用稻米壳吸附去除废水中的铜离子和铅离子

稻壳是一种廉价的生物质吸附剂,用于从废水中去除铜、铅离子。研究了吸附时间、pH值、加入量与粒径、金属离子初始浓度等因素对吸附去除水中铜、铅离子的影响。实验结果表明：在最佳吸附条件下,稻壳对初始浓度为4mg/L铜离子、10m班铅离子的吸附量分别为0．62和2．09mg／g,去除率分别为63％和83％。同时,Cu^2＋和Pb^2＋在天然稻壳上吸附的热力学行为与Langmuir吸附等温式吻;动力学数据研究表明,吸附满足;隹二级动力学模型。稻壳将是去除废水中Cu^＋和Pb^2＋有潜质的材料。     

粉煤灰合成沸石对Cr~(3+)的去除能力及影响因素研究

研究了粉煤灰合成沸石对废水中Cr~(3+)的去除能力,分析了接触时间、pH、沸石投加量、Cr~(3+)初始浓度、温度等因素对Cr~(3+)过程吸附的影响.试验结果表明,合成沸石的主要成分为一种无名沸石.合成沸石对Cr~(3+)具有较快的吸附速度,吸附过程符合二级反应动力学.在pH 2.0~12.0范围内,合成沸石对Cr~(3+)都具有较高的去除效率.Cr~(3+)去除率随着沸石投加量的增加而增加,随着Cr~(3+)初始浓度的升高而降低.Langmuir等温线模型对吸附数据具有更好的非线性拟合效果,所得最大吸附量为111.7 mg·g-1.热力学研究表明吸附过程为吸热反应.与原沸石相比,利用Na Cl再生后的沸石的Cr~(3+)去除率下降11.42%~14.10%,但仍可循环利用.上述实验结果表明本文合成的沸石具有较好的除Cr~(3+)的应用潜力.     

沸石的改性及其吸附废水中氨氮的实验研究

分别采用高温、酸、碱、盐及其联合处理等对天然斜发沸石进行改性实验,研究了沸石投加量、反应时间、温度、pH值、氨氮初始浓度等因素对最佳改性沸石吸附氨氮能力的影响。结果表明,盐溶液和高温联合处理改性得到的改性沸石吸附氨氮效果更好;模拟氨氮废水浓度为15mg/L条件时,最佳沸石投加量为1.5g,最佳反应时间为40min,最佳温度为30℃,最佳pH值为8.0,氨氮去除率可达91.4%以上。     

天然沸石吸附低浓度氨氮废水的研究

采用浙江某地天然沸石吸附废水中低浓度氨氮,研究了pH、天然沸石投加量对吸附的影响,分析了吸附等温线和吸附动力学,并进行了动态吸附和脱附研究。结果表明,pH对天然沸石吸附有较大影响,吸附的最佳pH为8.0;随着天然沸石投加量的增加,氨氮的去除率逐渐增大,但吸附量随之减小。Freundlich方程比Langmuir方程更好地描述氨氮在天然沸石上的吸附行为,且此吸附是优惠吸附。假二级方程很好地拟合吸附动力学实验数据,吸附速率常数k2随着天然沸石投加量的增大而增大。装填105g天然沸石吸附柱处理含氨氮20mg/L废水的水量为15L,出水氨氮浓度小于5mg/L。用含氯化钠和氢氧化钠的溶液作为脱附剂,脱附率为95.5%。     

天然沸石吸附氨氮和磷的研究

选用浙江缙云产颗粒状天然沸石为材料对氨氮和磷进行吸附动力学和吸附等温试验,考察初始浓度、振荡时间对吸附量、去除率的影响。试验结果表明：沸石对氨氮和磷吸附显示出＂快速吸附,缓慢平衡＂的特点;吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型;吸附等温线更符合Freundlich方程;氨氮初始浓度小于7 mg/L、振荡时间在1h内和磷初始浓度小于30 mg/L、振荡时间在15 min内,吸附量、去除率随初始浓度、振荡时间增加而增加,当超过此阶段后,吸附量增加缓慢、去除率下降。     

啤酒酵母吸附重金属离子铅的研究

采用北京啤酒厂的啤酒酵母自制生物吸附剂,用于吸附重金属离子铅.考察了啤酒酵母吸附Pb2+过程中的影响因素,包括pH值、初始Pb2+质量浓度及酸碱预处理方法等.实验结果表明,啤酒酵母对Pb2+的吸附量随pH值的增加而增大,当pH=6时达到吸附最大值,吸附的最佳pH范围是4～7;随着初始Pb2+质量浓度增加,吸附量有所提高:当溶液初始Pb2+质量浓度为500 mg/L,pH=6时达到实验条件下的最大吸附量,为每g酵母吸附Pb2+ 107 mg;啤酒酵母对Pb2+的吸附过程遵循Langmuir方程;啤酒酵母经酸处理后吸附量增大.      

