柠檬酸对褐土中DTPA提取态铜、镉含量及对紫花苜蓿吸收铜、镉的影响

为了阐述有机酸对土壤中重金属生物有效性的影响,通过盆栽实验,研究了Cu、Cd复合污染下柠檬酸对褐土中二乙基三胺五乙酸(DTPA)提取态铜和镉含量的影响,并探讨了柠檬酸对植物吸收铜、镉的影响。结果表明,土壤中DT-PA-Cu含量随柠檬酸添加量的增加而减小,添加高浓度铜(Cu 1 000)处理中,DTPA-Cu含量减小更明显。在添加低铜浓度(Cu600)处理下,柠檬酸添加量为2和12 mmol/kg时,土壤DTPA-Cu含量随土壤镉含量的增加而增加,而柠檬酸含量为5mmol/kg时,DTPA-Cu含量在低镉处理(Cd 1)时含量最低。紫花苜蓿中铜含量随柠檬酸添加量的增加明显降低。土壤中DTPA-Cd含量随柠檬酸添加量的增加而减小,且随铜添加量的增加而降低。紫花苜蓿中的镉含量随柠檬酸添加量的增加先增加后减小;在相同柠檬酸添加量处理时,紫花苜蓿中镉的含量随镉含量的增加而增加;在低镉处理下,铜的加入对较低柠檬酸浓度时紫花苜蓿镉含量影响不明显,但柠檬酸浓度为12 mmol/kg时,紫花苜蓿中镉含量随铜添加量的增加而明显增加。     

柠檬酸对小麦吸收铜的影响

通过土培和水培试验,研究了柠檬酸对小麦吸收铜的影响.土培结果表明：柠檬酸对土壤中的铜有一定的活化能力,使土壤中生物有效性的铜含量提高,从而提高了小麦中铜的含量,并且表明茎叶中的元素铜含量一般比根中的铜含量要低.水培结果表明：柠檬酸对小麦积累铜存在＂高抑低促＂的生物效应.     

亚硫酸钠和腐植酸对李氏禾生长和铬积累的影响

通过水培实验,研究了不同水平亚硫酸钠、腐植酸对李氏禾植株生长、铬吸收积累和营养液中铬含量的影响.亚硫酸钠和腐植酸能明显提高李氏禾对铬的吸收和富集能力.与对照相比,50 mg/L亚硫酸钠处理能显著提高李氏禾根、茎、叶中铬含量和积累量;10 mg/L腐植酸处理能显著提高李氏禾根、茎、叶中铬含量和积累量.亚硫酸钠和腐植酸能明显提高转运系数,促进铬从李氏禾根向地上部分的转移.50 mg/L亚硫酸钠和5 mg/L腐植酸处理下,转运系数大于1,地上部铬含量显著高于根中铬含量.亚硫酸钠显著提高营养液中Eh值,对pH值的影响不明显,李氏禾对铬的吸收以Cr(III)为主.     

施加磷元素后对小麦抗重金属铜毒性的影响

将小麦幼苗放在含有不同浓度磷元素（1 mmol/L和10 mmol/L）和铜元素（0.16μmol/L、100μmol/L和1 mmol/L）的培养液中处理12 h后,观察植物体内铜元素的含量、叶绿素含量、抗坏血酸循环的变化.结果表明,当培养液中施加的铜元素浓度相同时,施加较高浓度的磷（10 mmol/L）能促进植物根部吸收和积累铜,并能促进铜元素从根部向地上部的运输.此外,实验结果还表明,当培养液中都含有较少量的铜（0.16μmol/L）元素时,比较磷浓度对植物体内生理反应的影响时,发现在含有高浓度磷的培养液中培养的小麦体内的受到较少的膜质过氧化损伤,光合色素的含量保持稳定.但是,当培养液中有较高浓度的铜元素（100μmol/L和1 mmol/L）时,施加高浓度的磷反而加剧了植物体内的膜质过氧化损伤和引起光合色素的分解,从而不利于植物正常的生长发育.     

