Research on Mechanism of Diversified Investment and Financing in Building Ecological Cities

Ecological city is the advanced mode of harmonious development of city. Constant improvement is being made in the development of ecological city. However, building ecological city is an enormous project that calls for a huge amount of capital. The government fund is far from adequate. This paper probes into the fund issue and discusses in detail the mechanism of investment and financing in building ecological city from various aspects such as diversification of the investment subjects and the modes of financing.     

Luoyang Dual Spatial Criterion Ecological City Construction

Abstract

The construction of an ecological city has two foundational platforms: the small platform, namely urban district or simply called as “city ecosystem”; and the big platform, namely around city district in certain region scope or also referred to as “city-region ecosystem”. The construction of an ecological city must be launched in the dual spatial criteria: in city (urban district) criterion—optimizing the city ecosystem; in city-region (city territory) criterion—optimizing the city-region ecosystem. Luoyang has the bright characteristic and the typical image within cities of China, and even in the world. The construction of an ecological city in dual spatial criteria—the city and the city-region—has the vital significance to urbanization advancement and sustainable development in Luoyang. In city-region criterion, the primary mission of Luoyang's ecological city construction is to create a fine ecological environment platform in its city territory. In city criterion, the basic duty of Luoyang's ecologic city construction is to enhance the ecological capacity and benefit of the central city.     

Strategic Study on Integration of Port and City Development in Rizhao

Abstract

Agglomeration of the Yangtze Delta (UAYD), one of the most developed regions of China, has witnessed an increasing prevalence in building ecological cities when the ecological cities are pursued by many modern cities, and great achievements have been made in this regard. It is inevitable, however, that certain problems exist during the construction of ecological city, which include but not limited to non-harmonious development of urban complex ecosystem, and the difficulty in quantifying eco-city construction or incomplete quantification in assessing the construction of present and future eco-city. Based on the analysis on social-economic conditions and regional conditions of the UAYD, this paper attempts to set up an index system of eco-cities combining with local characteristics, and to adopt the indices of eco-city, urban harmony, and eco-city colligate to evaluate the ecological level, urban harmonious development and eco-city construction of cities within the UAYD. Results indicate that among 15 cities in UAYD, Suzhou City ranks the highest in terms of eco-city construction, whereas Nantong ranks relatively lower; sustainable eco-city construction is possible only when cities are developed in every respect of harmony.     

Conceptualizing Discourses on Ecological City and Its Planning

Abstract

Ecological city (eco-city) and its planning approach are emerging concepts in urban study, urban planning, ecological economics, environmental policy and corporate environmental management. However, opinions remain divided over the connotation and denotation of the term “ecological city”, what key issues ecocity planning can solve, and its specific contents. In this study, we present 10 basic propositions that define the eco-city and clarify its key parameters, thereby providing the basis for discussing the assumptions and principles underlying different approaches to sustainable urban development. We then summarize the concept and principles of an eco-city, and define the main requirements for ecocity planning. We conclude that an eco-city is a city in which the urban population, scale of land use and intensity of human activities are limited to the regional resource and environmental carrying capacity, which does not cause increasing or irreversible damage to the regional ecosystem’s structure, functions and processes.     

长三角城市群生态城市建设定量评价

长江三角洲是我国发育最为成熟的城市聚集区,随着城市发展主流趋势--生态城市的日益兴起,区内各城市相继开展了生态城市建设,并取得了相当的成效。但是在生态城市建设过程中还不可避免地存在着城市复合生态系统不协调发展、生态城市建设程度难以定量以及片面定量的问题。试从长三角城市群社会经济和地域情况入手,构建具有地方特色的生态城市建设指标体系,并采用城市生态指数、城市协调度指数和生态城市综合指数来分别衡量长三角城市群内各城市的生态化水平、城市协调发展水平和生态城市建设程度。结果表明：（1）长三角城市群15个城市中,苏州生态城市建设程度较好,而南通则略差;（2）只有城市的全面协调发展,才能建成可持续发展的生态城市。     

