不同类型凋落物对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

通过实验室凋落物培养试验,对南京紫金山地区4种典型植被凋落物的分解差异进行了比较研究.结果表明,含凋落物土壤有机碳矿化包含快速分解和缓慢分解2个过程,前者日均分解量大持续时间短,后者与之相反.4种含凋落物土壤在培养初期矿化速率迅速达到最大,大小依次为狗牙根凋落物土壤(CK+BMD) (23.88±0.62) mg·d^-1、马尾松凋落物土壤(CK+PML)(17.93±0.99) mg·d^-1、麻栎凋落物土壤(CK+QAC) (15.39±0.16) mg·d-1和青冈栎凋落物土壤(CK+CGO)(7.26±0.34) mg·d^-1,相互间差异均达到显著水平(p<0.05),此顺序与凋落物初始化学元素组成关系不明显.培养3个月,含凋落物土壤有机碳累积矿化量分别为：(CK+BMD)(338.21±6.99) mg、 (CK+QAC)(323.48±13.68) mg、 (CK+PML)(278.34±13.91) mg和(CK+CGO) (245.21±4.58) mg.从凋落物自身分解率分析,4种凋落物在培养期间共释放了198.17～297.18 mg的CO₂-C,占到加入凋落物中有机碳总量的20.29%～31.70%.对有机碳矿化速率和累积矿化量变化趋势分析后发现,乘幂曲线模型能很好地描述其变化,且相关性较好.     

中亚热带马尾松林凋落物分解过程中的微生物与酶活性动态

采用凋落物原位分解法,研究了中亚热带马尾松林中马尾松、槲栎凋落叶单独及混合(自然质量比8∶2)分解过程中的微生物数量与酶活性动态.结果表明:①3类凋落物的年分解常数K的大小为:混合凋落物(0.94)>槲栎凋落物(0.86)>马尾松凋落物(0.67);②3类凋落物真菌数量和微生物数量均在夏季(135 d时)达到最大值,而此时细菌和放线菌数量最低;③3类凋落物纤维素酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性均与凋落物干重剩余率呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而马尾松与混合型凋落物中的多酚氧化酶活性同凋落物干重剩余率呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);④微生物数量和多酚氧化酶活性均总体表现为槲栎凋落物>混合凋落物>马尾松凋落物,酸性磷酸酶活性多表现为槲栎凋落物最低,与分解常数K排列有一定的差异,说明凋落物分解是微生物和多种酶共同作用的结果.整体研究表明,凋落物质量和季节气候的差异显著影响微生物群落及其调控的生态过程,与纯马尾松凋落叶相比,针阔混合使微生物数量和多酚氧化酶活性显著提高,这可能是导致分解加快的重要原因.     

闽江口秋茄红树林凋落物产量及分解动态

于2017年以闽江口粗芦岛秋茄(Kandelia obovata)红树林为研究对象,分别采用凋落物收集框和分解袋法,研究秋茄凋落物产量及其碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量月动态及凋落叶分解过程中C、N、P含量与水解酶活性.结果表明:①秋茄凋落物年产量为618.79 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1),其中,叶占61.2%,果、枝和花分别占23.7%、10.5%和4.6%.②凋落叶总氮(TN)含量8月显著高于其他月份(p0.05),而TP含量在1—3月显著高于其他月份;C/N在8月显著低于其他月份(p0.05),而C/P及N/P在9月显著升高(p0.05).③在凋落叶分解过程中,C、N、P含量及其化学计量比随时间存在明显差异(p0.01),并且地上组TC、TN、C/N和C/P明显不同于地下组(p0.05).④在分解过程中,4种水解酶随时间存在明显差异(p0.01).⑤凋落叶酸性磷酸酶活性与土壤温度、电导率和凋落叶TP含量存在显著相关关系(p0.01).这些结果说明,秋茄凋落物产量及元素含量随季节变化存在明显差异;沉积作用对凋落叶分解过程中元素含量有显著影响,水解酶活性主要受凋落叶元素含量和土壤环境因子的控制.     

土壤水分含量和凋落物特性对陌上菅细根和叶片凋落物分解的影响

凋落物分解是湿地生态系统中碳和养分循环的关键过程.对比叶片凋落物和细根的分解速率,有助于阐明水分变化条件下不同凋落物类型对湿地碳循环的相对贡献,提高人们对不同有机碳源分解驱动机制的理解.以安徽省升金湖湿地典型湿生植物——陌上菅（Carex thunbergii）为研究对象,采用分解袋法进行凋落物分解试验,分析叶片凋落物和细根在不同土壤水分含量（30%、50%和70%）下的分解动态.结果表明:①经过5个月的分解,在30%、50%和70%的土壤水分含量下,陌上菅的细根质量残留率分别为46.7%、58.1%和60.1%,叶片凋落物的质量残留率分别为37.9%、31.6%、33.9%.②在30%、50%和70%的土壤水分含量下,陌上菅的细根分解速率常数分别为1.78、1.27、1.12,叶片凋落物的分解速率常数分别为2.56、2.94、2.54,且它们之间存在显著性差异（P < 0.05）.③细根的分解速率与土壤水分含量之间呈负相关（P < 0.001）,而叶片凋落物的分解速率与土壤水分含量呈正相关（P=0.01）.④根据重复测量方差分析结果可知,凋落物分解受凋落物类型、分解时间及二者交互作用的影响,且凋落物类型是主导因素.分别对细根和叶片凋落物的质量损失进行重复测量方差分析,发现在细根的分解过程中,土壤水分含量是主要影响因素,而在叶片凋落物分解过程中,分解时间是主导因素.研究显示,相同土壤水分含量下,叶片凋落物的分解速率比细根快;湿地水位变化条件下,土壤水分含量对细根和叶片凋落物分解具有不同的影响,土壤水分含量的增加促进了叶片凋落物的分解,但对细根的分解产生了抑制作用.      

