啤酒酵母吸附放射性核素~241Am的研究

研究了啤酒酵母吸附2 4 1Am的可行性及各种反应条件对吸附的影响 .结果表明 :在起始浓度C0 为 17 5 4μg L— 4386 0μg L(2 2 2MBq L— 5 5 5MBq L)的2 4 1Am溶液中 (pH =1) ,加入约 2 1g L(干重 )的啤酒酵母 ,2 4 1Am的平均吸附率高达 99%,吸附量W为 7 4 5 μg g— 1880 0 μg g(干重 ) (0 94MBq g— 2 37 9MBq g) .吸附反应在 1h左右达到平衡 ,反应温度为 10— 45℃ ,最适吸附酸度为pH 1— 3,吸附量与2 4 1Am浓度成指数关系 ,符合Freundlich经验公式 .即使Au3 + 、Ag+ 浓度高于2 4 1Am浓度 2 0 0 0多倍时 ,对啤酒酵母吸附2 4 1Am也无明显影响 .     

废啤酒酵母吸附水溶液中Ni(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的性能

用废啤酒酵母吸附水溶液中N(iⅡ)和Cd(Ⅱ),考察了溶液pH值、重金属离子浓度、吸附时间和溶液中盐的浓度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:溶液pH是影响重金属离子吸附的一个重要参数,中性条件利于吸附。废啤酒酵母对N(iⅡ)和Cd(Ⅱ)吸附速率较快,达到吸附平衡约需120min。废啤酒酵母吸附N(iⅡ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的实验数据对Langmuir等温式的拟合情况良好,pH=7时,废啤酒酵母对N(iⅡ)和Cd(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别为5.34mg/g和10.17mg/g。溶液中其它盐类物质的存在对重金属离子的吸附会产生较大的影响,pH=3条件下进行解吸附,解吸附率>90%。     

固定化青霉菌吸附活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色研究

利用植物载体玉米芯对青霉菌X5进行了固定化研究.通过正交试验确定载体固定化真菌的最优条件,考察了pH值、温度、盐浓度、葡萄糖浓度对菌株脱色的影响.结果表明,菌量为8g/L,载体大小为1/3×1cm²×π×1cm,载体个数为15个,摇床转速为100r/min条件下玉米芯能够有效地固定菌体,固定化菌对染料脱色的最佳温度为30℃,pH值为3.0,葡萄糖浓度为10g/L,盐度对脱色有一定的影响,在最优条件下,固定化菌对活性艳蓝KN-R脱色率达到95%以上.固定化菌对活性艳蓝脱色符合二级动力学方程,生物吸附过程较好地符合Freundlich吸附模型,固定化菌体重复利用5次后,脱色率仍达73.51%.     

固定化真菌对铅离子生物吸附的研究

采用多种固定化材料包埋枝孢霉属(Cladosporium sp.),结果表明:以一定比例混合的海藻酸钠-明胶包埋的枝孢霉小球对Pb2+具有最佳吸附效果。通过正交试验确定了固定化最优操作条件,最优条件为:菌量为10g/L,包埋剂量为1.5∶1.5,CaCl2浓度为4%,钙化时间为4h。并考察了不同因素如接触反应时间,溶液的pH,温度对生物吸附的影响。结果表明:平衡吸附的时间为3h左右,最适pH为4.0,在15℃~45℃的温度范围内,吸附量有缓慢增加,在一定的浓度范围(30~700mg/L)内,生物吸附随浓度的增加而增加,生物吸附过程较好地符合Langmuir模型。     

电纺漆酶催化降解水中双酚A性能研究

以模拟地表水中的双酚A(BPA)为目标污染物,采用聚乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物(PDLGA)作为纺丝材料,利用静电纺丝固定化漆酶制作载漆酶电纺纳米纤维膜,考察了BPA溶液降解效果,分析了温度、pH等影响因素。结果表明：电纺纳米纤维膜固定化漆酶对游离酶的活性保留率为78.5%;固定化漆酶对低浓度BPA(100μg/L)和高浓度BPA(100 mg/L)的2 h降解率分别达到83.5%和31.7%;在温度为5～45℃的变化范围内,固定化酶和游离酶对BPA的降解率变化区间分别为31.2%～71.2%和29.8%～89.4%;在pH为1～9的变化范围内,固定化酶和游离酶对BPA的降解率变化区间分别为12.2%～64.7%和0～59.8%。     

啤酒酵母吸附重金属离子铅的研究

采用北京啤酒厂的啤酒酵母自制生物吸附剂,用于吸附重金属离子铅.考察了啤酒酵母吸附Pb2+过程中的影响因素,包括pH值、初始Pb2+质量浓度及酸碱预处理方法等.实验结果表明,啤酒酵母对Pb2+的吸附量随pH值的增加而增大,当pH=6时达到吸附最大值,吸附的最佳pH范围是4～7;随着初始Pb2+质量浓度增加,吸附量有所提高:当溶液初始Pb2+质量浓度为500 mg/L,pH=6时达到实验条件下的最大吸附量,为每g酵母吸附Pb2+ 107 mg;啤酒酵母对Pb2+的吸附过程遵循Langmuir方程;啤酒酵母经酸处理后吸附量增大.      

