水杨酸对八仙花组培苗铝胁迫的缓解效应

为了探讨和分析高耐铝植物的生态恢复作用,采用不同浓度水杨酸(SA)和AlCl_3溶液共同对生长一致的八仙花组培苗进行胁迫处理,研究SA对其铝毒害的缓解效应。通过形态观察和可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等生理指标分析,结果表明SA不能消除铝胁迫对植株生长的抑制作用,高浓度会产生毒害效果,但低浓度SA能够有效降低质膜过氧化损伤,增加植株中SOD和POD活性,提高可溶性糖的含量,减少MDA的积累,从而缓解铝胁迫的毒害。     

Hg2+对萍蓬草光合膜超微结构及功能的影响

研究了不同浓度的Hg2+对萍蓬草离体类囊体膜的光合电子传递活性、吸收光谱、荧光发射光谱、多肽组分的影响及超微结构的毒害.结果表明,Hg2+对2个光系统的电子传递活性均有抑制作用,且对PSⅠ的抑制作用较PSⅡ大.Hg2+处理导致类囊体膜在红光和蓝紫光区域的吸收峰都有下降,类囊体膜在波长685nm处的荧光发射峰随Hg2+浓度升高也呈下降趋势.Hg2+处理并未使类囊体膜的多肽组分发生明显变化.在10mmol·L-1Hg2+毒害下,类囊体片层结构肿涨,基质减少,且随着毒害时间的延长,类囊体片层结构肿涨加剧,进而解体,基质进一步减少.     

Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对两种单胞藻的毒害作用

分别用不同浓度 (c =0 .0 1～ 2 .34mmol/L)的Cu2 + 、Cd2 + 、Zn2 + 处理亚心型大扁藻 (Plztymonassp.)和小球藻(Chlorelavulagris) ,观察了重金属离子对其生长、呼吸及其被富集的情况 .结果表明 :① 3种离子的毒性强度的顺序为Cu2 + >Cd2 + >Zn2 + ;亚心型大扁藻的耐受力大于小球藻 ;②Cu2 + 对生长的抑制最强 ,两种藻的c(EC50 ,72h)分别为 0 .2 11mmol/L和 0 .2 89mmol/L ;Cd2 + 对生长的抑制稍弱 ,两种藻的c(EC50 ,72h)分别为 0 .4 38mmol/L和 0 .2 4 1mmol/L ;Zn2 + 对生长的抑制最弱 ,其c(EC50 ,72h)分别为 0 .75 4mmol/L和 0 .30 8mmol/L ;③在c(EC50 )毒害浓度下 ,两种单胞藻均提前进入生长静止期 ,缩短了种群生长周期 ;呼吸作用先增强后降低 ;④在c(EC50 )毒害浓度下 ,两种藻对Cu2 + 、Zn2 + 的富集量为 4 5 82～ 4 12 83.7mgkg-1,对Cd2 + 的富集量 5 0 0～ 2 72 3.6mgkg-1.图 2表 3参 8     

Pb在豌豆幼苗细胞中的超微结构分布与毒性研究

伴随日趋严重的重金属环境污染问题,植物修复的可能机制及重金属胁迫下植物的损伤与抗性机理成为研究热点.采用透射电子显微镜和X-射线微区分析技术,研究了中度(50mg/L)和严重(200mg/L)Pb2 胁迫下豌豆幼苗根叶细胞的超微结构损伤和铅在植物器官和细胞器水平的区域化分布情况.结果显示,重金属对植物的毒害表现为对细胞的膜结构和各种细胞器的整体性伤害,且各细胞器的受损程度不同;豌豆对铅的相对耐性机理可能包括重金属胁迫下不同细胞器的差异反应、根系富集、细胞壁结合和液泡的区隔化作用等.图6参24     

植物耐受和解除重金属毒性研究进展

总结了植物细胞及分子水平对重金属耐性和解除其毒性的途径.植物通过避免增加细胞内敏感位点毒物浓度来解除重金属毒性.其途径主要有:一方面通过菌根化、细胞壁吸收及根系分泌物的螯合作用减少根系吸收重金属进入细胞质;另一方面通过体内调节机制解除重金属毒性和提高耐性,主要通过一系列膜蛋白对进入细胞质内的重金属排出细胞质外、隔离于液泡中,或将重金属转变为无毒性形态挥发入大气,或通过细胞质内的植物螯合素、金属硫蛋白、有机酸、氨基酸、多胺等对重金属螯合,解除重金属毒性;同时植物还可以在重金属胁迫下产生热休克蛋白修复胁迫伤害的蛋白质.本文提供了涉及植物重金属解毒和耐性广泛的观点和证据.     

