固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定地毯中总挥发性有机化合物

建立了一种固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用测定地毯中总挥发性有机化合物的方法，该方法简便快速，重现性好，分析结果同小型环境平衡舱法测定的结果比较吻合。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定地毯中总挥发性有机化合物

建立了一种固相微萃取与气相色谱质谱联用测定地毯中总挥发性有机化合物的方法,该方法简便快速,重现性好,分析结果同小型环境平衡舱法测定的结果比较吻合。     

空气中挥发性有机物监测技术的研究进展

讨论了空气中挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的监测分析方法研究进展。重点介绍了空气中VOCs的采集、分析和测定；简要叙述了样品前处理的新方法--固相微萃取法（SPME）与其它前处理方法的研究概况。     

固相微萃取-毛细管气相色谱法快速分析水中酞酸酯

用固相微萃取富集水中酞酸酯，毛细管气相色谱分离分析，整个分析过程只需50min，检出限可达0.01-40.0μg／L，实验表明，固相微萃取是一种快速、简便、集萃取浓缩进样于一体的样品前处理技术，具有分析时间短、灵敏度高、无需有机溶剂的优点，已用于地面水源、海水、饮用水中酞酸酯含量的测定。     

固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱法测定水中多环芳烃

建立了固相萃取-气相色谱／质谱联用测定水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分析方法．优化了固相萃取条件。结果表明,固相萃取效率高、萃取时间短,采用MS的选择离子检测方式对实际水样中PAHs进行定性定量分析,平均回收率在80．4％～115％之间,相对标准偏差为7．03％～18．5％,方法的检出限在0．010～0．020μg／L之间。通过实际样品中PAHs的分析表明,该法快速,溶剂用量少,能满足痕量分析的要求。     

痕量壬基酚及相关化合物的样品预处理和测定

对近年来环境样品中痕量内分泌干扰物壬基酚及相关化合物的分离富集方法和测定技术的研究进展进行了综合评述。重点讨论了索氏提取、液液萃取、液膜分离、回流萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、超临界流体萃取、超声提取八种样品预处理方法和气相色谱质谱联用、高效液相色谱两种测定方法,而且针对以上方面提出了尚需进一步研究的问题。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定饮用水及其水源水中的氯酚

利用固相微萃取(SPME)-气相色谱法(GC)联用技术测定饮用水及其水源水中的氯酚．优化萃取温度、萃取平衡时间、酸度、离子强度等实验条件．所建方法简便、精确,自来水和太湖水中均检测到氯酚。     

活性炭纤维固相微萃取-气质联用色谱测定废煤气脱硫剂中的萘

采用活性炭纤维固相微萃取-气质联用色谱法测定废煤气脱硫剂中的萘含量,探讨了萃取方式、萃取时间、萃取温度、解吸条件对萃取效率的影响.结果表明,最优萃取条件为40℃下顶空萃取10 min,260℃下解吸2 min.最优萃取条件下,检测方法的线性范围为200～870 mg/L,相关系数为0.998,检测限为10 ng/L.利...     

碳纳米管顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定土壤中有机氯农药

采用碳纳米管顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定了土壤中有机氯农药,探讨了萃取时间、萃取温度、搅拌速度、离子强度、有机溶剂和土壤加水量对萃取效率的影响.该方法的线性范围为0.5～50.0 ng/g,r0.991 5,检出限为0.03～0.33 ng/g.样品的加标回收率为91.4%～120.0%,相对标准偏差不大于12.7%.     

顶空箭型固相微萃取—气相色谱—串联质谱法测定水中9种藻致异味物质

通过单因素设计实验考查萃取时间、萃取温度和氯化钠加入量对9种藻致异味物质(2-甲基异莰醇、土臭素、2-异丙基-3-甲氧基吡嗪、2-异丁基-3-甲氧基吡嗪、2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚、2,3,6-三氯苯甲醚、2,3,4-三氯苯甲醚、β-紫罗兰酮、β-环柠檬醛)萃取效果的影响,并通过响应面设计进一步优化得到顶空箭型固相微萃取的条件,建立了顶空箭型固相微萃取—气相色谱—串联质谱法高效测定水中9种典型藻致异味物质的方法,并进行方法学验证。结果表明,最佳萃取条件为每5.0 mL水样萃取时间10.0 min、萃取温度40℃、氯化钠加入量1.78 g。利用优化方法分析苏州河实际水样,检出4种藻致异味物质,加标回收率为63.8%～140.0%,精密度为0.67%～15.50%,该方法可有效应用于地表水中藻致异味物质的检测。     

Analysis of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in municipal wastewater using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography.