活性污泥-接触氧化法处理印染废水

采用活性污泥 接触氧化法处理印染废水 ,取得了满意效果。在低温季节半年多的工程运行中 ,进水平均CODCr浓度为 5 67± 40 0mg L ,平均色度为 416± 3 7 1倍时 ,出水平均CODCr浓度 79 7± 6 0mg L ,去除率为 84 1± 1 7% ;平均色度 5 2 8± 4 0倍 ,去除率为 85 2± 1 3 % (置信度为 95 % )。处理成本低 ,仅为 0 79元 m3,污泥产量小 ,管理方便     

不同添加量凋落物及生物质炭对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

以亚热带杉木人工林土壤为研究对象,采用培养试验,研究了杉木凋落物及其生物质炭(Biochar,BC)在不同添加量条件下(0、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%土壤质量分数)对土壤微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明:凋落物处理的土壤微生物总磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)、细菌、真菌含量均随添加量的增加而增加,而丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和放线菌(ACT)含量在不同添加量处理间则无显著差异.对于BC处理,在3%添加量下土壤微生物总PLFA、革兰氏阳性细菌(GP)、革兰氏阴性细菌(GN)、真菌、AMF和ACT含量均达到最大,表明BC对土壤微生物活性的促进作用与凋落物截然不同.此外,凋落物添加对真菌的影响较大,但对ACT的影响则显著低于BC处理.主成分分析表明,凋落物和BC添加均显著改变了土壤微生物群落结构,且前者的影响更为明显,而添加量对其影响则较小.冗余分析发现,土壤全氮与C/N比值分别为影响凋落物与BC处理中微生物群落结构变化的主要因子.     

UV-B辐射对亚热带森林凋落叶氮、磷元素释放的影响

UV-B辐射对凋落物分解过程的影响已成为全球变化生态学研究中的前沿和热点问题之一.采用分解袋法对自然和UV-B辐射滤减两种环境下亚热带6种代表性树种(杉木、马尾松、木荷、香樟、青冈和甜槠)凋落叶氮、磷元素的释放动态进行了研究.结果表明,凋落叶氮元素的动态表现为直接富集、释放-富集和释放-富集-释放3种模式,磷元素的动态表现为直接释放、富集-释放-富集和无明显变化3种模式.与对照相比,UV-B辐射滤减显著延缓了甜槠凋落叶氮元素及青冈和甜槠凋落叶磷元素的释放(P<0.05),但促进了香樟凋落叶磷元素的释放(P<0.05),对其他树种凋落叶的氮或磷释放无显著影响.凋落叶的初始氮含量和C/N比值不能解释氮释放动态,C/P比值可以部分解释磷的释放.全球环境变化背景下UV-B辐射在湿润亚热带地区森林生态系统过程中的作用尚需进一步认识和理解.     

树冠及叶凋落物对模拟酸雨缓冲能力的初探

用模拟试验的方法,对树冠、叶凋落物和鲜树叶缓冲酸雨的能力进行研究。结果表明,阔叶树比针叶树缓冲能力大;树叶汁液pH高的比低的缓冲能力大;阔叶树面积的大小,与缓冲能力成正比;针叶则相反。在pH2.0、3.0的处理中,它们的缓冲能力排序为:叶凋落物>鲜树叶>树冠。在pH4.5时,则是叶凋落物>树冠>鲜树叶。     

氮沉降影响下沙柳和小叶杨凋落物的分解特征

氮沉降背景下采矿沉陷区修复植物凋落物分解的研究对矿区植被和土壤修复具有重要意义。该研究采用1 a野外分解袋试验的方法，以内蒙古采煤沉陷区主要修复树种沙柳和小叶杨的凋落物为研究对象，设置沙柳(Salix psammophila)凋落物、小叶杨(Populus simonii)凋落物和沙柳与小叶杨混合凋落物3个处理。研究分析了每2个月3种凋落物在风沙区和黄土区2种环境中的干重、有机碳(OC)、氮(N)和磷(P)的残余率。结果表明，凋落物来源及分解环境类型对凋落物的分解系数k和年分解率P_d均有显著(P<0.01)影响。沙柳凋落物的k和P_d显著(P<0.05)高于小叶杨凋落物和混合凋落物；黄土区的k和P_d显著(P<0.05)高于风沙区。分解1 a后，凋落物的OC和P分别残余39.88%～64.86%和45.09%～60.76%，而N的残余率为99.13%～128.48%,N释放不明显。N含量、温度及降水均与凋落物干重呈显著负(P<0.01)相关。OC残余率与N残余率对凋落物变化的直接影响均是正向的，但间接...     

黄河口盐沼湿地盐地碱蓬和互花米草凋落物的分解特征

凋落物分解在湿地生态系统中扮演重要的角色。为探索潮汐梯度下凋落物分解过程中质量和营养元素变化情况,采用分解袋的方法,选择盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）和互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）凋落物作为研究对象,沿着潮汐梯度开展凋落物分解的野外实验。结果表明：凋落物分解速率与凋落物类型、土壤盐度、含水率以及潮汐干扰强弱有关;潮汐干扰强的区域互花米草分解快于盐地碱蓬,潮汐干扰弱的区域盐地碱蓬分解快于互花米草,两种凋落物分解速率在0.00134~0.00234 d^-1之间。分解末期,凋落物都呈现C和N的净释放,盐地碱蓬凋落物平均释放了36.9%的C和55.8%的N,互花米草凋落物平均释放了53.1%的C和47.1%的N。本研究强调关注潮汐梯度下的凋落物分解,其在调节生物地球化学循环以及碳累积上具有重要意义。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.