外源水杨酸对梨叶片感染轮纹病菌后抗氧化酶活性及Ca2+浓度的影响

为了解水杨酸(Salicylic acid,SA)缓解轮纹病菌伤害植物的机理,用0.3 mmol L-1的SA预先处理梨叶片,3 d后接种轮纹病菌(Physalospora Piricola Nose),接种4 d后开始测定各种指标,随后每隔3 d测定1次,共5次.结果表明,经0.3 mmol L-1 SA处理后,梨叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性分别比对照组(CK1)提高了30.65%、25.36%、28.55%、21.11%、35.67%和26.45%.电镜观察表明,感染轮纹病菌的梨叶片,Ca2+较多分布在细胞膜内侧、细胞质及一些细胞器(叶绿体)上.经SA处理后感染轮纹病菌的梨病叶,Ca2+较多分布在细胞壁外侧及细胞间隙中,与正常梨叶片Ca2+的分布情况相似.表明较低浓度的SA可缓解轮纹病菌对梨叶片的伤害作用.     

铜镉复合胁迫下温度对小麦幼苗生长及其对铜、镉和矿质营养元素吸收与各元素在亚细胞分布的影响

为了研究重金属复合胁迫下温度变化对陆生植物的毒性效应的影响,实验采用水培的方法,设置对照和Cu-Cd复合胁迫(10 μmol·L1 Cu+10μmol·L-1Cd)2个处理,每个处理分别设置3个不同的培养温度(8/4℃、25/20℃和35/30℃),对小麦进行48 h的暴露实验,测定小麦幼苗的生长及其对重金属和矿质营养...     

藻细胞膜电信号对重金属的快速反应研究

为探讨藻细胞膜电信号对重金属离子的响应特征,运用细胞外表面技术和电化学方法研究了淡水藻——大型轮藻(Nitellaflexilis)藻细胞膜电位和膜电阻对汞、镉、铅的快速反应.结果表明,细胞膜电位和膜电阻对汞、镉响应灵敏且快速,30min内即对1μmol·L-1Hg2+、Cd2+表现出超极化和膜电阻增大反应,而5、10μmol·L-1Hg2+、Cd2+则在15min内引起细胞去极化、膜电阻减小,且剂量效应显著.细胞膜电信号对Pb2+的响应浓度为100μmol·L-1,30min内细胞先去极化后超极化,膜电阻持续增大.重金属作用前后相比,高浓度Hg2+、Cd2+(5、10μmol·L-1)导致藻细胞不可逆损伤,而其低浓度所致的损伤可恢复.Pb2+致藻细胞不可逆损伤的最低浓度为500μmol·L-1.对比膜电信号对3种离子的响应特点,发现藻细胞膜电位和膜电阻对Hg2+和Cd2+的响应灵敏度大于Pb2+.     

Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+对蟾蜍蝌蚪的联合毒性

以蟾蜍蝌蚪为试验材料,采用联合指数相加法,研究了重金属铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和镉(Cd)离子对蟾蜍蝌蚪的急性毒性和联合毒性效应.结果表明,Cu2 、Zn2 和Cd2 对蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性顺序为Cu2 >Cd2 >Zn2 ,48 h的半致死浓度LC50分别为0.514、9.224、33.56 mg L-1;96 h的半致死浓度LC50分别为0.288、8.142、30.76 mg L-1.联合毒性试验结果表明,Cu2 与Zn2 及Zn2 与Cd2 共存时的联合毒性为拮抗作用;Cu2 与Cd2 共存时的联合毒性为毒性剧增的协同作用;Cu2 、Zn2 与Cd2 三者联合时的毒性为协同作用.表6参18     

Cu2+、Cd2+和Cr6+对斑马鱼联合毒性作用和生物预警的研究

为了研究重金属对水生生物的联合毒性作用,以斑马鱼为受试生物,采用半静态法,在研究Cu2、Cd2和Cr6+对斑马鱼单一毒性的基础上,以获得的Cu2+、Cd2+和Cr6+的96 h-LC50数据,利用等效应曲线法研究了Cu-Cd、Cu-Cr和Cd-Cr的联合毒性作用,并综合分析环境毒理学指标的测定结果,考察利用斑马鱼作为水...     

