Biodegradation of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls by anaerobic microorganisms from estuarine sediments.

In this study, we investigated the biodegradability of biphenyl and 5 congeners (one non-planar and four coplanar) of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). Biphenyl, the non-planar congener 2,3',4',5-tetrachlorobiphenyl (25-34 CB), and the four coplanar congeners 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (34-34 CB), 3,4,4',5-tetrachlorobiphenyl (345-4 CB), 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (345-34 CB), and 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (345-345 CB) were amended at a concentration of 10 mg/L into anoxic sediment slurries collected from the estuaries of the Tansui River and the Erjen River. During 2 years' incubation under sulfidogenic conditions, biphenyl was persistent, while all other chlorinated congeners, except for 345-345 CB, were dechlorinated with or without a lag period in sediment slurries collected from both rivers. Dechlorination of coplanar and non-planar congeners began with para chlorine removal. All para chlorines from the mono-, di-, and trichlorobiphenyl groups could be removed by sediment slurries from both rivers. Microbial communities in sediment from the Erjen River additionally fostered meta-dechlorination activity, but only after removal of all the para chlorines. Addition of Tween 20 (0.05%, v/v) into sediment slurries from the Tansui River did not enhance dechlorination rates or extents, but the addition of toluene- or 3-chlorobenzoate-adapted sediments enhanced dechlorination of 34-34 CB and 345-4 CB.     

Extraction of Sudan dyes from environmental water by hemimicelles-based magnetic titanium dioxide nanoparticles

A novel method for the extraction of Sudan dyes including Sudan I, II, III, and IV from environmental water by magnetic titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@TiO₂) coated with sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) as adsorbent was reported. Fe₃O₄@TiO₂ was synthesized by a simple method and was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The magnetic separation was quite efficient for the adsorption and desorption of Sudan dyes. The effect of the amount of SDS, extraction time, pH, desorption condition, maximal extraction volume, and humic acid on the extraction process were investigated. This method was employed to analyze three environmental water samples. The results demonstrated that our proposed method had wide linear range (25–5,000 ng L^?1) with a good linearity (R ²?>?0.999) and low detection limits (2.9–7.3 ng L^?1). An enrichment factor of 1,000 was achieved. In all three spiked levels (25, 250, and 2,500 ng L^?1), the recoveries of Sudan dyes were in the range of 86.9–93.6 %. The relative standard deviations obtained were ranging from 2.5 to 9.3 %. That is to say, the new method was fast and effective for the extraction of Sudan dye from environmental water.     

Investigation of retardation effects on the titanium dioxide photodegradation system

The photocatalytic bleaching of dyes using TiO2 has appeared promising in laboratory studies, but little attention has been focused on whether other species such as might be found in wastewater have a deleterious effect on the photobleaching. This study describes the effects that result from the presence of ionic species, organic solvents and humic substances on the photobleaching of several dyes. The manner in which the photobleaching was affected by the presence of adventitious materials was carefully examined with an eye toward elucidating the mechanistic origin of the loss of the photochemical efficiency in the reaction. The overall retardation effects can be attributed to the combination of light attenuation, inhibition and competition effects.     

Global pollution monitoring of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), furans (PCDFs) and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (coplanar PCBs) using skipjack tuna as bioindicator

In order to elucidate the global distribution of dioxins and related compounds, such as PCDDs, PCDFs and coplanar PCBs, levels of these compounds were determined in the muscle of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) collected from the offshore waters and open seas near Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Seychelles and Brazil, and the Japan Sea, the East China Sea, the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean. PCDDs, PCDFs and coplanar PCBs were detected in almost all the specimens collected from all the locations surveyed, indicating widespread contamination by these compounds in the marine environment. Higher concentrations of dioxins and coplanar PCBs were detected in the samples from temperate Asian regions, plausibly due to larger usage and anthropogenic generation in highly industrialized countries around the East China Sea and the South China Sea, such as Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and coastal China.     

Carbamazepine degradation by photolysis and titanium dioxide photocatalysis

We investigated the degradation of carbamazepine by photolysis/ultraviolet (UV)-C only and titanium dioxide photocatalysis. The degradation of carbamazepine by UV-only and titanium-dioxide-only (adsorption) reactions were inefficient, however, complete degradation of carbamazepine was observed by titanium dioxide photocatalysis within 30 min. The rate of degradation increased as initial carbamazepine concentration decreased, and the removal kinetics fit well with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The addition of methanol, a radical scavenger, decreased carbamazepine removal, suggesting that the hydroxide radical played an important role during carbamazepine degradation. The addition of oxygen during titanium dioxide photocatalysis accelerated hydroxide radical production, thus improving mineralization activity. The photocatalytic degradation was more efficient at a higher pH, whereas the removal of carbamazepine and acridine (a major intermediate) were more efficient under aerobic conditions. The mineralization of carbamazepine during photocatalysis produced various ionic by-products such as ammonium and nitrate by way of nitrogen dioxide.     

