On the Law Right of the Gas Water of Water Resources

With the development of science and technology, the researches and application of water resources including the gas water have been constantly developed. Through an analysis on the flaws of the water right theory, and by executing reconstruction and renewal of the theory and system of water right in modem society, the water right position of the gas water will be established, leading to the maturity of the whole law effectiveness and substantial results of water right.     

水资源生态资本化运营探讨

水是生命之源,是基础性的自然资源和战略性的经济资源,水资源生态资本化运营是水资源可持续高效利用的重要基础与支撑条件.本文指出水资源价值实现和增值的关键是水资源生态资本化运营,水资源生态资本化运营的前提条件是水资源生态资产,水资源生态资本化运营的约束条件是生态水权,水资源生态资本化运营的支持条件是生态资本技术,水资源生态资本化运营的保障条件是生态资本市场;并从水资源生态资产评估、水资源生态产权制度建设、水资源生态资本技术内生化创新及水资源生态资本市场培育等方面探讨了水资源生态资本化运营的可行性.     

关于我国水价、水权和水市场改革的评论

在市场经济条件下，如何让市场在水资源配置领域发挥作用，是水管理改革面临的重要问题。引入经济手段管理水资源。已经成为当代中国水管理改革的重要内容。水资源管理的经济手段主要包括水价、水权和水市场，本文逐一对兰个方面的改革进展进行回顾和评价，揭示我国水价、水权和水市场的制度变迁轨迹。随着我国水价和水权制度的推进，水权市场的事例会越来越多涌现。尽管水市场在长期将有较大的发展。但是由于水市场线入涉及到一系列复杂的经济、社会和生态问题。决定了短期内水市场的发展空间相对有限。     

Relations between Environmental Right for Citizens and the Right to Use Environmental Resources owned by Company and Enterprise

Abstract

From angles of administrative law and private law, the article analyzes relations between environmental right for citizens and the right to use environmental resources owned by company and enterprise and points out three principles to balancing two relations: A principle of equal protection, a principle that general interest is superior to special interest as well as taking an account for special interest, in specific circumstances, for example, in the circumstance that clashes between environmental and economic interests can not be avoided, policy makers can put an emphasis on more important social interest according after considering weight of each interest. Finally, the article reaches a conclusion that China should establish system of environmental right for citizens from legislative and administrative levels so that a harmonious society can be constructed with guarantee.     

Relations between Environmental Right for Citizens and the Right to Use Environmental Resources owned by Company and Enterprise

Company and enterprise have to consume a certain amount of environmental resources during producing process and discharge pollutants into environment. No matter how advanced technologies for management are taken, company and enterprise will unavoidably lower quality of environmental public goods. In fact, current environmental problems and a decline in environmental quality are mainly caused by actions of company and enterprise. Whatever environmental right for citizens is, either as a right i…     

政府管制下的水权制度博弈分析

政府管制下的水权制度通常基于全流域的整体利益对流域水资源进行优化配置。但是由于信息不对称。管理者无法得知用水户的真实收益函数，以及委托一代理等原因。会出现“政府失灵”。通过深入分析在水权制度体系下政府管理者与用水户的行为特点。针对双方不同的行为方式。可以为政府管理者提供有效的政策工具．以减少因“政府失灵”所导致的制度失效。本文从水权制度运行的微观层面出发。对政府管理者和用水户之间的行为进行了博弈分析．考察了在不同的政策下双方的行为变化。以及对水权制度所产生的影响。认为政府可以通过降低检查成本、加强内部管理、提高超额罚金以及对不同类型的用水户进行差别对待等方式．使得用水户降低超额取水的频率，以实现全流域水资源优化配置的制度目标。     

关于提高我国自然资源物权化程度的思考

自然资源物权是随着环境资源法和物权法的发展而逐渐进入人们视野的。与传统物权相比，自然资源物权是一组性质有别的权利总称．它在本质上具有物权属性．但也包含准物权的内容。可将其分为土地资源物权和其它自然资源物权。我国的自然资源物权制度主要存在所有权虚化和抽象化、使用权物权化程度不高、土地资源使用权未得到切实保障等缺陷。应当通过强化和实现自然资源所有权、积极推进自然资源使用权物权化来完善我国自然资源物权制度。在具体的制度设计上。必须保障自然资源国家所有权的有效实现，改进和完善自然资源的集体所有权；同时也要推进土地使用权和其它自然资源使用权的物权化，特别是扩大自然资源物权中公民使用权的范围．推进自然资源物权的具体化和制度化。     

基于产权约束的中国矿产资源管理体制分析

在以消耗资源为代价的粗放型经济增长模式下,加强以产权为核心的矿产资源管理体制改革,是关系到矿产资源利用效率高低和我国经济社会可持续发展的重要命题.从制度变迁来看,产权安排的不完善是我国矿产资源管理低效的主要制度根源.因此,我国矿产资源管理体制开始了适应性的制度变迁.本文针对我国矿产资源管理的现状,以产权约束为基础,认为一种有效率的矿产资源管理模式应当是在市场机制的基础上寻求资产化管理与资源性管理、行政和市场配置方式的最优组合,而模式构建的核心是市场化的矿产资源配置制度安排,其主要表现为把矿业权作为一种产权按市场经济规律进行评估、拍卖和交易等商业活动.所以,矿产资源产权改革市场化的实质是在坚持矿产资源国家所有制的基础上,对矿产资源使用制度和价值流转体系进行的改革与创新.     

