容量法 水中硫酸盐的测定(EDTA滴定法)

简介本法采用加入定量氯化钡沉淀硫酸根,再用EDTA滴定过量钡离子,用差减法求出硫酸根的含量。本法适用于天然水中硫酸根含量为6毫克/升以上的水样。仪器 25毫升酸式滴定管二支; 200毫升烧杯。试剂     

铜盐置换滴定法测定铝含量

研究了用置换滴定法取代传统方法铝盐含量，确定了最佳反应条件，在此条件下测定铝盐含量，具有较高准确度和精密度。     

滴定法测定的不确定度评定——以EDTA法测定水中钙镁为例

用测量不确定度表示检测结果是当前国际上约定做法，然而如何对测量结果的不确定度进行合理评定，一直是困扰检测实验室的一个难题。作者依据测量不确定度的评定原则，通过实例，简要地阐述了滴定法测量不确定度评定方法，对环境检测领域测量不确定度的评定具有借鉴意义。     

浊度仪法快速测定水体中硫酸盐含量

为了适应野外水质快速测定的要求,根据硫酸钡比浊法的方法原理,采用浊度仪测定浊度的方法,建立了水体中硫酸盐含量的快速测定方法。实验考察了浊度、氯化钡加入形态、摇动时间,静置时间等影响因素。结果表明,浊度在5～25 NTU时,其对硫酸盐的测定几乎没有影响。在实验最佳条件下,氯化钡的加入量为0.2 g,中速手摇40 s,静置时间5min,所建立方法的线性范围为5～90 mg/L,相关系数R2=0.9998,方法的检出限为0.25 mg/L。加标回收率为94.00%～105.25%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.19%～1.75%(n=5),方法便携、简单,适用于野外与浊度同步测定。     

测定地表水及饮用水中硫酸盐的两种方法探讨

通过比较两种监测分析方法,分析了测定硫酸盐分光光度法的影响因素、存在问题,以及火焰原子吸收法的优点,提出对不同浓度范围的硫酸盐,宜采用合适的分析方法,以减小测定的误差,提高测定结果的准确性和科学性。     

混合硫酸盐还原菌代谢过程的影响因素

采用间歇实验,研究不同初始pH、Fe2+投加量、COD/SO24-及NO3-/SO24-比值等因素对SRB还原硫酸盐效果与速率的影响。实验结果表明:中性条件下(pH=7),硫酸盐的去除效果最佳,去除率达到84.66%,还原速率为15.07 mg/(L.h),在初始pH为4～9的范围内,体系具有较好的缓冲能力;当COD/SO24-比值为3时,反应209 h,硫酸盐去除率为85.33%,还原速率为8.16 mg/(L.h),随着反应的进行,体系的pH趋于中性;当溶液中有亚铁离子存在,且浓度为0～200 mg/L时可促进硫酸盐还原菌的生长,提高其对硫酸盐的去除率;NO3-对硫酸盐的还原有明显的抑制作用。     

硫酸盐还原菌和酸性矿山废水的生物处理

本文论述了硫酸盐还原菌的代谢和所需要的碳源以及硫酸盐还原的影响因素和生物处理酸性矿山废水的研究进展.     

硫酸盐还原菌落活性的研究

从广州某污水处理厂采取含硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）的污泥,经富集培养、驯化,研究该硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）在pH值为7．5、30℃的完全厌氧环境中,使硫酸盐转化的效率。试验证明,经过富集、驯化后的硫酸盐还原菌,在1～2h内生长最快,硫酸盐还原效率最高,经过3h左右,硫酸盐还原率可达到93．8％。     

硫酸盐的测定 重量法 水中硫酸盐的测定

简介水中硫酸盐含量在10毫克/升以上时,用重量法测定最为准确,水样经处理后,在盐酸介质中加入氯化钡,使硫酸盐转为硫酸钡沉淀,以重量法测定。本方法可以测定饮用水、地面水、海水、生活污水和工业废水中的硫酸盐。仪器     