重金属锌胁迫下湿地植物对磷的吸收能力变化研究

选择4种常见的湿地植物,研究了重金属锌胁迫下,湿地植物对磷的吸收能力的变化。结果表明,当加入0.5 g ZnSO₄/kg 土壤时,4种湿地植物根表铁氧化物胶膜对锌的吸附量增加,而对磷的吸附量显著降低（p<0.05）;湿地植物根表铁氧化物胶膜上吸附的磷是湿地植物吸收的磷源,并影响湿地植物地上部分磷含量;在高浓度锌的胁迫下,灯心草地上部分铁含量增加,而导致地上部分磷含量显著降低（p<0.05）。湿地植物根表铁氧化物胶膜上的锌和地上部分铁含量都影响了湿地植物对磷的吸收。     

施加磷元素后对小麦抗重金属铜毒性的影响

将小麦幼苗放在含有不同浓度磷元素(1 mmol/L和10 mmol/L)和铜元素(0.16μmol/L、100μmol/L和1 mmol/L)的培养液中处理12 h后,观察植物体内铜元素的含量、叶绿素含量、抗坏血酸循环的变化.结果表明,当培养液中施加的铜元素浓度相同时,施加较高浓度的磷(10 mmol/L)能促进植物根部吸收和积累铜,并能促进铜元素从根部向地上部的运输.此外,实验结果还表明,当培养液中都含有较少量的铜(0.16μmol/L)元素时,比较磷浓度对植物体内生理反应的影响时,发现在含有高浓度磷的培养液中培养的小麦体内的受到较少的膜质过氧化损伤,光合色素的含量保持稳定.但是,当培养液中有较高浓度的铜元素(100μmol/L和1 mmol/L)时,施加高浓度的磷反而加剧了植物体内的膜质过氧化损伤和引起光合色素的分解,从而不利于植物正常的生长发育.     

工业搬迁区绿化带土壤铜污染及其在植物体内的迁移

老工业搬迁区主要道路两旁绿化带土壤由于历经老工业企业的变迁和环境的污染破坏,可在一定程度上对这一地区环境的历史变迁及重金属污染状况起到指示作用。采集沈阳铁西老工业搬迁区绿化带土壤及其绿化乔木和灌木植株样品,分析土壤中铜的总量及生物有效态含量,同时分别分析了绿化乔木(8种)和绿化灌木(6种)植株根、枝条和叶片的含铜量。结果表明,搬迁区绿化带土壤中含铜量为29.14~166.95mg/kg,显著高于沈阳市土壤铜元素的背景值;土壤有效态铜为0.23~1.72mg/kg,达到中等水平(0.3~1.0mg/kg)的占采样点总数的70.0%。数据还显示,绿化乔木和灌木对铜的蓄积能力依品种不同差异显著,同种植物不同部位(根、枝条和叶片)对铜的富集能力不同;总体上,绿化乔木植株体内含铜量的分布规律为根叶片枝条或叶片根枝条,绿化灌木植株体内含铜量的分布规律为根叶片枝条。对铜蓄积能力较强的绿化乔木为榆叶梅(Amygdalus triloba Lindl.)、垂柳(Salix babylonica Linn.)、旱柳(Salix matsudana Koidz.)和银杏(Ginkgo biloba),对铜蓄积能力较强的绿化灌木为大叶女贞(Ligustrum lucidum Ait.)、小叶女贞(Ligustrum quihoui Carr.)和紫叶小檗(Berberis thunbergii cv.Atropurpurea)。     

土壤铜形态和生物有效性对施用生物质炭的响应

采用改进的Tessier方法对土壤Cu形态进行分级,研究了添加生物质炭对土壤重金属Cu形态、生物有效性和小麦生长及生理指标的影响。结果表明,石灰性土壤中Cu主要以碳酸盐结合态、氧化态和残渣态形式存在,三者占土壤Cu的90%以上。添加生物质炭后,土壤中的碳酸盐结合态铜、氧化态铜含量有所减少,但不显著;有机物结合态铜含量增加了131.25%,达到极显著水平,其中主要增加了紧有机结合态。添加生物质炭在培养一定时间后（30 d后）土壤有效态铜含量降低,120天时最大降低幅度达50.66%,添加生物质炭提高了冬小麦的根系重、茎秆干重、籽粒干重和灌浆期旗叶叶绿素含量,降低了根系、茎秆和籽粒的含铜量以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,并随着生物质炭施用量的增加有显著性差异。综合看来,生物质炭对土壤铜污染具有钝化作用。     

磁性活性炭处理含铜废水

利用自制磁性活性炭对水中Cu(Ⅱ)的去除进行静态吸附研究,考察了吸附时间、Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度以及磁性活性炭投加量对铜离子去除率的影响。结果表明,磁性活性炭投加量为3 g/L时,对铜离子的去除率达92.6%;磁性活性炭对铜离子的吸附在最初的20 min是一个快速吸附,去除率达到总去除率的90%以上;随着Cu(Ⅱ)初始浓度的增大,Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率逐渐减小,磁性活性炭吸附铜离子可用Langmuir吸附等温式和Freundlich方程描述;利用磁铁对溶液中磁性活性炭进行回收,回收率达到87%。     