区域生态效率评价及其空间计量分析

当今经济发展和资源环境的矛盾日益突出,这使得人们越来越重视生态效率的提高,对区域生态效率水平进行准确评价、分析其影响因素对于建设“两型”社会,实现可持续发展有着重要的理论意义和政策参考价值。基于2010年中国各省域资源环境及经济统计数据,采用基于熵值赋权的灰色综合评价法对我国省域生态效率的优劣做出了评价;然后运用空间统计和空间误差模型对我国省域生态效率水平的空间关联机制及其影响因素进行了实证分析。研究表明：（1）我国区域生态效率呈东高西低的梯度分布格局,具有明显的“俱乐部收敛”现象,存在显著的空间相关性和集聚性;（2）利用外资、人力资源、产业结构3因素对生态效率产生显著的正向影响;（3）环境污染治理投资(以下简称环污投资)没有发挥应有的作用;（4）排污收费制度对区域生态效率的影响不显著。最后,根据实证分析结果,提出了如下政策建议：(1)转变经济发展方式,促进产业结构高级化;(2)积极有效利用外资;(3)加大教育科研投入,提高人口素质和科技水平;(4)加强环污投资资金的管理和政府部门的日常监管工作;（5）生态效率水平的提高是一个系统工程,要从多角度、全方位统筹考虑     

The spatial-temporal differentiation of green land use in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration

ABSTRACT

As the space carrier of the construction of ecological civilization, land’s green and efficient utilization is an important guarantee for realizing national sustainable development. Based on traditional land evaluation, this paper scientifically defines the green land use, puts land as one of the production factors, and brings energy consumption, environmental pollution, etc. into the input-output system to measure the green land utilization efficiency of the urban construction land of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration from 2006 to 2016. The study shows that the overall efficiency variation of the urban agglomeration is related with the land and environment policies. Efficiency of 2016 is higher than that of 2006, and energy and environment are the principal factors affecting the green land use. The efficiency of each city is positively correlated with its economic development, negatively correlated with the construction land expansion. Efficiency gaps in different cities are expanding. There is positive correlation with overall weak space between cities, and the partial spatial agglomeration phenomenon appears. Therefore, the green land use efficiency could be improved by improving land utilization efficiency, coordinating economic growth of construction land utilization with environmental protection and taking feasible ways to transregional renovation of the stock ecological land utilization, etc.     

长江流域城市生态环境问题与跨世纪持续发展战略

综合分析评价了长江流域城市的生态环境态势与问题,城市水环境依然恶化,特别是城市内河道,湖泊水质多污染严重。城市大气污染仍是加重趋向,一些特大城市汽车尾气污染上升,城市酸雨依然严重。城市生态问题沉重,绿地不足,热岛加重,地面沉降,水土流失等。沉重的生态环境赤字已深刻影响到城市经济社会的发展。面对二十一世纪,论证了长江流域城市发展战略,走城市可持续发展之路是唯一战略选择,而建设现代化的山水园林生态城市     

WATCH

Abstract

The development of everthing follows its own law, which does not change at people's own sweet will. Therefore, we must study the development of things so as to grasp the essence of things in their deep meanings, explore the direction of their development, and make them better serve the people. As a part of the thought of sustainable development, city environment art will be of active significance to the perfection of the thought and will also be the concrete embodiment of the synthetic index of economic development. Such a thesis, starting from the macroscopic angle, and relying on the leading thought of sustainable development, takes hold of the development trend of city environment art, and explores the various problems that have arisen in city environment in the process of city management by combining thoughts on city planning, so as to guide urban harmonious development theoretically. The present paper expounds on the views comprehensively and, through the synthetic analysis on city planning, city environment, art esthetics and the thought of sustainable development, makes a detailed analysis of the effects of the present rapid city development on city environment.     

Analysis on Temporal and Spatial Changes and Driving Forces of Poverty-Stricken Areas in Hebei Province

Abstract

This paper takes poverty-stricken county as the basic unit, and selects net income per peasant to study the poverty status in Hebei Province during 1986–2000. Temporal and spatial changes of poverty-stricken areas are analyzed. The result shows that poverty-stricken areas in Hebei Province distributed concentratedly and the areas decreased during 1986–2000, the net income per peasant was on the rise with an increasing speed in off-poverty counties being slightly higher than that in poverty-stricken counties, but the growth rate was extremely unstable, rising slowly in off-poverty counties while dropping in poverty-stricken counties. The main driving forces that influenced temporal and spatial changes were economic development of the whole province, ecological environment quality, infrastructure conditions and radiation of the key city. On this basis, some anti-poverty countermeasures suitable to local conditions are proposed.     