中国流域水资源生态补偿的法律问题与对策

随着我国经济社会的不断发展,水资源不足和水质污染引起的水危机已经成为许多地区可持续发展中的重要制约因素.在这种背景下,为了平衡环境、社会和经济多元利益,寻求先进的法律机制来调节平衡、保护流域生态环境、促进流域的可持续发展已成为一种共识.开展流域水资源生态补偿是实现流域上下游之间等相关方利益公平的关键所在.但由于我国缺乏生态补偿立法和相应的制度安排,流域水资源生态补偿目前仍面临许多问题:我国流域水资源生态补偿进展缓慢、法律制度滞后、部分法律法规彼此之间矛盾和相互冲突、流域水资源生态补偿的法律制度缺位、立法模式不适合当今流域生态环境问题解决等.本文通过对我国有关涉水法律中存在问题的分析,提出一些有关流域水资源生态补偿法律制度建设和完善的对策,以期对中国流域水资源生态补偿的推进和进一步实现水资源的可持续利用有所帮助.     

论可持续发展观的贯彻与水资源论证制度的完善

可持续发展理念要求以环境资源承载力为依据规范人们开发、利用自然资源的行为。水资源论证制度是贯彻、实施可持续发展理念的良好制度形式,对于促进经济社会可持续发展意义重大,但我国现行立法中规定的水资源论证制度还不完善,影响了制度作用的充分发挥。完善相关立法,提高水资源论证制度的法律地位,是在水资源管理与保护方面贯彻可持续发展要求的关键任务。     

中国水资源管理博弈特征分析

随着中国水资源匮乏和水污染态势日益严峻．建立一个面向效率和公平的水资源管理机制的需求日益凸现。本文在比较传统行政模式和市场模式下水权管理不同特征的基础上,分别从静态和动态两个角度．从水量和水质两个维度分析了两种模式下的水用户博弈特征。结果表明：政府管制会出现“政府失灵”。无法实现政府和水用户之间的激励相容;在完全市场机制配置情况下,由于个人和集体理性的不一致,会导致水资源被过度污染、治污的公共产品提供不足等“市场失灵”,基于不同模式下各自的利与弊,无论哪一种单纯的管理模式都不能满足水资源的可持续发展要求。认为中国水资源管理需要把水量和水质、政府管制与市场机制两种配置方式的优势相结合,提出了一种准市场水权交易机制分析框架。     

山东省水资源利用研究

山东省水资源可利用形势严峻,2002-2008年水资源总量已不能满足全省总的供水需求量。预测2020年山东省的水用水需求量为256亿m3,已经超过了全省水资源总量的数值,处于弱不可持续状态。     

A Simple Discussion on the Supply and Demand of Water Resources in the Western Region of China

We are accustomed to solve the problem of the water scarcity in the western region by the thought of increasing the effective supply of water to meet the needs of Go-west Campaign. After introducing the dynamic equilibrium principle on supply and demand in economy, we find that we should solve the problem of the water scarcity in the western region through reducing total demand to achieve the dynamic equilibrium of supply and demand. Finally water resources in the western region can be enlarged by an accumulated way.     

A Simple Discussion on the Supply and Demand of Water Resources in the Western Region of China

Abstract

We are accustomed to solve the problem of the water scarcity in the western region by the thought of increasing the effective supply of water to meet the needs of Go-west Campaign. After introducing the dynamic equilibrium principle on supply and demand in economy, we find that we should solve the problem of the water scarcity in the western region through reducing total demand to achieve the dynamic equilibrium of supply and demand. Finally water resources in the western region can be enlarged by an accumulated way.     

Research on the Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources of Jinan City

Abstract

The study on the sustainable utilization of water resources of Jinan city is a research hotspot in the urban sustainable development field. How to use a scientific and rational evaluation index system to analyze the sustainable utilization of water resources of Jinan city and then guide the development and utilization of water resources becomes particularly important. Based on the theory of sustainable development this study introduces the method, basic steps and evaluation indexes of the assessment of the development and utilization of water resources. By systemic analyzing the exploitation and utilization standards of water resources and economy and society in Jinan city, the evaluation and index system of sustainable utilization of water resources in Jinan city can be constructed and index weight can be confirmed, and then, the standard of sustainable utilization of water resources in different years can be analyzed comparably. Thus, the deficiency of lack of reflection of coordination extent in water resources development standard, society and economy in traditional evaluation method is settled efficiently. The paper takes the sustainable utilization of water resources of Qingdao City in 2008 as the standard to compare and assess the water resources utilization in Jinan City. The paper also collects data of water resources in Jinan City from 2001 to 2007. The result indicates that evaluation method is of feasibility and it is effective to the implementation of sustainable utilization strategy water resources in Jinan City.     

