Quantitative modeling of freshwater stress in the nine water basins of Tanzania

Freshwater scarcity is a global issue of environmental concern that threatens agricultural production and human health.In this study,we established freshwater stress indices(WSIs) for the nine water basins of Tanzania by using the quantity of freshwater available and various water uses.The relationship between water availability and different water uses,including environmental water requirements,was analyzed,with uncertainty and sensitivity analysis performed by a Monte Carlo simulation technique.Extreme WSI values close to 1.00 were obtained in the Rufiji,Pangani,and Wami-ruvu basins,Internal drainage,and Lake Rukwa,while low and moderate WSI values ranging from 0.03 to 0.84 were found in Lake Victoria and the Ruvuma,Tanganyika,and Nyasa basins.This study adds further knowledge on the level of freshwater scarcity,relationships between water availability and different water uses,and suggests policy options to reduce freshwater scarcity at the basin level for sustainable water supply.     

甘肃河西内陆河流域社会化水资源稀缺评价

水资源稀缺是我国经济社会发展所面临的严重制约因素。水资源稀缺评价是水资源管理中最基础性的工作。借助Karshenas模型对资源利用同经济发展之间的关系进行了诠释；在界定水资源管理阶段的基础上。引入社会适应性能力概念。着重论述了其内在结构及其度量指标。从而将水资源稀缺问题拓展到了社会经济领域。强调社会资源在水资源稀缺评价中的作用。同时。建立社会化水资源稀缺指数。并以甘肃省河西内陆河流域五市为例进行了实证研究．结果表明：嘉峪关市由于相对较高的社会适应性能力。其社会化水资源稀缺程度指数的相对排序得到改善；而武威市则因相对较低的社会适应性能力。社会化水资源稀缺指数的排序有所降低；金昌市和张掖市尽管社会化水资源稀缺指数的相对排序没有变化。但由于考虑了社会适应性能力。水资源稀缺程度得到有效的缓解。社会化水资源稀缺指数更能如实反映水资源状况。社会适应性能力是一种重要的资源。对缓解水资源紧缺程度具有重要的作用。     

Cosmogenic 22Na as an index of the residence time of water in freshwater basins: a review

The goal of this review is to draw attention to an opportunity for the use of cosmogenic (22)Na for dating young surface and underground waters. After 1961 when a significant quantity of (22)Na was released into the environment as a result of nuclear weapon tests, its concentrations in river waters were greatly increased, and a return to natural (cosmogenic) levels took until the mid-1980s. The studies made during this non-steady-state period showed that the one-box model for freshwater basin correctly describes the experimental data. For the 19 studied basins of Russia, the Baltic States and Japan, a calculation based on this model gave values for the mean residence time of water in the range from 4 to 23 years. Now, only cosmogenic (22)Na is in the environment, and it is the single cosmogenic radionuclide at present, which can serve as a steady-state tracer for dating young waters (up to some decades).     

阜康市休闲农业资源定量评价初探

休闲农业资源评价是休闲农业规划与设计的基础工作。本文采用层次分析法,构建了包括资源条件、开发条件、旅游条件三方面的休闲农业资源定量评价模型并计算分析相应权重,最后选取同属乌鲁木齐都市圈中间层的呼图壁县、昌吉市和五家渠市进行评价研究。通过分析和计算得出:资源条件因素权重最大为0.7306,其次是开发条件因素为0.1884,最后是旅游条件因素为0.0810;呼图壁县、昌吉市、五家渠市和阜康市休闲农业开发总得分分别为67.8、84.7、78.4、82.4,阜康市居第二位,开发潜力大。阜康市农业资源丰富,交通便捷,区位条件优良,经济和旅游业发展较快,具备发展休闲观光农业的优势。     

Culture as trigger for sustainability transition in the water domain: the case of the Spanish water policy and the Ebro river basin

There is a mounting body of literature dealing generally with the dynamics of transitions of human systems towards sustainability and specifically with the different stages and processes of transitions. However, the question of why transition processes occur in the first place remains largely unexplained. This paper explores the concept of transition triggers, such as culture or material resource scarcity, and provides a theoretical framework to explain the emergence of a transition and its relation to recent developments in Spanish water policy. We adapt the general framework provided by current transition theory and gather empirical evidence and insights from processes occurring within the Spanish policy context and the Ebro river basin in particular. Our results show that the sole existence of biophysical limits to water use or development cannot explain the start of a possible sustainability transition in this domain in Spain. Changes in the existing water policies in the direction of sustainability were not ignited by people directly affected by water scarcities but by a coalition of sensitive agents, mostly from academia, NGOs and local constituencies, who managed to articulate new identities, integrate multiple sources of policy relevant knowledge, and develop new values under the umbrella of the new water culture movement.

