光合细菌利用沼液废水制氢的影响因素

沼液资源化利用将是未来热点问题,首次尝试研究利用光合细菌处理沼液废水的产氢工艺条件,探讨反应预处理时间、光照度、温度、沼液的pH值和接种量因素对光合细菌产氢过程的影响。结果表明,在光照厌氧的条件下,光合细菌产氢的最佳工艺条件为:温度35℃,光照度1 000 lux,pH值9,接种量50%,反应预处理时间24 h,最大产氢量达到500mL/(200 mL沼液),对进一步研究开发光合细菌处理沼液废水和产氢有重要的参考价值。     

初始pH和温度对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵制氢的影响

以餐厨垃圾为发酵底物,研究不同初始p H和发酵温度对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵制氢潜力、中间代谢产物和发酵途径的影响。结果表明,初始p H和发酵温度对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢性能及代谢途径具有显著影响,高温发酵的产氢效率优于中温发酵。55℃高温、初始p H为6时厌氧发酵产氢性能最佳,累积产气量、最大氢气含量最大,分别达到620 m L和52.45%,挥发性脂肪酸中丁酸浓度最高为6 182.96 mg·L~(-1),发酵类型以丁酸型发酵途径为主。通过初始p H和发酵温度的优化控制可以有效提高产氢微生物的底物利用效率和产氢潜能,改变厌氧发酵途径,保证厌氧发酵制氢系统高效稳定运行。     

木糖高温厌氧发酵产氢的影响因素及两相产氢-产甲烷的能量转化效率

通过批次实验,考查了木糖高温(55℃)厌氧发酵中初始pH(5.0~10.0)和初始底物浓度(2.5~15 g·L~(-1))对产氢效率、液相产物以及木糖降解率的影响;并进行了两相产氢-产甲烷实验,对比单相产甲烷与两相产氢-产甲烷能量转化效率。结果表明:在初始pH=5.0或初始底物浓度为2.5 g·L~(-1)时无氢气产生,最大产氢率1.31 mol H2·(mol木糖)-1在pH=7.0,底物浓度7.5 g·L~(-1)时获得,同时木糖降解率和累积产氢量分别为97.48%和328.4 mL;其主要代谢副产物为丁酸和乙酸,属于丁酸型发酵。厌氧产氢后末端产物甲烷产率为274.9 mL CH_4·(g COD)-1,两相系统能量转化效率达到63.98%,高于单相产甲烷系统的49.39%。     

温度和初始pH对农业固体废物暗发酵产氢的影响

以猪粪、鸡粪、玉米秸秆、餐厨垃圾和厨余垃圾等5种农业固体废物为底物,采用修正的Gompertz模型,研究了典型农业固体废物暗发酵产氢动力学和代谢产物变化规律,探讨了不同温度和初始pH条件下的主要产氢代谢途径。结果表明:温度和初始pH对农业固体废物暗发酵产氢具有显著影响;高温组累积产气量和氢气百分含量显著高于中温组。在55℃高温且pH为6.0的条件下,餐厨垃圾暗发酵产氢效果最佳,累积产气量和氢气百分含量最大,为1 100 mL和73.58%,最大产氢速率和产氢潜力分别为37.11 mL·h~(-1)和660.30 mL;厨余垃圾暗发酵产氢效果次之,鸡粪产氢潜力最差。在暗发酵产氢末期,以鸡粪为底物的代谢产物的氨氮浓度最高,过高的氨氮浓度可能抑制了产氢过程。VFA分析表明:不同底物和条件下丁酸浓度均最高,且含有少量乙醇、乙酸、丙酸等;暗发酵产氢代谢途径是以丁酸型发酵为主的混合型发酵。通过温度、初始pH等非生物性控制因素的优化调控,显著提高了农业固体废物暗发酵产氢潜力和底物利用效率,为生物制氢的技术研发与工程应用提供参考。     

温度和底物浓度对混合菌群木糖厌氧生物产氢的影响

为了获得混合菌群利用木糖进行厌氧发酵产氢的最佳条件,通过批次实验,对中温(35℃)和高温(55℃)下混合菌群利用不同浓度木糖(10~50 g/L)厌氧发酵产氢系统进行了研究。结果表明,35℃下系统累积产氢量和最大氢气产率在底物浓度30 g/L时获得,乙醇和乙酸为主要产氢副产物,但继续提高底物浓度会造成系统VFAs的积累与p H下降,不利于木糖代谢产氢;而55℃下累积产氢量和氢气产率随底物浓度升高持续增长,乙醇为系统主要产氢副产物,VFAs累积量较少。高温下,虽然最大氢气产率和底物木糖降解量比35℃下的低,但有利于获得较为稳定的氢气产量,产氢系统在高底物浓度下也可保持较高的木糖降解率和较为稳定的p H,有利于木糖代谢产氢。     