镉和铅对菲律宾蛤仔脂质过氧化及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了研究亚致死浓度的重金属对海洋贝类的毒性效应,探讨其可能的作用机理,在实验生态条件下以菲律宾蛤仔(Ru-ditapes philip pinarum)为目标生物,采用半静态毒性实验方法,研究了不同浓度Cd2+(0.0948、0.237和0.474mg·L-1)和Pb2+(0.276、0.690和1.380mg·L-1)对菲律宾蛤仔鳃和消化腺组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果显示:(1)鳃和消化腺中的抗氧化酶及MDA的变化呈现出类似的趋势,在胁迫初期,各浓度处理组菲律宾蛤仔鳃和消化腺组织SOD和CAT与对照组相比活性都显著升高(P<0.01),呈现出明显的诱导效应,而MDA含量与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);随着胁迫时间的延长,高浓度Cd2+(0.474mg·L-1)和Pb2+(1.380mg·L-1)处理组中SOD、CAT活性快速下降,与对照组相比差异显著;低浓度处理组中的抗氧化活性虽然也较对照组有所下降,但总体下降幅度不如高浓度组明显,并且所历暴露时间较长。各浓度处理组中MDA含量变化一致,均呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,且含量均高于对照组。(2)通过相关性分析,菲律宾蛤仔消化腺组织中的SOD活性与Cd2+浓度的相关性大于鳃组织,与Pb2+浓度的相关性则小于鳃组织;消化腺组织中的CAT活性与Cd2+、Pb2+浓度呈抛物线型相关,与鳃组织CAT活性相关性不十分显著。这说明消化腺组织中SOD活性对Cd2+的敏感性大于鳃组织,消化腺组织中CAT活性对Cd2+、Pb2+的敏感性大于鳃组织。因此,菲律宾蛤仔消化腺中SOD、CAT对水环境中的重金属反应敏感,且存在一定的剂量-效应关系,消化腺组织中SOD和CAT活性与其他敏感性指标一起可以作为指示早期海洋重金属污染的生物标志物。     

Single and combined effects of heavy metals and hormones on lysosomes of haemolymph cells from the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Effects of heavy metals on lysosomes were studied in living cells from the mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.). Haemolymph cells were obtained from the mussel adductor muscle, stained with neutral red (NR), and analysed by digital imaging to evaluate NR retention times within lysosomes. Exposure to Hg²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ induced a reduction of NR retention time, indicating lysosomal membrane destabilisation. The intensity of these effects was correlated with the metal affinity for sulfhydryls. In contrast, Zn²⁺ showed no effect on lysosomes. Moreover, 200 μM Zn²⁺ protected lysosomes against the effects of Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺, but not against Hg²⁺. Cell loading with the fluorescent pH probe Lyso Sensor followed by digital imaging showed a rise of lysosomal pH induced by Cd²⁺ and Hg²⁺, while Zn²⁺ prevented the effect of Cd²⁺ and also partially that of Hg²⁺. The different protective effect of Zn²⁺ against Hg²⁺ suggests a dual action of Hg²⁺ on lysosomes, possibly involving both membrane destabilisation and proton pump inhibition. Cell exposure to 17 β-estradiol also caused a reduction of NR retention time, which was synergistic to that of Hg²⁺. This suggests a common pathway between metals and hormone, possibly involving Ca²⁺ signaling. Received: 17 November 1999 / Accepted: 29 June 2000     

铜和镍对大麦根伸长的联合毒性研究

重金属的复合污染在环境污染中普遍存在,所以复合污染的联合毒性研究对于准确评价重金属污染有着重要的意义.本论文以大麦根伸长为研究对象,探索了铜(Cu)和镍(Ni)对大麦根伸长的联合毒性.基于Cu-Ni混合物的剂量-效应曲线,运用扩展的浓度加和(CA)与独立作用(RA)两个模型对不同浓度组合的Cu-Ni混合物的交互作用及联合毒性进行预测.结果表明,扩展的CA和RA模型均能较好地预测Cu-Ni混合物对大麦根伸长的联合毒性,低剂量的Ni能缓解Cu对大麦根伸长的毒性作用,但是低剂量的Cu对Ni的生物毒性没有显著影响.研究阐明了Cu、Ni复合作用对大麦根伸长联合毒性的效应机理.     