芽孢杆菌生物吸附处理含铜废水研究

用芽孢杆菌干菌体生物吸附去除废水中的铜离子,试验了pH、接触时间、初始铜离子浓度对该芽孢杆菌生物吸附铜的影响,结果表明:在温度为25℃、pH值5.0、初始铜离子浓度200mg/L、吸附时间不超过30min有最大吸附量16.27mg/g;此时去除率为16.27%,且25℃吸附平衡符合Langmuir等温模型与Freundlich等温模型;因此用芽孢杆菌生物吸附处理低浓度含铜废水可行、经济。     

阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺在离子交换膜上的吸附规律

研究了阴离子交换膜对阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺的吸附规律和影响因素.采用静态吸附的方法,测定了不同温度、不同浓度的阴离子型部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)溶液在阴离子交换膜上的吸附量、吸附平衡时间,考察了初始HPAM溶液浓度、pH值以及溶液中其他离子浓度对其在离子交换膜上吸附的影响,目的是阐明阴离子交换膜对HPAM分子的吸附动力学过程、探讨各影响因素对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,阴离子型部分水解聚丙烯酰胺在阴离子交换膜上有明显的吸附作用,但在阳离子交换膜上吸附量几乎为0;阴离子交换膜对聚合物的吸附平衡时间随聚合物溶液初始浓度的增大而延长,且不同浓度、不同温度下的吸附过程动力学特征都能很好地遵循准二级动力学模型;303、308和313 K温度下,阴离子交换膜对聚合物的等温吸附可用Freundlich等温吸附模型很好地拟合,相关系数R2均达到0.99以上,温度越高,吸附量越大;聚合物溶液pH值和离子浓度对吸附效果有显著影响:pH=6时,吸附量达到最大值;吸附量随着离子浓度的增加而增大.     

海洋沉积物对重金属吸附特性研究

以渤海湾北部海域沉积物为研究对象,研究其对重金属Cu2+、Pb2+的吸附特性。将沉积物分为不同粒级,通过吸附动力学、吸附突跃和吸附等温实验,探讨粒度、pH值、吸附时间和吸附剂初始浓度对重金属吸附的影响。结果表明,沉积物粒径越小,对重金属的吸附量越大;吸附平衡时间有所差异,但在1.5 h均能达到吸附平衡;吸附量均随pH值升高而逐渐增加,但铜的吸附较铅的吸附速度快;铜的吸附量与吸附剂初始浓度呈线性关系,而铅的吸附量在初始浓度较低时变化明显,随初始浓度增加吸附量增加减小;铜的吸附等温线符合Freundlich型,而铅吸附等温线符合Langmuir型,吸附类型存在差异。     

粉煤灰合成沸石去除溶液中硒(Ⅳ)影响因素研究

利用粉煤灰为原料合成沸石,研究了合成沸石对溶液中硒(Ⅳ)的去除能力,分析硒(Ⅳ)溶液的初始pH值、沸石投加量、初始浓度、接触时间及温度对吸附过程的影响。结果表明,合成沸石的主要成分为一种无名沸石,沸石吸附硒(Ⅳ)呈现"快速吸附,缓慢平衡"的特点,硒(Ⅳ)的去除率受pH影响较大,当pH<2.0时具有很好的吸附效果,硒(Ⅳ)的去除率随初始浓度的增加而减小,随投加量的增加先增加后减小。吸附过程符合一级反应动力学模型,且基本符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线模型,而Langmuir吸附等温线模型对吸附数据具有更好的非线性拟合效果,合成沸石对硒(Ⅳ)的最大吸附量为5.36 mg/g。利用粉煤灰合成沸石不仅能较高效地去除水体中的硒(Ⅳ),且实现了粉煤灰的资源化利用。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.