Study of the Optimization and Adjustment ofthe IndustrialStructure Subjected to Water Resource in the Drainage Area of the Yellow River

Since the 1990s, the Yellow River stream has been temporarily interrupted for several years, which affects the development of society, the economy and human life, limits the economic potential of the drainage areas, and especially causes great harm to regions on the lower reaches. Based on the analysis of the relationship between the development of society and economy and water scarcity, the author thinks it is necessary to optimize and adjust the industrial structure that has extravagantly consumed enormous amounts of water, and to develop ecological agriculture, industry and tourism which are balanced with the ecological environment. Finally, the author puts forward several pieces of advice and countermeasures about how to build the economic systems by which water can be used economically.     

Study of the Optimization and Adjustment of the Industrial Structure Subjected to Water Resource in the Drainage Area of the Yellow River

Abstract

Since the 1990s, the Yellow River stream has been temporarily interrupted for several years, which affects the development of society, the economy and human life, limits the economic potential of the drainage areas, and especially causes great harm to regions on the lower reaches. Based on the analysis of the relationship between the development of society and economy and water scarcity, the author thinks it is necessary to optimize and adjust the industrial structure that has extravagantly consumed enormous amounts of water, and to develop ecological agriculture, industry and tourism which are balanced with the ecological environment. Finally, the author puts forward several pieces of advice and countermeasures about how to build the economic systems by which water can be used economically.     

The role of interactions between individual animals in the response to heat stress in the freshwater crustacean <Emphasis Type="Italic">Daphnia magna</Emphasis>

The thermal resistance of Daphnia magna Straus is a trait depending on the interaction between individuals. The group effect is expressed in D. magna as both a decrease in thermal resistance and a marked individual differentiation with respect to thermal resistance. Two types of interactions between individual D. magna have been found: (1) the release of an unidentified factor decreasing thermal resistance (without noticeably changing the phenotypic variability of this trait) into the medium and (2) a decrease in the thermal resistance of individuals poorly adapted to heat stress, with the thermal resistance of well-adapted individuals (determined by the dependence of thermal resistance on interactions between individuals) remaining the same or even slightly increasing.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 126–131.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kalinnikova, Krasnoperova, T. Gainutdinov, Sadykova, M. Gainutdinov.     

我国流域水资源管理模式理论创新初探

在以水资源过度开发、水环境污染、水资源短缺及用水效率和效益低下为主要标志的水危机日益凸显的今天,探寻和构建与中国国情相适应、并能反映先进生态水文化的现代水资源管理模式,是解决我国流域目前面临的水问题、应对未来不断加剧的水危机、实现区域经济与社会可持续发展的必由之路和战略抉择.在对国内外水资源管理模式的发展动态及研究进展系统评述的基础上,本文提出从传统的以行政区域为单元、以政府为主导、以供水管理为核心的水资源管理模式向以流域为单元、以市场为主导、以需水管理为基础的水资源综合管理模式的转变,是未来我国流域水资源管理模式理论创新的重要发展方向,并从流域水资源的管理制度、文化体系、管理模式、法律及政策体系方面进行详细论述.     

水土匹配、空间效应及区域农业经济增长——基于中国2003-2013的经验分析

水资源和土地资源是非常重要的自然资源,是农业经济发展不可或缺的物质要素。水资源与土地资源的合理匹配能够促进区域的资源优势转化为经济增长,从而促进区域农业经济发展。我国是一个人口众多的农业大国,同时也存在水资源与土地资源短缺的问题。本文结合我国农业水土资源自然禀赋与实际利用情况,首先利用中国2003-2013年的分省数据,选取单位耕地面积的广义农业水资源量测度方法和当量系数描述了我国农业水土资源匹配的现实,发现我国农业水资源与土地资源在空间上匹配程度不高,农业生产受到水土资源约束较强,农业水土资源的形成区域与消耗区域在空间上不相匹配;然后,在邻接权重矩阵下采用Moran’s I指数验证我国区域农业经济增长的空间关联性,结果显示我国各省农业经济增长存在显著的空间关系,呈现出高度的集聚性和非均质性。为避免估计结果有偏,本文在此基础上采用空间计量建模及估计方法,加入农业生产人、财、物等控制变量,测度水土匹配度对区域农业经济增长的空间溢出效应。结果显示,水土匹配度对区域农业经济发展的区域内和区域间的溢出效应都显著为正,总体上水土匹配度对区域农业经济发展具有正向的溢出效应,即水土匹配度对本地区农业经济增长具有促进作用;同时,由于相邻区域的水土资源自然禀赋条件类似,而且农业生产中存在"示范效应"和"模仿效应",水土匹配度对相邻地区农业经济增长也具有一定的促进作用。因此,采取相关措施优化农业水土资源匹配关系,对促进我国区域农业经济增长,保障我国粮食安全非常重要。     