重金属对禾谷镰刀菌的生长及毒素合成的影响

以禾谷镰刀菌为研究对象,研究了常见重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd)对禾谷镰刀菌菌株生长及其毒素合成的影响。研究结果表明,重金属对菌株的生长和其产毒能力均产生影响。Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)对菌株生长影响较大,随着浓度的增加对生长的抑制作用增强,当离子浓度分别为20 mg·L~(-1)和40 mg·L~(-1)时,能够完全抑制菌株生长。Zn~(2+)在0~160 mg·L~(-1)浓度范围内促进菌株生长,在10 mg·L~(-1)浓度下促进毒素合成。Pb~(2+)在察氏培养基中对菌株生长的影响没有明显规律可循,但是,随着Pb~(2+)浓度增加,抑制毒素合成作用增强。     

吐纳麝香与镉联合暴露对赤子爱胜蚓体内谷胱甘肽与金属硫蛋白的影响

广泛应用于个人护理产品和香味添加剂中的吐纳麝香(6-乙酰基-1,1,2,4,4,7-六甲基四氢萘,AHTN)是一种新型污染物,重金属镉(Cd2+)是土壤中常见的污染物,两者在土壤生态系统中存在联合暴露的可能。实验以赤子爱胜蚓为受试生物,通过24h暴露滤纸染毒实验测试了AHTN单一,Cd2+单一,以及AHTN与Cd2+联合暴露条件下蚯蚓体内谷胱甘肽(GSH)和金属硫蛋白(MT)的变化趋势。结果显示:Cd2+单一暴露时,GSH与MT随Cd剂量增加有明显上升趋势;AHTN单一暴露时,随着AHTN剂量增加,GSH与MT同步呈现先增多后减少的趋势;联合暴露情况下,AHTN在高剂量下对MT与GSH同样产生了抑制作用,使Cd2+对MT的诱导未达到Cd2+单一染毒时的水平。     

Capacity of simultaneous removal of zinc and cadmium from contaminated media, by two microalgae isolated from a polluted site

Several aquatic environments have been contaminated with heavy metals dumped via industrial effluents. Numerous studies have been published regarding the removal of single metals from aqueous solutions by microalgal biomass. However, such studies do not reflect the actual problem associated with industrial effluents because usually more than one metal species is present. Here we studied the biosorption capacity of Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ as single- and binary-metal systems by two microalgae, Scenedesmus obliquus and Desmodesmus pleiomorphus, isolated from a polluted site in Northern Portugal. For each metal independently, D. pleiomorphus showed a higher metal sorption capacity than S. obliquus, at concentrations ranging from 60 to 300 mg/l (except 150 mg_Cd/l). Maximum amounts of Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ removed were 22.3 and 60.8 mg/g by S. obliquus, and 83.1 and 58.6 mg/g by D. pleiomorphus. In binary-metal solutions, S. obliquus was in general able to remove Zn²⁺ to higher extents than Cd²⁺, whereas the opposite was observed with D. pleiomorphus. The simultaneous uptake of Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ by both microalgae was considerably lower than that of their single-metal counterparts, at equivalent concentrations. Although microalgal uptake from binary-metal solutions was lower than from single-metal ones, the wild microalgae selected were able to efficiently take up mixtures of Zn²⁺ and Cd²⁺ up to 300 mg/l of both metals—thus materializing a promising bioremediation vector for polluted waters.     

3种毒性预测模型在镉对小麦根毒性预测中的应用及比较

一些基于重金属形态的生物毒性机理模型被广泛应用于水体和陆生生态系统,例如:自由离子活度模型(FIAM)、生物配体模型(BLM)和生物膜电势斯特恩双电层模型(GCSM),但不同模型的应用效果之间还缺乏系统比较。本研究选取小麦作为受试生物,采用水培实验进行了镉对小麦根伸长的毒性测试,通过数据分析软件对实验数据进行非线性拟合,分别建立了3种模型,并从根毒性、根表面吸附镉和根中富集镉3个方面对3个模型的预测能力进行了比较。除此之外,选取苹果酸和柠檬酸2种有机配体,研究了配体对镉生物毒性的影响。结果表明,Ca~(2+)和H~+对Cd的根毒性存在竞争效应,而Mg~(2+)、K~+和Na~+未发现竞争效应。由于BLM模型同时考虑了镉的自由离子态浓度和竞争离子的影响,在预测镉对杨麦13号根毒性和生物体内富集量时效果最好。而FIAM和GCSM模型由于计算中仅考虑了离子活度的影响,缺乏对竞争离子保护效应的考虑,因此预测效果相对较差;此外,Cd对小麦根毒性的主要受扩散过程控制,而非跨膜过程,这可能也是FIAM模型和GCSM模型预测不佳的原因之一。同时结果还发现有机配体存在时尽管降低了溶液中镉的离子活度,但未显著影响镉毒性,进一步证明了扩散过程对Cd毒性的影响。以上结果为评价和预测镉的陆生生态毒性提供了基础数据和模型依据。     

