抑菌和不抑菌处理条件下,杞柳对水溶液中的2,4-DCP有促进降解的作用,在96h内杞柳对20 mg·L-1的2,4-DCP去除效率分别为:76.9%、81.1%,并且对2,4-DCP的去除都符合一级动力学方程;而没有杞柳生长的水体中2,4-DCP的降解率为0%.2,4-DCP的植物吸收降解、微生物降解对2,4-DCP去除的贡献率约为:92.57%、7.43%.在模拟光照下,杞柳在48 h内能去除水中约52.37%的2,4-DCP.同时,根系组织中多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性受到了2,4-DCP明显的抑制.试验所采用的质量浓度对杞柳没有产生毒害作用,表明杞柳是修复水中2,4-DCP较好的材料.     

垂直流人工湿地去除布洛芬和罗红霉素的影响因素分析

选择典型消炎药布洛芬和抗生素罗红霉素作为研究对象,研究垂直流人工湿地中植物、水力停留时间、进水方式对布洛芬和罗红霉素的去除效果的影响.结果显示,在湿地种植的美人蕉、花叶芦竹、伞草和无植物对照组中,美人蕉组去除布洛芬的效率最高(69.74%),花叶芦竹对罗红霉素的去除效果最好(94.06%);在0—4 d范围内设置水力停留时间(HRT),发现增加水力停留时间可以使布洛芬更加充分的被人工湿地中生物降解,它的最佳水力停留时间为4 d,而罗红霉素在HRT=4 d时的去除效率与HRT=2 d相比并没有显著提高(P0.05),却增加了运行成本,故2 d才是罗红霉素相对合适的水力停留时间;两种药物的去除效率还受进水方式的影响,快速进水的进水方式有利于布洛芬和罗红霉素的去除.通过方差分析发现,去除布洛芬时,美人蕉去除效果并未显著优于花叶芦竹和伞草组(P0.05);在去除罗红霉素时,花叶芦竹的去除效果显著优于美人蕉组和伞草组(P0.05),伞草与美人蕉组没有显著差异(P0.05);3组有植物组的人工湿地对布洛芬和罗红霉素去除效果均明显好于无植物组(P0.01);罗红霉素实验组植物类型与进水方式交互作用显著.     

人工湿地对规模化养猪废水处理效果评价

为了提高人工湿地对养猪废水中污染物去除效果,针对复合人工湿地存在的地下水污染问题,建立与防渗膜连为一体的复合型人工湿地畜禽养殖废水系统,湿地底层铺设PE防渗膜,选用煤渣、砾石、粗砂作为湿地填料,种植美人蕉(Canna indica)、水芹菜(Oenanthe javanica)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、水葱(Scirpus tabernaemontani)、水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)湿地植物,考察复合人工湿地运行期间对养猪废水污染物的去除效率,并对温度和系统处理污染物效率的变化进行分析。结果表明:湿地植物在启动初期,对污染物的去除效率较低(NH4+-N、TP和CODCr的去除效率分别为53.6%、61.4%和41.7%),需经过一段时间形成良好的根系结构后,NH4+-N、TP和CODCr的去除能力才会稳定提高;地表流人工湿地植物在气温较高时容易枯死,在高温情况下应设置防晒措施;本研究复合人工湿地处理养猪废水污染物效率在10月达到最高,NH4+-N、TP和CODCr的去除效率分别为98.8%、62.1%和87.1%,湿地后续单元增加曝气能有效处理养猪废水中的NH4+-N;气温变化会影响人工湿地处理NH4+-N、TP和CODCr的效率,气温对NH4+-N和TP去除效果影响明显大于对CODCr去除的影响。该处理系统对养猪废水中的污染物去除效果较好,能够将废水水质提高到理想的水平,可为中小型养猪场构建人工湿地提供理论依据和技术参考。     

微藻在南美白对虾养殖废水中的生长及净化效果

为了解不同微藻对南美白对虾养殖尾水的净化作用,通过室内微藻培养试验,分析8株微藻在南美白对虾养殖尾水中的生长性能及不同时间内其对氮磷的去除效果.结果表明,8株藻均能在南美白对虾养殖尾水中生长,其中铜绿微囊藻、衣藻和蛋白核小球藻生长较好,平均相对生长速率分别为0.309 3、0.246 9和0.215 5.8种藻对总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的去除效果差异较大,其中铜绿微囊藻、衣藻和蛋白核小球藻对TN去除效果较好,培养结束时去除率分别达到74%、69%和60%;铜绿微囊藻和衣藻均具有较好的TP去除效果,去除率达60%以上,其次为蛋白核小球藻.不同藻类对不同形态氮的吸收存在较大差异,铜绿微囊藻和衣藻具有较好的硝态氮去除效果,去除率达到70%左右;衣藻对氨氮具有较快且持久的去除率,去除率高达100%,铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻稍慢,而斜生栅藻、针杆藻和舟形藻最慢,在培养16 d后,去除率均达到90%以上;隐藻和蛋白核小球藻对亚硝态氮具有较好的去除效果,培养至第8天时即达到80%的去除率,且隐藻去除效果较持久.本研究获得了不同藻类对对虾养殖尾水的吸收利用特点,可为南美白对虾养殖过程中藻相的定向培育及养殖尾水净化提供科学参考依据.     

贻贝仿生三维石墨烯制备及对亚甲基蓝的吸附

受海洋生物贻贝的启发,利用多巴胺(DA)自聚合作用将氧化石墨烯自组装成三维(3D)石墨烯材料,并对亚甲基蓝(MB)的吸附行为进行研究.结果显示,3D石墨烯材料具有多孔网络结构,孔径约为0.5μm到几十μm,对MB具有良好的吸附性能,最大吸附量为752 mg·g-1,对MB分子是单分子层吸附,吸附行为符合Langmuir等温吸附和准二级反应动力学方程.通过颗粒内扩散模型对其吸附的扩散机理进行研究,发现吸附初期为外表面扩散吸附,后期为孔道缓慢扩散过程.3D石墨烯对MB吸附具有较好的可再生能力,经过5次的吸附-脱附实验,对MB的去除效率降低20.9%.通过考察其对实际水样中MB的吸附效果,3D石墨烯材料表现出较好的实际应用能力,去除效率均在89%以上.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.