武当山土壤的粘粒矿物与表面电荷性质

本文研究了湖北省武当山风景区石英云母片岩发育的７个土样的粘土矿物组成、粘粒氧化物含量。土壤电荷量及电荷零点．结果表明：（１）供试土壤粘土矿物均以２∶１型矿物占优势，在海拔４４０ｍ以下的土壤中主要是水云母和蛭石，在海拔６７０ｍ以上的土壤中主要是１．４ｎｍ过渡矿物、绿泥石和水云母；（２）土液粘粘中氧化铁和氧化铝的含量、粘粒硅铝率及氧化铁的游离度随海拔的变化而变化的趋势不甚明显，但非晶形铝铁氧化物的含量及氧化铝和铁的活化度随海拔升高而趋于增加；（３）土壤可变负电荷量、阴离子吸附量和电荷零点随海拔升高而趋于增加。     

有机质和游离铁对湘南红壤表面电荷性质的影响

用双氧水破坏土壤有机质和用DCB（连二亚硫酸钠／柠檬酸钠／重碳酸钠）脱铁等方法研究湘南第四纪红粘土及其发育的土壤的表面电荷性质．结果表明：去除土壤有机质．使红壤胶体表面的阴离子交换量（AEC）增加、可变负电荷量（CECV）降低，在多数情况下其永久负电荷量（CECP）增加；脱游离氧化铁使红壤AEC减少、CECp增加，CECV增减不一．笔者认为，这与土壤胶体组分之间的相互作用有关．     

土壤矿物固定态铵研究进展

主要从土壤中粘土矿物组成、有机物质、土壤水分、Fe的氧化还原、钾素状况及土壤粘粒的不同层面电荷、净表面电荷、表面电荷均匀性等方面就土壤中固定态铵的固定机制及其对作物的有效性的影响进行了综述;并对近年来土壤中固定态铵的测定方法作一评述。     

我国北亚热带白浆化土壤粘化过程的主组元分析

运用主组元分析方法，研究了白浆化土壤的粘化过程．认为粘粒的化学组成与粘粒的矿物组成相一致；在淋溶过程中，矿物分解可形成蒙脱石和高岭石，粘淀层是土体脱硅富铁铝化过程和粘粘形成、淋溶、淀积的结果．     

广西涠洲岛沉凝灰岩土壤粘粒矿物的研究

用X射线衍射分析和电子显微镜分析,对涠洲岛沉凝灰岩母质发育土壤的两个典型剖面八个土样的粘粒矿物进行分析研究。结果表明,离火山口距离不同的两个剖面土壤粘粒矿物组成不同,1号剖面以2:1型粘粒矿物为主,2号剖面则以1:1型粘粒矿物为主;结合其它分析结果,讨论了两个剖面土壤粘粒矿物组成不同的原因、对土壤有关特性的影响及其与土壤形成和分类的关系。     

一个第四纪红色粘土母质发育的红壤剖面微形态特征的研究

发育在我国南方亚热带季风气候地区的第四纪红色粘土母质上的红壤早已为人们所注意。这是一类粘粒主要由结晶度不甚高的高岭石以及铝蛭石、伊利石，针铁矿所组成，具有一定脱硅富铝化程度且粘重的土壤．本文以微形态学方法对一个这类土壤剖面（江西余江）进行了详细研究．结果表明：该剖面微形态的演变主要表现在细粒物质及微结构特征的变化两方面。这些变化似乎与土体内的水分状况变化及因而引起的粘粒物质移动有关．令人感兴趣的是：在红色心土层的中上部（Ｂ１层）可观察到典型的微团聚化现象，说明这一过程不仅仅为热带湿润地区高度发育的铁铝土所特有，而且在北亚热带季风气候条件下发育的红壤中同样也有发生。     

用热分析法研究鼎湖山土壤的粘粒矿物

广东鼎湖山自然保护区的土壤主要为山地黄壤和赤红壤。本文用差热-热重-微商热重(DTA-TG-DTG)联合热分析法,对两种土壤的粘粒矿物进行了初步研究,确认两种土壤的粘粒矿物组成主要为伊利石、高岭石、三水铝石、蛭石、针铁矿等。伊利石、三水铝石、蛭石的含量山地黄壤多于赤红壤,而高岭石则相反。两种土壤的风化程度不高,土壤矿物风化主要处于幼年阶段,山地黄壤尤其明显。另外,对不同林型下的赤红壤也进行了对比研究,其粘粒矿物组成和数量差异不大。     

广东山地土壤粘粒矿物

本文研究了广东山地土壤的粘粒矿物组成、粘粒阳离子交换量和游离氧化铁等化学性质。结果表明,随着海拔的逐渐升高,高岭石含量渐减,2:1型矿物渐增;而三水铝石和1.4nm矿物含量以山体中部为最高。粘粒阳离子交换量的高低与2:1型粘土矿物含量的多少相吻合。粘粒的游离氧化铁含量,每个山体均是山地黄壤高于山地红壤和山地赤红壤。     