Utilization of fly ash in adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater

The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity reduction of wastewaster after treatment with fly ash. Fly ash is a waste material which is formed as a result of coal burning in power plants, but has the potential to adsorb heavy metal ions. The present study examined the adsorption capacity of fly ash to adsorb Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺ from waste water under different conditions of contact time, pH, and temperature. Uptake of metal ions by fly ash generally rose with increasing pH. At lower temperatures the uptake of heavy metal adsorption were enhanced. Significant reduction in Pb²⁺ (79%), Cu²⁺ (53%), and Zn²⁺ (80%) content was found after treatment with fly ash of waste water treatment. Using the microtox test toxicity of the effluent was reduced by 75% due to removal of Pb²⁺ ion by the fly ash. Data indicated that fly ash generated by power plants may be used beneficially to remove metals from waste water.     

Heavy-metal adsorption by non-living biomass

The adsorption of some heavy metals onto the walls of harvested, washed, and dried non-living biomass cells of different Pseudomonas strains was studied at optimum experimental conditions using a simplified single component system. The Langmuir adsorption model was found to be a suitable approach to describe the system via multi-step processes. Isotherms measured at 30.0°C and pH 5.5 with [M]_total?=?10–100 mM for tight, reversible Cr⁶⁺(aq), Ni²⁺(aq), Cu²⁺(aq) and Cd²⁺(aq) binding by the cell walls of the investigated biomass fit the Langmuir model and give the pH-independent stoichiometric site capacities ν _i and equilibrium constants K _i for metal binding at specific biomass sites i?=?A, B, C, and D. Tight binding sites A, B, and D of the non-living biomass are occupied by Cr^VI, sites A and C by Ni^II, sites A and D by Cd^II, and only site B by Cu^II. It is concluded that ν _i is a stoichiometric parameter that is independent of the magnitude of K _i for binding site i and that the studied heavy metals selectively and tightly bind at different biomass sites.     

Inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase and of active ion-transport functions in the gills of the shore crab Carcinus maenas induced by cadmium

Inhibition of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase from gill plasma membranes of the shore crab Carcinus maenas by cadmium was investigated and compared with inhibitory effects by known antagonists (ouabain and Ca²⁺). For comparative considerations the Cd²⁺-inhibition of the enzyme from dog kidney was also tested. Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase from dog kidney and from crab gill differed greatly in sensitivity against ouabain. The inhibition constant K _i of the dog enzyme amounted to 9.1 × 10⁻⁷ mol l⁻¹, i.e. more than 300-fold smaller than the K _i of 2.9 × 10⁻⁴ mol l⁻¹ determined for the crab enzyme. Ca²⁺ inhibited the activity of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase from crab gill plasma membranes with a K _i of 4.3 × 10⁻⁴ mol l⁻¹. The Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase from crab gill was inhibited by Cd²⁺ with a K _i of 9.1 × 10⁻⁵ mol l⁻¹. Cd²⁺ inhibited the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase from dog kidney with a K _i (6.4 × 10⁻⁵ mol l⁻¹) comparable to that observed in the crab gill enzyme. Under experimental conditions Cd²⁺-inhibition of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase was irreversible. Repeated washing, centrifugation and homogenization of the plasma membranes (four times) with Cd²⁺-free buffer did not restore any activity lost in the presence of 1 × 10⁻³ mol l⁻¹ Cd²⁺. Since ouabain-insensitive (nonspecific) ATPases in the plasma membrane fraction of crab gills were inhibited by Cd²⁺ in the same way as Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, the heavy metal is considered as an unspecific ATPase inhibitor. Comparing these results with literature data on Cd²⁺-binding to electrophoretically separated proteins suggests that Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase is a Cd²⁺-binding enzyme. The results obtained on Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase were reflected by Cd²⁺-inhibition of the branchial ion-transport functions depending on this enzyme. The transepithelial short-circuit current of isolated gill half lamellae, a direct measure of area-specific active ion uptake, and the transepithelial potential difference of isolated, perfused whole gills, also indicative of active ion uptake, were inhibited by the heavy metal in a time- and dose-dependent mode. Remarkably these inhibitions were also irreversible. These findings are ecologically and biomedically significant: even when the actual environmental or tissue concentrations measured are low, biological microstructures such as Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase may accumulate the heavy metal by tight binding over prolonged periods until the first inhibitory effects occur. Received: 25 June 1997 / Accepted: 25 August 1997