Background levels of non-ortho-substituted (coplanar) polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum of Missouri residents

This study characterizes the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) congeners PCB 77, PCB 81, PCB 126, and PCB 169, in a group of 150 men and women with no documented exposure to PCBs. Its purpose is to provide current referent levels of coplanar PCBs in Missouri residents and to compare those levels to levels reported in the literature from the United States and other countries. Although this study used an extensive questionnaire assessing potential sources of exposure, no positive relations were found between these exposure sources and participants' PCB levels. The PCB levels for the four congeners measured were lower than any reported in the literature. PCBs 126 and 169 are only two of the dioxin-like congeners; however, their contribution makes up 11% of the total TEQ. Age was significantly related to PCB 126 and PCB 169. For every one-year increase in age, both PCB congeners increased by approximately 0.4 parts per trillion (ppt). There was no gender difference for PCB 126; however, PCB 169 levels were 3 ppt higher in males than females.     

纳米二氧化钛光催化氧化油田采出水中萘和芴的影响因素分析

利用纳米二氧化钛光催化氧化技术,分析了不同影响因素UV波长(UVA 365 nm、UVB 308 nm和UVC 254 nm)、温度、pH、催化剂(TiO2)、抑制剂(BuOH)和氧化剂(O2、H2O2和O3)对油田采出水中多环芳烃萘和芴降解效率的影响,并进一步优化出单因子的最佳条件。实验结果表明,各因素对萘和芴降解有不同的影响,但其效果都随波长减小和酸度降低而得到增强。当其他条件为一致最优时(T=90℃, TiO2=0.5 g/L和BuOH=0.03 mol),当H2O2=0.01 mol 或O2=30 mL/min时,萘的降解率最高,而当H2O2=0.1 mol或O3=30 mL/min对芴的降解效果最好。     

水淬钢渣碳酸化固定CO2

利用HSC-Chemistry 软件平台对以气-液-固三相为基础的水淬钢渣碳酸化固定二氧化碳进行了热力学分析,结果表明,温度700 K以下钢渣主要含钙相在水溶液中能够自发与CO2反应,碳酸化固定CO2是可行的;并通过实验研究了反应时间、钢渣粒径、CO2流量及液固比等主要参数对水淬钢渣碳酸化固定CO2的影响。结果显示,在初期阶段反应迅速,固碳率在3 h达到27.9%,即固定二氧化碳的能力约为279 kg/t(钢渣),随后逐渐趋于平衡。粒度越细对固碳过程越有利,液固比及CO2流量影响不明显; XRD及SEM结果也验证了水淬钢渣固定CO2是可行的。     

Removal of arsenic from groundwater by granular titanium dioxide adsorbent

A novel granular titanium dioxide (TiO2) was evaluated for the removal of arsenic from groundwater. Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent and the effect of anions on arsenic removal. Batch experimental results showed that more arsenate [As(V)] was adsorbed on TiO2 than arsenite [As(III)] in US groundwater at pH 7.0. The adsorption capacities for As(V) and As(III) were 41.4 and 32.4 mgg(-1) TiO2, respectively. However, the adsorbent had a similar adsorption capacity for As(V) and As(III) (approximately 40 mgg(-1)) when simulated Bangladesh groundwater was used. Silica (20 mgl(-1)) and phosphate (5.8 mgl(-1)) had no obvious effect on the removal of As(V) and As(III) by TiO2 at neutral pH. Point-of-entry (POE) filters containing 3 l of the granular adsorbent were tested for the removal of arsenic from groundwater in central New Jersey, USA. Groundwater was continuously passed through the filters at an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 3 min. Approximately 45,000 bed volumes of groundwater containing an average of 39 microgl(-1) of As(V) was treated by the POE filter before the effluent arsenic concentration increased to 10 microgl(-1). The total treated water volumes per weight of adsorbent were about 60,000 l per 1 kg of adsorbent. The field filtration results demonstrated that the granular TiO2 adsorbent was very effective for the removal of arsenic in groundwater.     