浙江红壤和黄壤的电荷特性

本文对浙江省红壤和黄壤的电荷特性作了初步研究。结果表明，黄壤的可变负电荷量、正电荷量、有效阳离子交换量（ＥＣＥＣ）和可变电荷零点（ＰＨ０）都高于红壤。红壤和黄壤可变负电荷量占负电荷总量的半数以上。土壤的电荷特性与活性铁铝氧化物密切相关。     

几种粘土矿物和粘粒土壤吸附净化磷素的性能和机理

通过磷素等温吸附实验和磷素饱和吸附后磷素的形态变化,研究了高岭土、蒙脱土、凹凸棒土、蛭石和沸石5种粘土矿物,以及黄褐土和下蜀黄土2种粘粒土壤中磷素的吸附净化性能和机理,结果表明：除高岭土和沸石以外,其它类型的粘土矿物和粘粒土壤均有较好的磷素吸附净化能力,蛭石的磷素吸附净化能力最强,其次为黄褐土、凹凸棒土、蒙脱土和下蜀黄土．粘土矿物和粘粒土壤磷素的吸附能力与其化学组成关系密切,表现为全钙及水溶性钙、胶体氧化铁和胶体氧化铝含量愈多,其磷素的吸附量愈大,磷素的净化能力愈强．此外,粘土矿物和粘粒土壤磷素饱和吸附后的形态转化也受其化学组成的影响,表现为全钙及水溶性钙、胶体氧化铁和胶体氧化铝含量较高,其对应形成的磷酸钙盐、磷酸铁盐和磷酸铝盐含量较高,粘土矿物和粘粒土壤吸附磷素的机制主要为化学吸附,包括专性化学吸附和非专性化学吸附．     

湘南第四纪红壤吸附SO_4~(2-)的机理研究

本文研究了湖南第四纪红粘土及其发育的旱地和水田表层土壤对SO_4~2的吸附.结果表明这三种土壤吸附SO_4~2的顺序为;红粘土>旱地红壤>红壤性水稻土.而且随介质pH的升高,SO_4~2吸附量减少,吸附机理也发生改变:当介质pH6.5以后,解吸占优势.     

酸化对茶园黄棕壤CEC和粘土矿物组成的影响

用采自江苏溧阳种茶13 a和34 a的茶园黄棕壤表土和种茶54 a的茶园土壤剖面研究了酸化对土壤黏土矿物组成和阳离子交换量（CEC）的影响。结果表明：种茶13 a和34 a,表层土壤发生明显酸化,但土壤2∶1型黏土矿物的质量分数和CEC均与荒地土壤相似,说明酸化没有对黏土矿物转化和CEC产生明显影响。但种茶54 a后土壤发生进一步酸化,表层和表下层土壤pH降至3.79和3.70。土壤2∶1型黏土矿物质量分数随采用深度的增加而增加,高岭石质量分数呈相反的变化趋势。说明表层和表下层土壤的严重酸化加速土壤2∶1型黏土矿物向1∶1型高岭石的转化,这导致表层和表下层土壤CEC显著减小。     

不同类型土壤中外源镍对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性

按照国际标准化组织(ISO)颁布的蚯蚓毒性试验方法,研究了镍离子在我国13种典型土壤中对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性毒性,发现镍离子在不同类型土壤中对蚯蚓的半数致死浓度(LC50)变化范围为243.8-1970.6 mg·kg-1,镍离子在不同土壤中的毒性大小顺序为:湖南红壤＞重庆紫壤＞江西红壤＞河...     

北平热带桐柏山地土壤特性及其合理利用

本文阐明了豫南桐柏山北坡土壤形成的自然条件,并以三个代表性剖面为对象,研究了土壤的发生特性。结果表明,土壤具有淡色或暗色表层,质地多为砂质壤土和砂质粘壤土,土体有一定的发育,pH呈酸性至微酸性,盐基饱和度多在80％左右,土壤粘粒的硅铝率均>3.4,粘土矿物组成主要为水云母、高岭石、蛭石。土壤类型随海拔高度增加而有规律地变化,基带土壤为黄棕壤,中部为暗黄棕壤,棕壤则分布在1000m以上。文章还提出了土壤资源合理利用的基本途径,即以林为主,在搞好水土保持工作的同时,实行多种经营措施相结合的综合开发体系。     

Changes of Soil Microbiological Properties Caused by Land Use Changing From Rice–Wheat Rotation to Vegetable Cultivation