Bioaccumulation and lack of oxidative stress response in the ragworm H. diversicolor following exposure to Ra in sediment

The main effluent from oil and gas production, produced water, from some platforms in the North Sea contains elevated concentrations of ²²⁶Ra. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ²²⁶Ra in sediment would accumulate in and affect sediment-dwelling organisms. In addition, we wanted to determine if the bioavailability would be modulated by the presence of a scale inhibitor which is used during oil and gas production. Hediste diversicolor was therefore exposed to different levels of ²²⁶Ra (30–6600 Bq kg⁻¹) in combination with scale inhibitor in the sediments in a flow through system. The levels of radioactivity in the exposures were close to levels that can be measured in proximity to oil/gas production facilities. ²²⁶Ra spiked to natural sediment partitioned into pore water and accumulated in the sediment-dwelling polychaete following a four-week exposure period. The results suggest that ²²⁶Ra did not bind strongly to sediment (low sediment:water partitioning coefficient), but it was not shown to bioaccumulate in any great extent (bioaccumulation factors of 0.019–0.022). Exposure of H. diversicolor in sediments with up to 6600 Bq kg⁻¹²²⁶Ra had no measurable effect on the total oxyradical scavenging capacity of the organisms compared to control. So although they accumulated the alpha-emitter, the treatments did not appear to cause oxidative stress in polychaete tissues.     

青岛市城市资源、基础设施与其经济社会协调发展的定量评价和分析

在分析青岛市城市资源、基础设施条件与其经济社会发展之间关系的基础上．构建了多层次评价指标体系，对城市资源和基础设施这两大因素与青岛市经济社会发展的协调关系进行定量评价。结果表明,2001—2004年期间，青岛市城市盗源、基础设施与其经济社会各年度的协调发展度均大于0．8。其中,经济社会发展水平呈现持续增长的势头，而城市资源和基础设施的发展水平则呈现出波浪型态势。说明后者的发展尚不够稳定；另外．除了2002年城市资源与基础设施的发展超前于经济社会发展水平外。其余年份都是滞后的。今后要进一步加大对青岛市城市资源与基础设旌开发和建设的力度，以满足城市协调可持续发展的要求。     

Drinking water quality: An in vitro approach for the assessment of cytotoxic and genotoxic load in water sampled along distribution system

An in vitro approach was performed to assess the quality of drinking water collected at two treatment/distribution networks located near the source (Plant #1) and the mouth of River Po (Plant #2). The water was sampled at different points of each distribution network, before (raw water) and after the chlorine dioxide disinfection, and in two points of the pipeline system to evaluate the influence of the distribution system on the amount and quality of the disinfection by-product. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of water extracts were evaluated in human peripheral lymphocytes and Hep-G2 cells by the use of the micronucleus (MN) test and Comet assay. Raw water samples of both plants induced cytotoxic effects, but not the increases of MN frequency in Hep-G2 cells and in human lymphocytes. Increases of DNA damage in human leukocytes was detected by Comet assay for raw water of Plant #2 at concentration ≥ 0.25 Leq/mL. The disinfection process generally has reduced the toxicity of water samples, even if potential direct DNA-damaging compounds have been detectable in drinking water samples. The proposal approach, if currently used together with chemical analysis, can contribute to improve the monitoring drinking water.     

Legislation on protection of drinking water sources and local management practices in the Pearl River Delta region of China

The protection of drinking water sources is vital to urban development and public health. In this study, the current situation of the mandatory protection area for drinking water source in the Pearl River Delta region was investigated using a method combining Google Earth with the field survey. The gaps between management practices and legislation requirements were analyzed. Finally, several countermeasures for water resource protection were proposed as follows: to promote delineation in a more scientific way, to safeguard the sanctity of the law, to make better plan on water saving, and to encourage public participation in supervision and management.     

Distribution of uranium isotopes in surface water of the Llobregat river basin (Northeast Spain)

A study is presented on the distribution of ²³⁴U, ²³⁸U, ²³⁵U isotopes in surface water of the Llobregat river basin (Northeast Spain), from 2001 to 2006. Sixty-six superficial water samples were collected at 16 points distributed throughout the Llobregat river basin. Uranium isotopes were measured by alpha spectrometry (PIPS detectors). The test procedure was validated according to the quality requirements of the ISO17025 standard. The activity concentration for the total dissolved uranium ranges from 20 to 261 mBq L⁻¹. The highest concentrations of uranium were detected in an area with formations of sedimentary rock, limestone and lignite. A high degree of radioactive disequilibrium was noted among the uranium isotopes. The ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio varied between 1.1 and 1.9 and the waters with the lowest uranium activity registered the highest level of ²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio. Correlations between uranium activity in the tested water and chemical and physical characteristics of the aquifer were found.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Response of three dominant shrubs to soil water and groundwater along the oasis-desert ecotone in Northwest China