富集同型产乙酸菌污泥厌氧产酸

在污泥厌氧发酵产酸过程中,以富集同型产乙酸菌的污泥为研究对象,通过pH值、种泥浓度和底物浓度的变化,对发酵过程中有机酸分布和乙酸累计情况进行实验研究。实验结果表明,碱性条件有利于产乙酸菌的生长,但影响产氢产乙酸菌,尤其是丁酸降解菌的作用。产氢产乙酸菌和同型产乙酸菌的互营作用在发酵6 d后广泛存在;底物浓度过大,产氢产乙酸与同型产乙酸的互营机制受到抑制。     

光合细菌生物产氢技术的研究进展

光合细菌生物产氢技术能够将光能利用、氢能制备和有机物去除有效地结合在一起,是一种极具发展潜力的氢能生产技术.分析了光合细菌产氢技术的机制与主要影响因素,着重介绍了国内外各种光合细菌生物产氢技术,指出目前研究技术存在的问题,并对其应用前景进行了评述.     

典型农业废弃物干式厌氧发酵产氢影响因素的研究

以5种典型农业废弃物(猪粪、鸡粪、秸秆、餐饮垃圾和厨余垃圾)为研究对象,采用干式厌氧发酵产氢技术,研究不同初始pH、温度对产氢潜力和代谢途径的影响。结果表明,当中温、初始pH为7.0时,餐饮垃圾产氢效果最佳,最大累积产氢量为261.96mL,最大产氢速率为15.18mL/h,氢气体积分数最大值为64.61%;当中温、初始pH为6.0时,秸秆产氢效果最好,最大累积产氢量为254.41mL,最大产氢速率为24.50mL/h,氢气体积分数最大值为65.54%。5种农业废弃物干式厌氧发酵产氢的代谢途径均以丁酸型发酵为主。     

不同浓度葡萄糖对铅胁迫下小球藻部分生理特性的影响

实验观测了适宜铅离子浓度(0.04 mmol/L)胁迫下不同浓度葡萄糖对小球藻生长及小球藻内光合色素、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明,在适量铅胁迫下,10 g/L的葡萄糖就能缓解胁迫并且促进小球藻的生长,葡萄糖浓度为20~40 g/L时小球藻的生物量最大。不同浓度的葡萄糖使小球藻细胞内光合色素含量呈先升后降的趋势。实验组小球藻可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖的单位质量含量都低于对照组,并且随着葡萄糖浓度的升高而降低;但其单位体积含量却都高于对照组。说明适宜浓度的葡萄糖对铅胁迫下小球藻的生长有一定的影响。     

底物浓度影响微生物燃料电池性能和生物生长的模拟研究

建立了含有悬浮微生物、电极上生物量、可溶性化学底物和中介体的微生物燃料电池(MFC)数学模型。通过底物降解、生物增长和电流产生过程的模拟,考察了生物量和底物随时间的变化规律,底物质量浓度对生物量、底物降解和电流的影响。结果表明,当溶液中初始微生物量很少时,随着MFC反应的进行,生物主要富集在电极上,溶液中生物生长缓慢;MFC中的生物生长经历延滞期、对数期和平稳期,底物分解经历缓慢、快速和消耗殆尽3个阶段。底物质量浓度小于等于250 mg/L时,生物延滞期时间、底物缓慢分解阶段时间、生物生长到达平稳时间、底物消耗殆尽的时间和电流到达最大值所需的时间随着底物质量浓度的增加而缩短。底物质量浓度大于250 mg/L时,生物延滞期时间、底物缓慢分解阶段时间、生物生长到达平稳时间、底物消耗殆尽的时间和电流到达最大值所需的时间随着底物质量浓度的增加而增加。     