Research on the Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources of Jinan City

The study on the sustainable utilization of water resources of Jinan city is a research hotspot in the urban sustainable development field.How to use a scientific and rational evaluation index system to analyze the sustainable utilization of water resources of Jinan city and then guide the development and utilization of water resources becomes particularly important.Based on the theory of sustainable development this study introduces the method,basic steps and evaluation indexes of the assessment of the development and utilization of water resources.By systemic analyzing the exploitation and utilization standards of water resources and economy and society in Jinan city,the evaluation and index system of sustainable utilization of water resources in Jinan city can be constructed and index weight can be confirmed,and then,the standard of sustainable utilization of water resources in different years can be analyzed comparably.Thus,the deficiency of lack of reflection of coordination extent in water resources development standard,society and economy in traditional evaluation method is settled efficiently.The paper takes the sustainable utilization of water resources of Qingdao City in 2008 as the standard to compare and assess the water resources utilization in Jinan City.The paper also collects data of water resources in Jinan City from2001 to 2007.The result indicates that evaluation method is of feasibility and it is effective to the implementation of sustainable utilization strategy water resources in Jinan City.     

曹妃甸工业区水资源承载能力研究

根据曹妃甸地区地表水和地下水资源异常紧缺、降水量不足、主要依靠跨区域调水的特点,综合考虑环境、人口、社会、经济等各方面要素,选取水资源子系统、生态环境子系统和社会经济发展子系统,并运用区域水资源规划管理理论,采用多目标规划技术建立了水资源承载力的多目标评价模型;结合按照各种发展模式设定的A,B,C,D四种情景,采用隶属度的方法分析计算了曹妃甸工业区2010,2020,2030年在A,B,C,D四种不同发展情景下的水资源承载力,得出A,B发展模式下曹妃甸工业区水资源准不可承载,C,D发展模式下可承载的模型预测结果;并针对评价结果,结合工业区实际情况,提出曹妃甸工业区提高水资源承载力的对策.     

基于水质的水资源模型与水质经济学初探

在对传统的以水量为核心的水资源模型理论与实践矛盾的分析基础上,阐述了水资源社会及自然循环规律,提出城市-流域系统中水资源利用的水质自然与人工再生过程和自然、人工修复的双要素.提出水质再生和水量循环的水资源模型及其假设和约束条件,确定了模型适用的边际条件和范围,据此进一步辨析了城市污水回用与再生水的异同,将再生水置于流域尺度的城市群上下游用户层面,提出污水回用(包括中水利用)是降低需求,再生水是增加总量的基本结论.在以水质为核心的水资源模型基础上,对现有水资源经济学定义进行了修正和补充,提出了水质经济学的基础概念,并讨论了水质经济学指导下的供水服务和价格模型结构,重新定位了再生水的战略并提出以流域水体的净化成本和人工水质改善成本共同形成的全成本高低来表征流域水资源短缺程度的缺水等级划分新思路.     

陕西省渭河流域各城区水资源社会可再生性评价

陕西省渭河流域位于干旱、半干旱区,流域内许多城市都面临着水资源短缺问题.水资源社会可再生性是水资源在利用过程中所表现出的特性,其值的增强对于实现水资源的高效利用具有重要意义.本文针对陕西省渭河流域提出了基于若干指标来综合表征缺水城市水资源社会可再生性的方法,并在此基础上对该漉域6个城区的水资源社会可再生性进行了评价.通过建立城市水资源社会可再生性评价指标体系、分级评价标准.引入灰色关联理论,构建了灰色关联分析等级评价模型,并运用该模型分析了研究区域内各城区的水资源可再生程度.研究结果表明,宝鸡的水资源社会可再生性最强,西安、咸阳较强,杨凌区中等.渭南、铜川较弱.本文最后提出了增强这些城市水资源社会可再生性的途径.     

黄淮海地区水土资源粮食安全价值核算

水土资源是粮食生产和粮食安全的基础.水土资源粮食安全价值核算对于促进水土资源可持续利用,平衡地区粮食生产任务促进粮食安全具有积极意义.目前国内尚未有关于水土资源粮食安全价值系统的核算方法.本文根据虚拟水和虚拟土理论,综合考虑自然、经济和社会因素对粮食安全的影响,构建了粮食生产中的水土资源粮食安全价值核算方法体系,并以黄淮海地区为例进行了实证分析.结果表明:水土资源的粮食安全价值真实存在且可以量化,黄淮海地区各省市水土资源的粮食安全价值存在差异,河北、江苏、安徽、山东和河南省的水土资源粮食安全价值总量远远高于北京和天津,并提出了建立粮食安全补贴完善粮食安全价值实现途径的政策建议.