硫酸盐对不同浓度有机废水厌氧消化的影响

四个浓度有机废水用五个浓度硫酸盐处理,结果表明,低浓度有机废水(如5000mgCOD/l)即使用浓度达100mmol/l硫酸盐处理,只在发酵早期对产甲烷有抑制作用,10天以后抑制作用消失,而高浓度有机废水(如15000～20000mgCOD/l)加入不同浓度硫酸盐处理,甲烷产生率下降,抑制时间随发酵时间延长而延长,但抑制程度随发酵进程逐渐减弱,产气率逐步提高。在总产气量达到最高值以前,气体中甲烷含量随硫酸盐浓度提高而下降。硫酸盐还原与产甲烷状况基本一致。     

A Rapid Titrimetric Method for Sulfate in Lead Dioxide Exposed to Atmospheric Sulfur Pollution

A titrimetric method is described for the analysis of sulfate in lead dioxide candles which have been exposed to atmospheric sulfur pollution. The time taken to analyse one sample is 3 hr. Sixty milliliters of 8% ammonium carbonate solution is used to convert the lead sulfate present on the candle to ammonium sulfate. The solution is filtered lc remove lead dioxide, and an aliquot of the filtrate is heated to remove ammonium carbonate. The solution of ammonium sulfate remaining is titrated directly for sulfate with 0.02 M barium perchlorate, using Thoron as indicator. The accuracy of the method is ±10 and ±6 % of theoretical, for 10 mg, and 40 mg or greater amounts of sulfate, respectively. For 2 mg of sulfate, results are about 20% high. Good agreement has been obtained between results for duplicate field candles, analyzed by the standard sodium carbonate gravimetric method, and the method presented, over a five-month period.     

Composition of Aqueous Extracts of Broiler Litter Treated with Aluminum Sulfate,Ferrous Sulfate,Ferric Chloride and Gypsum

More knowledge on the composition of aqueous extracts of broiler litter amended for Water Soluble P (WSP) reduction would help to understand how amendments work. We measured pH, concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Cu, Mn, Zn, Molybdate Reactive P (MRP), and Dissolved Unreactive P (DUP) in water extracts of broiler litter treated with aluminum sulfate (ALS), ferrous sulfate (FES), ferric chloride (FEC), and gypsum (GYP) at 0, 5, 15, and 25% w/w. In order to study the effects of acidification, the same properties were measured in aqueous extracts of broiler litter suspensions that were titrated to end-points 3, 4, or 6 with 0.5N HCl. Concentrations of MRP, DUP, Ca and Mg, were 61%, 53%, 3.8 times, and 2.6 times greater in extracts from suspensions acidified to pH 6 than at the original pH of 8.9. ALS, FES, and FEC reduced pH, and showed similar effects on WSP concentrations, which were greater than with GYP. The magnitude of the reductions in WSP by ALS, FES, and FEC is uncertain because the actual amount of WSP immobilized cannot be determined. This is because of two opposite effects: 1) Through adsorption, soluble aluminum and iron remove phosphates from solution, and 2) Through acidification, iron and aluminum compounds release phosphates to solution.     

聚合硫酸铝铁预处理垃圾渗滤液

采用聚合硫酸铝铁（PAFS）预处理垃圾渗滤液中的高浓度有机物,为后续的吸附环节及生物处理阶段创造良好的水质条件。试验结果表明,在低投加量的条件下,PAFS投加量在200mg／L、pH为8．0、沉淀时间为40min时,混凝效果最佳,CODcr的去除率可达37．5％。     

双室微生物燃料电池重金属毒性传感器的研制

构建了双室微生物燃料电池（double microbial fuel cells,DMFC）型毒性传感器分别对Cr（Ⅵ）、Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+进行在线检测研究。通过对反应器进行优化,确定DMFC在外电阻为1 000 Ω时达到最大功率密度;外循环速率为0.933 4 mL·min-1时反应器运行较稳定。在最优条件下,通过监测铜离子来确定检测时间为60 min,清洗时间为10 min。在以上条件下进行重金属检测,结果表明4种重金属的检测范围分别为0.3~10、0.4~10、40~160、15~80 mg·L-1。抑制率可以用来验证反应器的可行性,检测范围内抑制率与重金属浓度呈现一定的线性关系,其相关系数分别为0.959 7、0.979 5、0.944 1、0.936 6。并可得到相应的线性方程,这些方程可用于验证DMFC-传感器的稳定性。选取检测范围内的浓度进行验证,结果表明4种重金属的相对误差均小于11%,传感器相对稳定并可长期运行。     