厌氧序批式反应器产氢

以啤酒厂废水处理厂UASB中的厌氧污泥为种泥,葡萄糖为基质,研究了厌氧序批式反应器产氢。控制反应器内pH为4.0～4.5,温度为（36±1）℃,水力停留时间为8 h,当进水葡萄糖浓度为4 000 mg/L,容积负荷为12 kg/（m3.d）条件下,该厌氧序批式反应器实现了连续高效厌氧产氢。生物气中的氢气含量约为48%～53%,基质产氢率为1.1 mol/mol葡萄糖,COD去除率为15%～25%,最大比产氢速率为84.5 mol/（kg VSS.d）。液相末端发酵产物中乙醇和乙酸的含量占液相末端发酵产物总量的80%以上,表明该反应器内进行的是乙醇型发酵厌氧产氢。厌氧序批式反应器完全可以实现连续高效厌氧产氢,比较适用于日处理量较小的高浓度含糖废水。     

Biohydrogen production through fermentation using liquid swine manure as substrate

In this paper, continuous production of hydrogen through fermentation with liquid swine manure as substrate was researched using a semi-continuously fed fermenter (8 L in total volume and 4 L in working volume). The pH and temperature for the fermenter were controlled at 5.3 ± 0.1 and 35 ± 1°C, respectively, throughout the experiment. Three hydraulic retention times (16, 20, and 24 h) were investigated for their impact on the efficiency and performance of the fermenter in terms of hydrogen yields. The results indicate that hydraulic retention time (HRT) has a strong influence on the fermenter performance. An increasing HRT would increase the variation in hydrogen concentration in the offgas. To produce hydrogen with a fairly consistent concentration, the HRT of the fermenter should not exceed 16 h, which, however, did not appear to be short enough to control methanogenesis because the offgas still contained about 5% methane. When methane content in the offgas exceeded 2%, an inverse linear relationship between hydrogen and methane was observed with a correlation coefficient of 0.9699. To increase hydrogen content in the offgas, methane production has to be limited to below 2%. Also, keeping oxygen content in the fermenter below 1.5% would increase the hydrogen concentration to over 15%. The product to substrate ratio was found to be around 50% for the fermenter system studied, evidenced by the observation that for every 6 liters of manure fermented, 3 liters of pure hydrogen were produced, which was significant and encouraging.     

Biohydrogen production through fermentation using liquid swine manure as substrate

In this paper, continuous production of hydrogen through fermentation with liquid swine manure as substrate was researched using a semi-continuously fed fermenter (8 L in total volume and 4 L in working volume). The pH and temperature for the fermenter were controlled at 5.3 +/- 0.1 and 35 +/- 1 degrees C, respectively, throughout the experiment. Three hydraulic retention times (16, 20, and 24 h) were investigated for their impact on the efficiency and performance of the fermenter in terms of hydrogen yields. The results indicate that hydraulic retention time (HRT) has a strong influence on the fermenter performance. An increasing HRT would increase the variation in hydrogen concentration in the offgas. To produce hydrogen with a fairly consistent concentration, the HRT of the fermenter should not exceed 16 h, which, however, did not appear to be short enough to control methanogenesis because the offgas still contained about 5% methane. When methane content in the offgas exceeded 2%, an inverse linear relationship between hydrogen and methane was observed with a correlation coefficient of 0.9699. To increase hydrogen content in the offgas, methane production has to be limited to below 2%. Also, keeping oxygen content in the fermenter below 1.5% would increase the hydrogen concentration to over 15%. The product to substrate ratio was found to be around 50% for the fermenter system studied, evidenced by the observation that for every 6 liters of manure fermented, 3 liters of pure hydrogen were produced, which was significant and encouraging.     

类Fenton反应对偶氮染料橙黄II的脱色研究

以橙黄II染料溶液为研究对象,通过正交实验确定了Fe-NTA/H2O2构成的类Fenton反应中各影响因子的最佳操作条件为:[H2O2]=20 mmol/L,[Fe-NTA]=2.5 mmol/L,pH=3。同时考察了反应时间、溶液pH值、H2O2浓度、Fe-NTA浓度对脱色效率的影响。实验表明脱色反应在30 m in内基本完成,类Fenton试剂能在较宽的pH范围内保持较好的脱色效果,而且在pH=6时,类Fenton试剂比传统Fenton试剂的脱色效率提高约75%。增加双氧水浓度可以提高橙黄II溶液脱色率,但超过20 mmol/L后效果提高不明显。在0.5~2.5 mmol/L的范围内,Fe-NTA浓度对脱色效果的影响不显著。     