The aim of this work was to develop a simple and fast analytical method for the determination of a wide range of organic compounds (volatile and semivolatile compounds) in municipal wastewater. The headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography (with mass spectroscopy) was used for determination of the organic compounds. In this study, 39 organic compounds were determined, including 3 sulfur compounds, 28 substituted benzenes, and 8 substituted phenols. The extraction parameters, such as types of SPME fiber, extraction temperature, extraction time, desorption time, salt effect, and magnetic stirring, were investigated. The method had very good repeatability, because the relative standard deviations ranged from 0.5 to 12%. The detection limit of each compound was at or below the microgram-per-liter level. This method was applied for determination of the organic compounds in raw wastewater, primary effluent, secondary effluent, and chlorinated secondary effluent samples from the Chania Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (Crete, Greece).     

Emission of biocides from treated materials test procedures for water and air

Methods for the determination of biocide emissions from treated materials into water and air were developed and tested in order to support a comparative ecological assessment of biocidal products. Leaching tests, experiments with simulated rain, extraction cleaning of carpets and emission chamber tests were performed with a series of treated materials. The experiments focused on the effect of changes in the procedure as well as characteristics of the specimens and demonstrate the suitability of the proposed methods for biocides of different product types. It was demonstrated that emissions of biocides into water can be compared on the basis of leaching tests in which the emission kinetics of the active ingredients are recorded. However, the water volume per surface area and the timetable for water changes have to be defined in such tests. Functions of flux rates related to time can be well described for inorganic compounds, whereas modelling of the data is more complicated for organic substances. Emission chamber tests using 20-litre and 23-litre glass exsiccators, originally developed to study volatile organic compounds, were successfully adapted for the investigation of the emission of biocides from treated materials which are usually semi volatile organic compounds. However test parameters and the method of analysis have to be adapted to the substances to be determined. Generally, it was found that the emission curves for the semi volatile organic compounds investigated differ from those of volatile organic compounds.     

Air sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds with solid phase microextraction

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) presents many advantages over conventional analytical methods by combining sampling, preconcentration, and direct transfer of the analytes into a standard gas chromatograph (GC). Since its commercial introduction in the early 1990s, SPME has been successfully applied to the sampling and analysis of environmental samples. This paper presents an overview of the current methods for air sampling and analysis with SPME using both grab and time-weighted average (TWA) modes. Methods include total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), formaldehyde, and several target volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Field sampling data obtained with these methods in indoor air were validated with conventional methods based on sorbent tubes. The advantages and challenges associated with SPME for air sampling are also discussed. SPME is accurate, fast, sensitive, versatile, and cost-efficient, and could serve as a powerful alternative to conventional methods used by the research, industrial, regulatory, and academic communities.     

Comments on the NAS Report: Odors From Stationary and Mobile Sources

ABSTRACT

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) presents many advantages over conventional analytical methods by combining sampling, preconcentration, and direct transfer of the analytes into a standard gas chromatograph (GC). Since its commercial introduction in the early 1990s, SPME has been successfully applied to the sampling and analysis of environmental samples. This paper presents an overview of the current methods for air sampling and analysis with SPME using both grab and time-weighted average (TWA) modes. Methods include total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), formaldehyde, and several target volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Field sampling data obtained with these methods in indoor air were validated with conventional methods based on sorbent tubes. The advantages and challenges associated with SPME for air sampling are also discussed. SPME is accurate, fast, sensitive, versatile, and cost-efficient, and could serve as a powerful alternative to conventional methods used by the research, industrial, regulatory, and academic communities.     

Measurement of organic mass to organic carbon ratio in ambient aerosol samples using a gravimetric technique in combination with chemical analysis

Organic materials make up a significant fraction of ambient particulate mass. It is important to quantify their contributions to the total aerosol mass for the identification of aerosol sources and subsequently formulating effective control measures. The organic carbon (OC) mass can be determined by an aerosol carbon analyzer; however, there is no direct method for the determination of the mass of organic compounds, which also contain N, H, and O atoms in addition to C. The often-adopted approach is to estimate the organic mass (OM) from OC multiplying by a factor. However, this OC-to-OM multiplier was rarely measured for a lack of appropriate methods for OM. We report here a top-down approach to determine OM by coupling thermal gravimetric and chemical analyses. OM is taken to be the mass difference of a filter before and after heating at 550 °C in air for 4 h minus mass losses due to elemental carbon (EC), volatile inorganic compounds (e.g., NH₄NO₃), and loss of aerosol-associated water that arise from the heating treatment. The losses of EC and inorganic compounds are determined through chemical analysis of the filter before and after the heating treatment. We analyzed 37 ambient aerosol samples collected in Hong Kong during the winter of 2003, spring of 2004, and summer of 2005. A value of 2.1±0.3 was found to be the appropriate factor to convert OC to OM in these Hong Kong aerosol samples. If the dominant air mass is classified into two categories, then an OM-to-OC ratio of 2.2 was applicable to aerosols dominated by continent-originated air mass, and 1.9 was applicable to aerosols dominated by marine air mass.     