曲靖市在滇中城市群发展中的资源环境基础分析

曲靖市在滇中城市群大经济圈构建中具有资源丰富,基础资源水、土组合较佳,人均拥有量相对较多,能源优势突出的特点。这些使得曲靖市在滇中城市群发展中起着十分关键的作用,曲靖是滇中城市群农业、能源和重化工工业基地,其资源环境基础是促进滇中城市群快速、稳步、健康、高效发展的发动机和加速器。同时也应看到,一些矿产资源不足及作为生态保障的森林资源不足是其发展的限制因素,加之长期的消耗也使曲靖市面临水土流失和煤大量消耗而产生酸雨等严重的生态压力,人地关系呈现紧张状态。分析曲靖市资源环境基础情况,可以为曲靖市和滇中城市群快速、稳步、健康、高效的发展和相关政策的制定提供参考。〖     

Function of Agricultural Land Use and Its Evolvement in Peri-urban Area: A Case Study of Beijing

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in Beijing stimulates the urban land expansion and diminishes available agricultural land. Monofunctional agricultural land use can not meet the demand of the development of the multifunctional agriculture and urbanization any more, so multifunctional agricultural land use is going to be promoted in the city. This article proposes the evolvement of the land use change from 1992 to 2004 and discusses some evolvement views.     

皖江城市带近20 a生态环境变化遥感指数分析

随着城市化进程的不断加快,环境保护问题越来越突出,加强生态文明建设也越来越成为城市发展的重心之一,因此快速监测城市生态环境变化显得尤为重要。选取1995年、2005年、2015年Landsat TM/OLI影像为主要数据源,分别提取绿度、湿度、干度、热度4个生态因子作为评估指标,结合主成分分析,生成遥感生态指数（RSEI）,客观、迅速、定量地对皖江城市带近20 a生态环境变化进行分析。结果表明：1995~2015年皖江城市带生态环境质量先降后升,总体呈上升趋势。其中RSEI从1995年的0.710下降至2005年的0.683再升至2015年的0.728,总共上升了2.54%;1995~2015年生态环境恶化区域面积比例由20.03%到14.56%,减少了26.86%;生态环境改善区域面积比例由21.87%到29.39%,增加了34.39%。生态环境恶化区域主要集中在长江沿岸经济发达的扩张型城市和地区;生态环境改善区域主要集中在植被覆盖、注重环境整治、绿化效果显著地区。总的来说,城市生态质量与植被覆盖情况（NDVI）和不透水建筑面积（NDBSI）关系最为密切,城市扩张发展的同时,应该加强生态文明建设,注重环境保护,增加绿化面积,实现城市的可持续发展。 关键词： 皖江城市带;RSEI指数;城市生态;变化检测;主成分分析     

Strategic Thinking for Sustainable Development of Mining-Based Cities in China

Abstract

Cities based on mining are distinctive from other cities in China. Their heavy dependence on minerals, a relatively undiversified industrial structure, seriously damaged ecological environment and the rather low degree of openness have all reduced their competitiveness, and severely constrained and hindered their sustainable development. In this paper the authors will study mining-based cities from the perspective of sustainable development, first by having a critical review of their features, and then by researching into strategic options to support their sustainable development.     

资源型城市协调发展评价研究——以萍乡市为例

基于弹性的概念,从资源型城市生态环境与城市发展的交互耦合关系着手,将资源型城市生态环境与城市发展的耦合协调程度分为七大理论类型,并给出了资源型城市协调发展程度的定量判定依据和评价方法;从城市发展与生态环境的内涵和特征着手,结合相关研究成果,分别构建了表征资源型城市生态环境与城市发展的评价指标体系。在此基础上,以萍乡市为个例,利用因子分析方法确定出了城市发展指数与生态环境指数,并定量分析了该市近十几年来生态环境与城市发展的耦合协调状况。结果表明：萍乡市生态环境与城市发展的耦合模式以耦合协调发展型为主,并可分为协调发展阶段和波动式发展阶段。实例研究证实,本定量评价体系目的明确、简单易用,评价结论能够恰当反映资源型城市生态环境与城市发展的协调状况,对于制定正确的可持续协调发展方案和政策措施有一定的意义。     

Lubei Ecological Industry Project: A Case Study in China

Abstract

Lubei General Company of Enterprise Group, Shangdong Province, set up joint enterprises industrial ecosystem by sharing resources, symbiosis industry and compact structure. As an ecological Industry park, the industrial ecosystem has been operated successfully with rich experiment and has become one of ecological industry examples in the world. Based on the case study of Lubei ecological Industry project, components of industrial chains, matter recycle and conversion, energy cycle and multilevel utilization, systematic structure and impact factor identification are analyzed and summarized in this paper. The possible extension and development of Lubei ecological industry project in future is brought forward as well.     