钝顶螺旋藻固定模拟烟道气中的CO_2

研究了钝顶螺旋藻对模拟烟道气中CO2的固定性能,及其对NOx和SOx水溶形态亚硝态氮、亚硫酸氢根的耐受性。结果显示：随CO2浓度的增加,藻细胞达到最大比生长速率的时间缩短,CO2浓度为15%时藻细胞比生长速率达到最大的时间最短,生物量最终达到最大值4.1 g/L;CO2浓度为15%时藻细胞的固碳率为12.34 mg/（L·h）。研究发现,钝顶螺旋藻能够耐受浓度小于10 mmol/L的亚硝态氮,可将其作为钝顶螺旋藻生长的唯一氮源,但藻生长的延迟期增长。钝顶螺旋藻能够耐受8 mmol/L的亚硫酸氢盐,可将其作为生长的唯一硫源,藻细胞6 d后开始快速增长。     

突变灰盖鬼伞过氧化物酶降解刚果红的响应面法优化分析

酶法降解偶氮染料刚果红是一个复杂的过程,受温度、pH、酶量、刚果红浓度和双氧水浓度显著影响。为研究各因素及因素间交互作用对刚果红降解影响,提高刚果红的降解率,分别使用单因素法和响应面分析法对刚果红降解条件进行了优化。单因素实验结果显示灰盖鬼伞过氧化物酶降解刚果红的最适条件为：pH5．0、32℃、酶量4．98u、双氧水0．1mmol／L、刚果红20mg／L,此时刚果红最高降解率为34．84％。然后选双氧水浓度、刚果红浓度和灰盖鬼伞过氧化物酶量作为3个因素,通过中心组合设计实验,用响应面法对刚果红降解进行优化分析,最后得到一个拟合度良好的二次多项方程模型（R2=0．9900）。方差分析结果显示,刚果红浓度和酶量是影响最显著的因素,双氧水与酶以及染料与酶之间的交互作用极显著。响应面分析优化后的反应体系为：双氧水浓度0．15mmol／L,刚果红浓度为27．21mg／L,酶为2．07U,在此条件下,刚果红降解率达58．13％。     

生物质催化气化制取富氢燃气的研究

以流化床为反应器 ,探讨了一些主要参数如 :反应器温度 ,水蒸气 ,当量比ER以及催化剂对气体成分、氢产率和潜在氢产率的影响。实验所用催化剂为白云石和镍基催化剂。在实验条件范围内 ,氢产率为 2 2— 83g/kg生物质 (湿基 ) ,潜在氢产率为 115— 2 2 3g/kg生物质 (湿基 )。结果表明 ,较高的反应器温度 ,适当的水蒸气添加量可以有效提高氢的产出 ;白云石和镍基催化剂可使产品气中的氢含量提高 10 %以上。     

Effect of initial sulfide concentration on sulfide and phenol oxidation under denitrifying conditions

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the initial sulfide concentration on the kinetics and metabolism of phenol and sulfide in batch bioassays using nitrate as electron acceptor. Complete oxidation of sulfide (20 mg L(-1) of S(2-)) and phenol (19.6 mg L(-1)) was linked to nitrate reduction when nitrate was supplemented at stoichiometric concentrations. At 32 mg L(-1) of sulfide, oxidation of sulfide and phenol by the organo-lithoautotrophic microbial culture was sequential; first sulfide was rapidly oxidized to elemental sulfur and afterwards to sulfate; phenol oxidation started once sulfate production reached a maximum. When the initial sulfide concentration was increased from 20 to 26 and finally to 32 mg L(-1), sulfide oxidation was inhibited. In contrast phenol consumption by the denitrifying culture was not affected. These results indicated that sulfide affected strongly the sulfide oxidation rate and nitrate reduction.     

SBR法处理豆制品废水工艺条件的研究

用SBR法处理豆制品废水的试验表明，该系统具有较好的抗负荷冲击能力，进水COD在300—2000mg／L之间变化，对系统不造成任何影响；考察了曝气时间、曝气量和污泥浓度等对去除效果的影响，试验结果表明，曝气时间和曝气量对处理效果影响很大。确定该反应系统最佳曝气时间是8h，适宜的曝气量是800L／h，而污泥浓度控制在4000mg／L左右时，处理效率最高，采用进水顶出水的排水方式是可行的，确定系统的最佳排水比是3／5。厌氧段的插入可以减少剩余污泥的产量。