离子选择电极分析法测定标样中氟化物的不确定度评定

通过对离子选择电极法测定标样中氟化物的过程研究，分析了该方法测量不确定度的来源，给出了相对不确定度分量，得出测量扩展不确定度的结果。     

Black Liquor Oxidation as a Method for Reducing Air Pollution from Sulfate Pulping

This paper will discuss the sources of odorous air pollutants from sulfate pulping operations. One of the major sources is the recovery furnace. Odors from this source can be reduced considerably by oxidation of the black liquor prior to evaporation and burning. The procedure has been used with considerable success in the northwestern and northeastern parts of the United States. Unfortunately, the majority of sulfate pulp production occurs in areas where southern pine is the basic raw material. For several reasons the black liquor resulting from southern pine operations presents problems when the usual oxidation procedures are used. Although not as effective as normal black liquor oxidation strong black liquor can be oxidized without too much difficulty. Various procedures for oxidation of black liquor will be discussed. Results of stack sampling in U. S. pulp mills with and without the oxidation unit in operation will be reported.     

Observations Less than the Analytical Limit of Detection: A New Approach

Abstract

Solutions are given for plume rise assuming a power-law wind speed profile in a stably stratified layer for point and finite sources with initial vertical momentum and buoyancy. For a constant wind speed, these solutions simplify to the conventional plume rise equations in a stable atmosphere. In a shear layer, the point of maximum rise occurs further downwind and is slightly lower compared with the plume rise with a constant wind speed equal to the wind speed at the top of the stack. If the predictions with shear are compared with predictions for an equivalent average wind speed over the depth of the plume, the plume rise with shear is higher than plume rise with an equivalent average wind speed.     

烧结电除尘灰浸出液氯化钾转化法制备硫酸钾

对烧结电除尘灰进行了浸出实验,研究结果表明,浸出液中含有较高含量的氯化钾和硫酸钾等钾盐。根据硫酸钾、氯化铵、硫酸铵和氯化钾的分解温度和溶点的不同,可以利用硫酸铵与氯化钾转化生成硫酸钾和氯化铵。考察了反应摩尔比、乙醇用量、蒸发量、氯化钠含量等因素对硫酸钾纯度和收率的影响。结果表明,乙醇的洗涤对硫酸钾产品纯度和总收率有一定的影响。氯化钾与硫酸铵按照化学计量比2KCl:(NH4)2SO4=1:1进行复分解反应能在硫酸钾纯度和收率上获得较好的效果,其硫酸钾产品收率达到80%左右,氯化钾铵复合肥的收率为12.76%。氯化钠杂质的存在不仅能影响硫酸钾产品的纯度和收率,而且过高的氯化钠会与硫酸钾形成K3Na(SO4)2复盐,降低硫酸钾的产量。同时,设计了从烧结灰浸出液中KCl生产硫酸钾及氯化钾铵复合肥的工艺路线图,为从烧结电除尘灰生产硫酸钾提供了一个可能的生产方法。     

Method of median semi-variance for the analysis of left-censored data: Comparison with other techniques using environmental data

In environmental monitoring, variables with analytically non-detected values are commonly encountered. For the statistical evaluation of these data, most of the methods that produce a less biased performance require specific computer programs. In this paper, a statistical method based on the median semi-variance (SemiV) is proposed to estimate the position and spread statistics in a dataset with single left-censoring. The performances of the SemiV method and 12 other statistical methods are evaluated using real and complete datasets. The performances of all the methods are influenced by the percentage of censored data. In general, the simple substitution and deletion methods showed biased performance, with exceptions for L/2, Inter and L/√2 methods that can be used with caution under specific conditions. In general, the SemiV method and other parametric methods showed similar performances and were less biased than other methods. The SemiV method is a simple and accurate procedure that can be used in the analysis of datasets with less than 50% of left-censored data.