A survey was done recently in Jiaxing city of Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Delta to compare the differences of soil microbiological properties among paddy soils with different land use including continuous open-field vegetable cultivation (OFVC), plastic-greenhouse vegetable cultivation (PGVC) and traditional rice–wheat rotation (RWR). The soil types included are percolating, permeable and waterlogged paddy soils. The results indicate that the microbial flora was markedly changed as the land use changed for all the three soil types. In continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, the bacteria amounts decreased dramatically, but the fungal and actinomyce amounts increased as compared with RWR soils. The dehydrogenase activities decreased significantly in vegetable soils, especially in PGVC soils as compared with RWR soils. The microbial biomass C and the total phospholipid contents (TPL) in vegetable cultivation soil greatly decreased as compared with RWR soils. Biolog analysis indicated that the kinds of carbon sources that could be metabolized by native microbes in PGVC soils greatly decreased as compared with OFVC soils and RWR soils, revealing that microbial diversity had decreased since land use change. The activities of some soil enzymes including urease, invertase and phosphase were all lower in OFVC soils than those in RWR soils, and those in PGVC soils were the lowest. The degradation of microbiological activities in continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, as compared with RWR soils might have been caused by soil acidification and accumulation of salts due to overuse of both organic and inorganic fertilizers in vegetable cultivation.     

Changes of soil microbiological properties caused by land use changing from rice-wheat rotation to vegetable cultivation

A survey was done recently in Jiaxing city of Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Delta to compare the differences of soil microbiological properties among paddy soils with different land use including continuous open-field vegetable cultivation (OFVC), plastic-greenhouse vegetable cultivation (PGVC) and traditional rice-wheat rotation (RWR). The soil types included are percolating, permeable and waterlogged paddy soils. The results indicate that the microbial flora was markedly changed as the land use changed for all the three soil types. In continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, the bacteria amounts decreased dramatically, but the fungal and actinomyce amounts increased as compared with RWR soils. The dehydrogenase activities decreased significantly in vegetable soils, especially in PGVC soils as compared with RWR soils. The microbial biomass C and the total phospholipid contents (TPL) in vegetable cultivation soil greatly decreased as compared with RWR soils. Biolog analysis indicated that the kinds of carbon sources that could be metabolized by native microbes in PGVC soils greatly decreased as compared with OFVC soils and RWR soils, revealing that microbial diversity had decreased since land use change. The activities of some soil enzymes including urease, invertase and phosphase were all lower in OFVC soils than those in RWR soils, and those in PGVC soils were the lowest. The degradation of microbiological activities in continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, as compared with RWR soils might have been caused by soil acidification and accumulation of salts due to overuse of both organic and inorganic fertilizers in vegetable cultivation.     

中国南方稻田土壤汞含量及潜在危害评价

选择我国南方水稻主产区安徽、浙江、湖南、湖北以及广西5个省,采集213个稻田土壤样品,探究我国南方稻田土壤中汞的空间分布特征与土壤理化参数(如p H值和有机质)的相关关系及汞富集的潜在危害。结果表明:不同省份的稻田土壤汞含量存在显著的差异(P0.05,n=213),含量范围是0.029~0.326 mg·kg~(-1)(干重),平均值为(0.094±0.036)mg·kg~(-1),与农用地土壤环境质量标准0.30 mg·kg~(-1)(GB15618—1995)相比,除湖北省以外均有轻度汞污染。Pearson相关性分析表明,稻田土壤中的汞含量与有机质含量呈显著正相关关系(P0.01,r=0.445),说明适度偏高的有机质有利于土壤汞的富集。不同省份稻田土壤潜在危害等级除浙江省外均在轻微到中等的范围内,浙江省的为强等级。     

铅锌矿区农田土壤重金属有效态空间分布及其影响因子分析

利用地统计学方法,研究了广西岩溶地区某铅锌矿区农田土壤中Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu四种重金属有效态含量的空间分布特征及其影响因子.结果表明:研究区域不同程度地受到Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的污染,且水田污染较旱地严重;与广西土壤背景值相比,污染程度最严重的是Cd,在水田和旱地中超标率均为100%,平均超标倍数分别为312.94和33.67;其次是Zn,在水田和早地中超标率分别为100%和34%,平均超标倍数分别为38.34和2.11;污染最轻的为Cu,超标率仅为7%.空间分析表明,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的块金系数分别为2.7%、0.2%、6.5%、0.13%,体现了强烈的空间自相关性,且四种重金属空间分布特征相似,在离原铅锌选矿厂较近的西北偏西面有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量最高,沿着西北偏西至东南偏东的灌溉渠流向,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu的含量呈递减趋势,东部旱地有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu含量相对较低.土壤有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu在污染区的空间分布与土壤基本理化性质关系密切,有效态Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu与pH、阳离子交换量、粘粒都呈极显著负相关,与有机质含量则呈极显著正相关.