室内空气中挥发性有机化合物及多孔炭材料在其脱除中的应用

随着工业化进程的不断推进,室内空气中的挥发性有机化合物（ＶＯＣ） 对室内环境的污染日渐严重,对人体的健康也造成了危害。本文对此作了介绍,并综述了国内外室内空气污染物的监测、采样、分析手段及治理方法,着重叙述了多孔炭材料在环保中的应用开发。     

Volatile organic compounds produced during the aerobic biological processing of municipal solid waste in a pilot plant

The volatile organic carbon (VOC) and odours emitted during the aerobic biological processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) was studied in a pilot-scale reactor. VOCs were detected by different techniques on solid waste samples and the outlet air stream, before and after a biofilter. Organic compounds (alpha-pinene, beta-myrcene, D-limonene) were also measured in condensate water and leachate from the process. Results showed uniformity in the composition of the air in the solid waste samples, air sampled during the process and condensed water, indicating a matrix-derived origin of these compounds. Leachates, however, contained substances with a quite different molecular structure from the compounds identified in the gaseous fraction. Most of the substances in the gaseous effluent had a hydrocarbon-like structure, mainly terpenoids. The odour produced and detected through olfactometry agreed with GC-MS analyses. This was true above all for terpenes.     

Measurements of non-methane hydrocarbons, DOC in surface ocean waters and aerosols over the Nordic seas during polarstern cruise ARK-XX/1 (2004)

To explore processes leading to the formation of volatile organic compounds at the sea surface and their transfer to the atmosphere, whole air, marine aerosols, and surface ocean water DOC were simultaneously sampled during June-July 2004 on the Nordic seas. 19 C(2)-C(6) non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in the air samples are reported from nine sites, spanning a range of latitudes. Site-to-site variability in NMHC concentrations was high, which suggests variable, local sources for these compounds studied. Total DOC in surface waters sampled ranged from 0.84 mg l(-1) (Fram Strait) to 1.06 mg l(-1) (East Greenland Current), and decreased 6-8% with 24h UV-A irradiation. Pentanes and hexanes, as well as acetone and dimethylsulfide, were identified in the seawater samples using solid-phase microextraction/GC-MS. All these compounds are volatile enough that exchange with the atmosphere can be expected, and the detection of the hydrocarbons in particular is consistent with a marine source for these in the air samples. Size-fractionated aerosols from the same sampling regions were analysed by SEM-EDX and contained sea salt, marine sulfates, and carbonates. A culturable bacterium was isolated from the large (9.9-18 microm) fraction at one site, and identified by 16S rRNA PCR analysis as Micrococcus luteus, raising the possibility that marine bioaerosols could transfer marine organic carbon to the aerosol phase and thus influence formation of VOCs above the remote oceans.     

Ambient Air Analyses Using Nonspecific Flame lonization and Electron Capture Detection Compared to Specific Detection by Mass Spectroscopy

Ambient air samples from various studies were analyzed for a specific set of trace-level volatile organic compounds by using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) in parallel with an electron capture detector (ECD). The samples were then reanalyzed on a second GC system equipped with a mass selective detector (MSD). GC-FID/ECD data were compared to the nominally correct GC-MSD data to determine the accuracy of the nonspecific detectors, which often do not differentiate the targeted compound from Interfering compounds. Qualitative accuracy (capability for correctly identifying compounds on the basis of retention time only) and quantitative accuracy (capability for correctly measuring the concentration of an identified compound on the basis of peak area) were evaluated. Data are presented on a per-compound basis to provide the combined typical results from air samples collected in three geographic regions: Kanawha Valley, WV; Los Angeles, CA, area; and Houston, TX.     

A Chemical Mass Balance for Volatile Organics in Chicago

Increasing attention to the presence of atmospheric volatile organic compounds has focused interest on the sources and fate of organics in ambient air. The purpose of this study was to develop a chemical mass balance receptor model (CMB) to determine the contributions of major organic pollution source types to ambient pollution levels. Twenty mid-day ambient air samples were analyzed for the presence of volatile hydrocarbons by gas chromatographlc procedures. Based on these measurements, contributions from vehicles, gasoline vapor emissions, and petroleum refineries to ambient organic concentrations were estimated. For the receptor site studied, vehicles were the dominant source type and accounted for 60.8 percent of the organics evaluated. Contributions from refineries, gasoline vapor, and all other sources were 10.1, 11.1, and 17.9 percent, respectively. Validation of the predictions showed that the model is sensitive to the effect of overall upwind emissions. The CMB model was shown to produce reasonable predictive results for vehicles, gasoline vapor, and refinery contributions to ambient non-methane organic concentrations.