颗粒态铜对鱼的生物有效性

用采虹方头鱼进行了不同形态铜有效性的暴露实验。涉及的形态包括游离态和吸附态。研究结果发现,对实验鱼而言,除游离态铜是最重要的生物有效态外,颗粒态铜也能部分地被鱼吸收。鱼鳃是吸收游离态和细颗粒吸附态铜的主要部位。食物（粗颗粒态）中的铜则能通过摄食方式被吸收     

Differences in phosphorus translocation contributes to differential arsenic tolerance between plants of Borreria verticillata (Rubiaceae) from mine and non-mine sites

We have identified new arsenic-tolerant plant species Borreria verticillata (Rubiaceae) that has mine and non-mine populations at a highly contaminated site (CS) and an uncontaminated site (UCS), respectively, in Brazil. Plants of B. verticillata from both sites were cultivated at different As and P concentrations. At low P concentration, CS plants showed reduced As uptake, higher P translocation to shoots, higher constitutive levels of phenolic compounds in roots, and higher tolerance to this metalloid. At the lowest P and highest As concentration, CS plants showed higher biomass. In addition, CS plants showed higher P uptake in the absence of As, suggesting that more efficient P translocation could contribute more to tolerance than decreased As uptake. In contrast, at low P concentration, UCS plants showed higher As content in shoot and root, increase in phenol levels in roots, reduction in dry biomass, and decrease of the effective efficiency of photochemical reactions and the electron transport rate. Under higher P concentrations, the decrease in As uptake was similar in both populations. The differences between the two populations with respect to As and P uptake suggest that altered kinetic properties or expression of P transporters contribute to higher As tolerance in B. verticillata from CS. As a ruderal and As-tolerant plant, B. verticillata could be successfully used for the revegetation of contaminated soils.     

Accumulation, speciation and cellular localization of copper in Sesbania drummondii

Growth, accumulation and intracellular speciation and distribution of copper (Cu) in Sesbania drummondii was studied using scanning-electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The growth of seedlings was assessed in terms of biomass accumulation. The growth of the seedling was enhanced by 73.5% at a low Cu concentration (50 mg l⁻¹) compared to the control treatment. Additionally, seedling growth was inhibited by 18% at 300 mg l⁻¹ Cu with respect to the control. Copper concentration in roots and shoots was increased with increasing Cu concentration in the growth solution. The accumulation of Cu was found to be higher in roots than in the shoots. At a concentration of 300 mg l⁻¹ Cu, the roots accumulated 27,440 mg Cu kg⁻¹ dry weight (dw) while shoots accumulated 1282 mg Cu kg⁻¹ dw. Seedlings were assessed for photosynthetic activity by measuring chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters: F_v/F_m and F_v/F₀ values. Photosynthetic integrity was not affected by any of the Cu treatments. The X-ray absorption spectroscopic (XAS) studies showed that Cu was predominantly present as Cu(II) in Sesbania tissue. In addition, from the XAS studies it was shown that the Cu exists in a mixture of different coordination states consisting of Cu bound to sugars and small organic acids with some possible precipitated copper oxide. From the EXAFS studies, the coordination of Cu was determined to have four equatorial oxygen(nitrogen) ligands at 1.96 Å and two axial oxygen ligands at 2.31 Å. Scanning-electron microscopy studies revealed the distribution of Cu within the seedlings tissues, predominantly accumulated in the cortical and vascular (xylem) regions of root tissues. In the stem, most of the Cu was found within the xylem tissue. However, the deposition of Cu within the leaf tissues was in the parenchyma. The present study demonstrates the mechanisms employed by S. drummondii for Cu uptake and its biotransformation.     

Interactions of Trametes versicolor, Coriolopsis rigida and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus deserticola on the copper tolerance of Eucalyptus globulus

The presence of high levels of Cu in soil decreases the shoot and root dry weights of Eucalyptus globulus. However, higher plant tolerance of Cu has been observed in the presence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus deserticola. The hyphal length of G. deserticola was sensitive to low Cu concentrations, and the percentage of AM root colonisation and the metabolic activity of the AM fungus were also decreased by Cu. Therefore, a direct effect of Cu on the development of the AM fungus inside and outside the root cannot be ruled out. E. globulus colonised by G. deserticola had higher metal concentrations in the roots and shoots than do non-mycorrhizal plants; however, the absence of a higher root to shoot metal ratio in the mycorrhizal plants (1.70 ± 0.11) indicated that G. deserticola did not play a filtering/sequestering role against Cu. The saprobe fungi Coriolopsis rigida and Trametes versicolor were able to remove Cu ions from the asparagine–glucose growth media. However, plants inoculated with C. rigida and T. versicolor did not accumulate more Cu than non-inoculated controls, and the growth of the plant was not increased in the presence of these fungi. However, C. rigida increased the shoot dry weight, AM root length colonisation, and metabolic mycelial activity of plants colonised with G. deserticola in the presence of Cu; only this saprobe-AM fungus combination increased the tolerance of E. globulus to Cu. Inoculation with G. deserticola and C. rigida increased the E. globulus Cu uptake to levels reached by hyperaccumulative plants.     