The ecotone from oasis to desert is an important area for combating sandy desertification. Three dominant desert shrubs (Nitraria tangutorum, Calligonuum mongolicum, Haloxylon ammodendrori) were selected in Minqin Oasis, Northwest China, to determine the groundwater level; soil water potential; and change of the three shrubs in density, coverage, and biomass along the natural and seminatural oasis-desert ecotone (ODE), respectively. The results indicated that traits of desert plant interaction with the topsoil water and groundwater depth along the ODE play an important role in generating complex desert vegetation spatial dynamics. Some natural desert plant species with shallow root systems will distribute themselves according to distribution of topsoil water. Thus, the distribution of Nitraria tangutorum had a decreasing trend in distribution along ODE. Calligonuum mongolicum occurs in different trends in natural and seminatural ODE due to utilizing groundwater as well as topsoil water. Some plant species with deep roots, such as Haloxylon ammodendron, will show more degradation near oases and will exhibit an ascending trend along ODE. Therefore, it is of primary importance to protect the integrity of groundwater depth in order to protect the stability of the oasis-desert ecotones. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

高质量发展模式下内蒙古河套灌区的可交易水量

黄河流域必须推进水资源节约集约利用,推动流域高质量发展。水权交易是运用市场机制实现水资源优化配置,促进水资源高效流转的有效手段。可交易水量是水权交易的基础要件之一,如何在高质量发展模式下科学测算可交易水量,是保障转让方水资源安全,促进水权交易顺利实现的关键。文章提出高质量发展模式下水权交易中可交易水量的测算方法,为灌区开展水权交易,测算可交易水量提供理论依据。首先,充分考虑水权交易对转让方用水安全的影响,界定可交易水量是转让方在保障自身生产、生活、生态等用水的前提下,在水权交易中可转让的水量。其次,依据中国水权交易政策分析得出可交易水量来源于节水潜力,国内水权交易实践显示农业节水潜力是当前及未来可交易水量的主要来源。再次,遵循高质量发展模式下保障粮食安全、实现水资源节约集约利用的原则,提出农业节水潜力的估测方法。最后,分析可交易水量的影响因素,确定调整系数,提出农业节水潜力中能够转化为可交易水量的测算方法。将该方法应用于国家高质量发展战略的施力地区以及中国水权交易的典范——内蒙古河套灌区,得出2021—2025年内蒙古河套灌区农业节水潜力分别为11.0713亿m³、11.5496亿m³、12.0486亿m³、12.5692亿m³、13.1123亿m³。依据内蒙古河套灌区可交易水量影响因素分析以及内蒙古水权交易政策规定,取可交易水量调整系数为2/3,计算得出内蒙古河套灌区2021—2025年可交易水量为7.381亿m³、7.700亿m³、8.032亿m³、8.379亿m³、8.742亿m³,为内蒙古河套灌区乃至黄河流域测算可交易水量提供借鉴。     

城镇化进程中用水量增长的门槛效应与动态作用机制分析

城镇化是发展中国家21世纪的主要发展趋势,在很大程度上主导着人口、经济和产业结构等各方面的转变,成为拉动用水量增长的关键因素。城镇化进程中城镇居民收入、人口结构、人口密度和人力资本等因素的变化,使得城镇化并非表现为线性发展规律,最终导致用水量也存在相应的门槛效应并呈现阶段性增长特征。本文首先对我国各地区城镇化水平和用水量进行统计分析,从地区层面直观描述我国城镇化水平和用水量的变化特征,然后采用面板门槛模型研究城镇化、城镇居民人均收入、人力资本、城市人口密度和人口年龄结构对于用水量的门槛效应,搜寻在城镇化进程中各人口因素对用水量影响的门槛点并分析阶段性变化特征,最后结合PVAR模型研究城镇化进程中各人口因素对用水量的动态影响和作用机制。门槛回归结果发现:城镇化对用水量的影响具有明显的阶段性特征,分别以城镇化和人均收入为门槛变量,超越门槛点后城镇化对用水量的弹性系数分别呈现先升后降的倒"U"型和先降后升的正"U"型变化趋势;以人力资本为门槛变化量,城镇化对用水量的拉动作用则不断减弱。脉冲响应结果显示:城镇化对用水量具有长期且稳定的正向冲击,而居民收入和人口年龄结构对用水量的正向冲击则逐渐收敛于零,人口密度和人力资本对用水量均具有负向冲击,且人口密度的负效应不断增强,而人力资本的负效应不断减弱。方差分解的结果表明,目前我国用水量的增长受自身的影响较大,除年龄结构外,人口密度、居民收入、人力资本和城镇化也具有小规模的贡献程度。