Quantitative Appraisement on Ecological Carrying Capacity in Coastal Rapid Developing Region of Hainan Province

Abstract

The ecological carrying capacity, an important indicator to evaluate the sustainable development of the ecosystem, means the potential ability of the natural ecosystem to carry socioeconomic development while the ecosystem is healthy. It is limited by the carrying capacity of natural resources and environment and the elasticity of the ecosystem. It will be greatly significant to study the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province, the first ecological province admitted by the State Environmental Protection Administration in China. Not only is the natural ecosystem reflected, but also the effects of human activities are emphasized by integrating the ecosystem health analysis into the ecological carrying capacity research. The research results, using the Factor Analysis tools of software SPSS, indicate that the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province fluctuated obviously from 1996 to 2005. The level of the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province was relatively high in 1996, and reached into trough from 1997 to 1999. It has steadily ascended to be above the middle level since the 21st century. The results also show that policy factors, especially the implementation of the ‘Ecological Province’ strategy, were important driving forces to influence the ecological carrying capacity. With the population rapidly increasing, the land and water resources per capita have decreased quickly. The amount of the ecological carrying capacity was promoted remarkably by socioeconomic development especially economic growth and technology applications. All of these will provide useful suggestions to establish and enact regional development policies, especially for protecting and reconstructing the ecology and environment of Hainan Province.     

Study on the Circular Agriculture Development in Beijing’s Mountain Areas

Abstract

Circular agriculture is an essential way to realize the positive recycling of ecology and harmonious development of the country construction. The sustainable development of Beijing’s mountain areas depends on the background and orientation of ecological economy. Beijing’s mountain areas bear the responsibility of protecting the ecological safety of the whole Beijing district and also the exploration of circular agriculture in mountain areas is very important to promote the sustainable use of agriculture resources. Beijing’s mountain areas have possessed some practical experience in recycling agriculture development. Through summarizing the development mode and analyzing the development practice, the article puts forward three key segments of promoting Beijing circular agriculture development: strengthen propagate, develop superiority and built management mechanism.     

Research on the Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources of Jinan City

Abstract

The study on the sustainable utilization of water resources of Jinan city is a research hotspot in the urban sustainable development field. How to use a scientific and rational evaluation index system to analyze the sustainable utilization of water resources of Jinan city and then guide the development and utilization of water resources becomes particularly important. Based on the theory of sustainable development this study introduces the method, basic steps and evaluation indexes of the assessment of the development and utilization of water resources. By systemic analyzing the exploitation and utilization standards of water resources and economy and society in Jinan city, the evaluation and index system of sustainable utilization of water resources in Jinan city can be constructed and index weight can be confirmed, and then, the standard of sustainable utilization of water resources in different years can be analyzed comparably. Thus, the deficiency of lack of reflection of coordination extent in water resources development standard, society and economy in traditional evaluation method is settled efficiently. The paper takes the sustainable utilization of water resources of Qingdao City in 2008 as the standard to compare and assess the water resources utilization in Jinan City. The paper also collects data of water resources in Jinan City from 2001 to 2007. The result indicates that evaluation method is of feasibility and it is effective to the implementation of sustainable utilization strategy water resources in Jinan City.     

生态市建设的若干理论探讨

生态市是指市域内自然生态系统的结构和功能及其服务体系与其社会经济系统的结构和功能处于较协调与统一状态的城市。生态市建设意味着城市发展进入一个新阶段．需要有新的城市发展理论与思维。要以区域发展统筹、经济与社会发展统筹、城乡发晨统筹、人与自然协调统筹、国内发展与对外开放统筹的“五大统筹”新思维来指导．实现物质文明、精神文明、政治文明和生态文明的统一。使国民经济体系由链条经济向循环经济、自然经济向生态经济转变。