TiO2光催化技术处理饮用水微污染及杀灭微生物的研究

光催化处理饮用水微量污染物以及在饮用水消毒和杀菌方面的研究是近年来研究的热点.本文论述了 TiO2光催化处理饮用水中的微量卤代物、腐殖质、微生物代谢产物,以及杀灭细菌、真菌和病毒等微生物的研究进展.探讨了光催化杀灭微生物的作用机制,最后对该研究领域的发展方向提出建议和展望.     

二氧化钛脱除高温烟气中的氯化氢

HCl是城市垃圾焚烧产生的主要气体污染物之一。将一种新型脱氯剂TiO2引入到垃圾焚烧系统中,并与其他脱氯剂的性能进行比较。研究了不同脱氯剂使用量、不同反应温度和不同HCl气体浓度对TiO2、CaO和CaTiO3脱氯效果的影响。结果显示,TiO2能在高温(800~1 000℃)、高HCl浓度(1 303.6~1 629.5 mg/m3)下获得较好的脱氯效果。与传统的脱氯剂CaO相比,TiO2更适合于高温烟气脱氯,其在1 000℃时的氯容(36.3 mg HCl/g TiO2)几乎是相同情况下的CaO氯容(9.3 mg HCl/g CaO)的4倍。而CaTiO3的脱氯效果不但受到自身分解效率的影响,还受到TiO2和CaO脱氯效果的影响,其脱氯效果较差。     

二氧化钛滤柱对高砷污酸废水的吸附去除

冶炼废水中高浓度砷的去除及回收是环境领域面临的一大挑战。提出利用颗粒TiO2填充滤柱对酸性废水中的高浓度砷进行连续在线吸附去除。经过3个连续串联的TiO2滤柱,原水中高达2.5 g·L-1的三价砷可降至国家工业废水排放标准以下（-1）。空床接触时间（EBCT）实验结果表明,当EBCT=20 min时滤柱中TiO2可达到最大利用率。使用后的TiO2颗粒可用H2SO4和NaOH进行反洗再生。X射线衍射分析结果表明,经过再生后颗粒TiO2的晶型并未发生变化,能够实现对砷的再吸附。基于同步辐射技术的微束X射线荧光（μ-XRF）分析结果表明,反洗后少量固体残渣中有多种重金属共存。砷的K边微束X射线近边吸收结构（μ-XANES）表明固体残渣中存在五价砷,说明反洗过程中三价砷部分氧化。固体残渣可以通过化学提纯的方式实现砷及多种共存重金属的回收。再生废液可与原酸性废水混合调pH至中性后重新进入滤柱进行吸附去除。提出的利用颗粒TiO2处理酸性冶炼废水的新方法可有效去除废水中的高浓度三价砷,吸附剂可重复利用,同时可以实现砷及其他重金属的回收,整个工艺流程几乎不产生废渣,对环境友好的同时可产生经济效益。     

Combined effects of titanium dioxide and humic acid on the bioaccumulation of cadmium in Zebrafish

The combined effects of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles and humic acid (HA) on the bioaccumulation of cadmium (Cd) in Zebrafish were investigated. Experimental data on the equilibrium Cd bioaccumulation suggest that only the dissolved Cd effectively contributed to Cd bioaccumulation in HA solutions whereas both the dissolved and TiO₂ associated Cd were accumulated in TiO₂ or the mixture of HA and TiO₂ solutions, due likely to the additional intestine uptake of the TiO₂-bound Cd. The equilibrium Cd bioaccumulation in the mixed system was comparable to that in the corresponding HA solutions, and significantly lower than that in the corresponding TiO₂ solutions (n = 3, p < 0.05). The presence of either HA or TiO₂ (5-20 mg L⁻¹) in water slightly increased the uptake rate constants of Cd bioaccumulation whereas combining HA and TiO₂ reduced the uptake rate constants.     