改性凹凸棒土吸附处理PAM废水研究

以丙烯酰胺(PAM)为目标污染物,研究了改性凹凸棒土对PAM的吸附性能、吸附过程的影响因素以及吸附完成后的再生问题。研究表明,250mg/L的PAM溶液振荡吸附1h后,酸改性凹凸棒土的吸附效率高于提纯和热改性凹凸棒土,达90.08%。在250mg/L的PAM溶液投加酸改性凹凸棒土进行振荡吸附试验,吸附时间为45min,试验结果表明,酸改性凹凸棒土的最佳投加量为1g/L;吸附过程最佳pH范围是4～6;吸附过程为放热过程。以5%、10%和15%的氢氧化钠溶液作为脱附剂进行再生试验,随着氢氧化钠溶液浓度的提高,再生效率逐渐提高。但是,再生效率提高的幅度减小,浓度为10%和15%的氢氧化钠溶液的再生效率差别不大。以10%的氢氧化钠溶液作为脱附剂时,最经济的再生次数为5次。     

三种红树植物落叶碎屑对海水中多环芳烃吸附作用的实验研究

在实验室条件下,研究了海水中多环芳烃（PAHs）（含苊、菲、）浓度分别为90、900或9000 μg/L时,无瓣海桑（Sonneratia apetala）、秋茄（Kandelia candel）和木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）不同分解状态落叶碎屑对PAHs的吸附作用。结果显示:在相同PAHs浓度下,无瓣海桑、秋茄和木榄落叶碎屑对PAHs的吸附总量差异显著（p < 0.05）,吸附率树种间也差异显著（p < 0.05）。当海水中PAHs的浓度为90和900 μg/L时,3种红树植物落叶碎屑对PAHs的吸附率均是无瓣海桑黑叶最高,分别为32.6%和35.1%。同一树种不同分解状态落叶碎屑对PAHs的吸附规律因树种而异:秋茄棕叶和黑叶对PAHs的吸附率均随着PAHs浓度的增加而增加;木榄棕叶和黑叶对PAHs的吸附率均随着PAHs浓度的增加,先上升（从90 μg/L到900 μg/L）,然后下降（从900 μg/L到9000 μg/L）;无瓣海桑棕叶对PAHs的吸附率是随着PAHs浓度的增加而增加,而黑叶却随着PAHs浓度的增加,吸附率先是上升,然后下降。3种红树植物同一分解状态的落叶碎屑对单个PAHs组分的吸附率规律存在差异。同一树种同一分解状态的落叶碎屑对不同PAHs组分的吸附规律也存在差异。     

壳聚糖对Cu~(2+)的吸附与解吸

研究了溶液pH值、Cu2+初始浓度、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间及温度对壳聚糖吸附Cu2+的影响,并对达到吸附平衡的壳聚糖进行了解吸研究。结果表明,壳聚糖对Cu2+的吸附量随pH值的升高而增大,在pH值为4.7时,基本达到吸附平衡;吸附过程同时符合Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型,最大吸附量为142.9 mg/g;与拟一级动力学模型相比,拟二级动力学模型可以更好地描述吸附过程;吸附剂最佳投加量为1 g/L。用0.03 mol/L H2SO4溶液做脱附液,搅拌10 min,脱附率为73.4%;经过4次脱附-吸附循环,壳聚糖平衡吸附量变化不大,具有良好的重复使用性。     

废啤酒酵母吸附去除水溶液中活性红4

用废啤酒酵母作生物吸附剂吸附水溶液中活性红4(RR4),并对吸附性能进行了评价。通过电位滴定和FTIR分析表明废啤酒酵母上主要存在磺酸基、羧基及氨基等官能团。对溶液pH值、RR4浓度和吸附时间等因素对吸附的影响进行了研究,结果表明:废啤酒酵母对RR4的吸附速率快,320min即可达到吸附平衡;酸性条件利于吸附,碱性条件下则会发生解吸附,pH=11条件下解吸附率高于86%;等温吸附数据符合Langmuir模式,pH=2条件下废啤酒酵母对RR4的最大吸附量为103.36mg/g。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.