Arsenate tolerance in Silene paradoxa does not rely on phytochelatin-dependent sequestration

Arsenate tolerance, As accumulation and As-induced phytochelatin accumulation were compared in populations of Silene paradoxa, one from a mine site enriched in As, Cu and Zn, the other from an uncontaminated site. The mine population was significantly more arsenate-tolerant. Arsenate uptake and root-to-shoot transport were slightly but significantly higher in the non-mine plants. The difference in uptake was quantitatively insufficient to explain the difference in tolerance between the populations. As accumulation in the roots was similar in both populations, but the mine plants accumulated much less phytochelatins than the non-mine plants. The mean phytochelatin chain length, however, was higher in the mine population, possibly due to a constitutively lower cellular glutathione level. It is argued that the mine plants must possess an arsenic detoxification mechanism other than arsenate reduction and subsequent phytochelatin-based sequestration. This alternative mechanism might explain at least some part of the superior tolerance in the mine plants.     

Euglena gracilis as a model for the study of Cu and Zn toxicity and accumulation in eukaryotic cells

We have observed the effect of copper and zinc on the biology of Euglena gracilis. The cells displayed different sensitivities to these metals, as the apparent LC₅₀ for Cu²⁺ was 0.22 mM, and for Zn²⁺ it was 0.88 mM. While Zn²⁺ was able to increase cell proliferation even at 0.1 mM, the minimal CuCl₂ concentration tested (0.02 mM) was sufficient to impair cell division. Higher concentrations of these metals not only inhibited cell division in a concentration-dependent manner, but also interfered with the metabolism of E. gracilis. A higher accumulation of proteins and lipids per cell was observed at the DI₅₀ concentration for metal-treated cells. These results suggest that the test concentration of both metals leads to a failure in completing cell division. Ultrastructural analysis indicated a chloroplast disorganization in copper-treated cells, as well as the presence of electron dense granules with different shapes and sizes inside vacuoles. Microanalysis of these granules indicated an accumulation of copper, thus suggesting a detoxification role played by the vacuoles. These results indicate that E. gracilis is an efficient biological model for the study of metal poisoning in eukaryotic cells. They also indicate that copper and zinc (copper being more poisonous) had an overall toxic effect on E. gracilis and that part of the effect can be ascribed to defects in the structure of chloroplast membranes.     

Copper resistance of Calluna vulgaris originating from the pollution gradient of a Cu-Ni smelter, in southwest Finland

The copper (Cu) resistance of 1-year-old seedlings of heather (Calluna vulgaris) was tested in a greenhouse experiment. The plant material originated from seeds collected from three peatland sites located 1.2 km to the NW, and 2.5 and 5.5 km to the NE of the Harjavalta Cu-nickel (Ni) smelter, SW Finland. The plants were watered with a nutrient solution containing five different levels of Cu (1, 10, 22, 46 and 100 mg l(-1)). Cu clearly decreased the length growth of shoots, shoot and root biomass of C. vulgaris. More than 50% of the seedlings exposed to the highest Cu treatment died. C. vulgaris accumulated high amounts of Cu, the living old roots containing a maximum of 2200 mg kg(-1) Cu and the living stems 1300 mg kg(-1) Cu. Discolouring leaves contained higher Cu concentrations than green leaves. The results indicate Cu accumulation in roots and root-to-shoot transport. Some differences were found between the responses of the three seed provenances, but none of the populations proved to be more resistant to Cu than the others in all the measured responses.     