商业钛白粉的脱硝性能

对商业催化剂中最常见的载体钛白粉的脱硝活性和选择性展开实验研究,探究了不同钛白粉在相同实验参数下脱硝率的差异和N2O生成量的变化规律,并从组成成分、比表面积和孔容积等方面对各种钛白粉进行对比分析,以探究其脱硝性能差异的原因。实验表明,6001和6002表现出相似的脱硝活性,且高于6003和6009;WO3能较为有效地发挥活性组分的作用,而Na2O、K2O等对于脱硝活性的影响不大;6001在低于400℃时生成更多的N2O,但超过400℃后明显低于6003和6009;负载WO3和掺加SiO2对钛白粉的孔隙结构没有太大的影响,但BaSO4的添加会显著影响钛白粉的孔隙结构。     

自来水二氧化氯消毒控制三氯甲烷研究

对自来水二氧化氯消毒控制三氯甲烷形成进行了试验研究 ,二氧化氯预消毒替代预氯化消毒可以降低水中的三氯甲烷 ,预消毒处理后形成三氯甲烷的反应受温度和反应时间的影响。使用二氧化氯与氯配制的混合消毒剂消毒时 ,随二氧化氯含量增加 ,水中的三氯甲烷将明显减少。     

Immobilized Fe (III)-doped titanium dioxide for photodegradation of dissolved organic compounds in water

Photocatalytic degradation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by utilizing Fe(III)-doped TiO₂ at the visible radiation range is hereby reported. The photocatalyst was immobilized on sintered glass frits with the coating done by wet method, calcinated at 500 °C and then applied in a photodegradation reactor. The addition of a transition metal dopant, Fe(III), initiated the red shift which was confirmed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, and the photocatalyst was activated by visible radiation. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that Fe(III) doping had an effect on the crystallinity of the photocatalysts. Mixtures of DOC and associated coloured solutions were degraded in first-order kinetics, showing that the degradation process was not dependent on intermediates or other species in solution. A reactor with a catalyst coating area of 12.57 cm² was able to degrade 0.623 mg of the dissolved material per minute. Exposure of the reactor to hostile acidic conditions and repeated use did not compromise its efficiency. It was observed that the reactor regenerates itself in the presence of visible light, and therefore, it can be re-used for more than 100 runs before the performance dropped to <95 %. The results obtained indicate that the photocatalyst reactor has a great potential of application for use in tandem with biosorbent cartridges to complement water purification methods for domestic consumption.     

Photodegradation of monochlorobenzene in titanium dioxide aqueous suspensions

The photocatalytic degradation of monochlorobenzene using titanium dioxide aqueous suspensions was performed under solar-simulated irradiation. The effects of concentration of monochlorobenzene, amount of titanium dioxide and pH of solution on the degradation were examined. The intermediates identified were three monochlorophenols, chlorohydroquinone and hydroxy-hydroquinone.     

Distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and non-ortho coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls in river and offshore sediments

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and non-ortho chlorine substituted coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (Co-PCBs, non-ortho Cl CBs) in river and offshore sediment samples were analyzed isomer-specifically using (13)C-labeled their respective internal standards and a selected ion monitoring method of high resolution gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). These compounds were found in all samples analyzed. The average concentrations of the total PCDDs, PCDFs and Co-PCBs in the 23 sediment samples taken from rivers were 11 000, 1300 and 160 pgg(-1) of dry wt, respectively, those in six offshore sediments were 7600, 980 and 52 pgg(-1), respectively. The concentrations of Co-PCBs were much lower than those of PCDDs and PCDFs in all sediment samples. The magnitude of these concentrations was in the order of lower reach of river > offshore area > upper reach of river. The concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs in the rural river were higher than those in the urban river, whereas the Co-PCB concentration in an urban river was six times higher than that in a rural river. The Co-PCB concentrations in the urban area and industrial area were higher than that in any other area. These findings suggest that the pollution by PCDDs and PCDFs was derived from some kinds of incinerations and herbicides applied in the past and that Co-PCB pollution was caused by PCB preparation used in the past in urban and industrial areas and by municipal waste incineration in urban areas.     

Assessment of the physico-chemical behavior of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in aquatic environments using multi-dimensional parameter testing

Assessment of the behavior and fate of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in natural aquatic media is crucial for the identification of environmentally critical properties of the ENPs. Here we present a methodology for testing the dispersion stability, ζ-potential and particle size of engineered nanoparticles as a function of pH and water composition. The results obtained from already widely used titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Evonik P25 and Hombikat UV-100) serve as a proof-of-concept for the proposed testing scheme. In most cases the behavior of the particles in the tested settings follows the expectations derived from classical DLVO theory for metal oxide particles with variable charge and an isoelectric point at around pH 5, but deviations also occur. Regardless of a 5-fold difference in BET specific surface area particles composed of the same core material behave in an overall comparable manner. The presented methodology can act as a basis for the development of standardised methods for comparing the behavior of different nanoparticles within aquatic systems.