Copper tolerance,uptake and accumulation by Phragmites australis

Copper (Cu) uptake and accumulation of five populations of Phragmites australis growing in two mine sites (Parys Mountain, Wales, UK and Plombières, Belgium) contaminated with Cu and three 'clean' sites (Felixstowe, UK; Wisbech, UK and Mai Po, Hong Kong) were studied under field and glasshouse conditions. Cu tolerances in these populations of seedlings raised from seeds collected from the above five sites were also studied under glasshouse conditions. Although concentrations of Cu in the plant tissues (leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots) of P. australis and the associated soils from the Cu-contaminated sites were significantly higher than those of the plant tissues and the soils collected in the clean sites, small differences were found between the two Cu-contaminated populations and the three clean populations when seedlings were grown in 0.1 and 0.5 microg ml(-1) Cu treatment solutions. In general, different populations of seedlings showed similar growth responses, metal uptake and indices of Cu tolerance when cultured in the same Cu treatment solution for 3 weeks. There was insufficient evidence to support the hypothesis that the Cu-contaminated populations have evolved to Cu-tolerant ecotypes.     

Physiological adaptations in the lichens Peltigera rufescens and Cladina arbuscula var. mitis, and the moss Racomitrium lanuginosum to copper-rich substrate

Two lichen species (Peltigera rufescens and Cladina arbuscula subsp. mitis) and one moss species (Racomitrium lanuginosum) growing on a copper mine heaps (probably 200–300 yr old) in the village of Špania dolina (Slovak Republic) were assessed for selected physiological parameters, including composition of assimilation pigments, chlorophyll a fluorescence, soluble proteins and free amino acid content. The lichen C. arbuscula subsp. mitis was collected also at a control locality where total copper concentration in the soil was approximately 3% that of the waste heaps. Concentrations of Al, Co, Cu, Ni, Sb and Zn were highest in thalli of Peltigera, while the moss Racomitrium contained the highest content of Fe and Pb. Thalli of Cladina contained less metals than the cyanolichen Peltigera, and except for Zn metal concentrations in Cladina from the control locality were lower than in thalli of the same species from copper mine heaps. Regardless of the species or locality, the composition of assimilation pigments and chlorophyll a fluorescence showed that the tested lichens and moss were in good physiological condition and adapted to increased copper levels in the soil. There were significantly different amounts of total free amino acids in Peltigera, Cladina and Racomitrium from the Cu-polluted field. However, differences in amount of free amino acids in control, as well as Cu-polluted thalli of Cladina were less pronounced.     

Copper and lead concentrations in salt marsh plants on the Suir Estuary,Ireland

Concentrations of Cu and Pb were determined in the roots and shoots of six salt marsh plant species, and in sediment taken from between the roots of the plants, sampled from the lower salt marsh zone at four sites along the Suir Estuary in autumn 1997. Cu was mainly accumulated in the roots of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species. Pb was mainly accumulated in the roots of monocotyledons, while dicotyledons tended to accumulate Pb in the shoots. In the case of Aster tripolium there was a clear differentiation in the partitioning of Pb within the plant, between low and high salinity sites. At the low salinity sites, Pb accumulated only in the roots while at the high salinity sites there was a marked translocation to the shoots. The increase in Pb concentrations in roots and shoots of A. tripolium was accompanied by a concomitant decrease in sediment concentrations of Pb. This inverse correlation between sediment and plant concentrations of Pb was also recorded for Spartina spp. and Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani but in the case of these species the roots contained higher concentrations of Pb regardless of salinity levels. These differences in accumulation of Cu and Pb in various salt marsh species, and the influence of salinity on the translocation of Pb in A. tripolium in particular, should be taken into account when using these plants for biomonitoring purposes.     

Lead,zinc and copper accumulation and tolerance in populations of Paspalum distichum and Cynodon dactylon

Both Fankou and Lechang lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings located at Guangdong Province contained high levels of total and DTPA-extractable Pb, Zn and Cu. Paspalum distichum and Cynodon dactylon were dominant species colonized naturally on the tailings. Lead, zinc and copper accumulation and tolerance of different populations of the two grasses growing on the tailings were investigated. Tillers of these populations including those from an uncontaminated area were subjected to the following concentrations: 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg l(-1) Pb, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 30 mg (l-1) Zn, or 0.25, 0.50, 1 and 2 mg l(-1) Cu for 14 days, respectively, then tolerance index (TI) and EC50 (the concentrations of metals in solutions which reduce 50% of normal root growth) were calculated. The results indicated that both Lechang and Fankou populations of the two grasses showed a greater tolerance to the three metals than those growing on the uncontaminated area, which suggested that co-tolerant ecotypes have evolved in the two grasses. P. distichum collected from Fankou tailings had the highest tolerance to Cu while Lechang population the highest tolerance to Pb and Zn among the tested populations, and tolerance levels in P. distichum were related to metal concentrations in the plants. P. distichum had a better growth performance than C. dactylon when both of them were grown on the tailings sites. Tolerant populations of these species would serve as potential candidates for re-vegetation of wastelands contaminated with Pb, Zn and Cu.