Performance Evaluation of Land Use Regulation

This article makes a quantitative study on economic performance of arable land protection and land use regulation with dummy variable model. It is shown that land use regulation is favorable for economic growth and protection of arable land and that there are still some problems in the implementation of land use regulation. Thus, it puts forward corresponding suggestion.     

Land Degradation Evaluation in North Hebei Province Based on Remote Sensing and GIS

Abstract

Land degradation is one of the serious environmental problems that can lead to poverty, and is especially prominent in eco-fragile areas in developing countries and increases the risk of environmental safety. North Hebei Province belongs to an ecologically fragile region in North China, which has great impact on the eco-safety of Beijing and Tianjin. Using Landsat TM data and GIS, this paper evaluates land degradation in North Hebei province of China from the the 1960's to 1987 and 2000. Land use/cover change pattern from 1987 to 2000, its regional difference and forest change characteristics will also be analyzed; soil erosion intensity and arable land suitability were also evaluated. Results revealed that land use/cover pattern in this study area did not change greatly from 1987 to 2000. The structure and function of regional land ecosystem was at a level of local improvement and integral deterioration. Land above medium soil erosion intensity reached 21 percent, which was also the area with a serious soil erosion and land degradation problem. Soil erosion and land degradation intensity of grassland was the biggest. For the present arable land, the proportion of high suitability was 13 percent.     

长江中下游流域滩地可持续利用研究

随着工业化、城市化进程的不断推进,长江中下游地区人地矛盾日趋尖锐,人均耕地已低于粮农组织规定的警戒线。而90余万hm2的滩地资源则因血吸虫病、产权与使用脱节以及管理困难等原因致使其大部分一直处于荒芜和半荒芜状态,亟待治理和开发。通过剖析长江中下游流域滩地特点及利用现状,分析其出现的生态环境问题及产生原因,提出滩地综合治理和可持续利用的原则及治理对策,认为开发利用滩地资源应与河道整治、经济建设、血防工作及湿地保护相结合,因地制宜、科学规划、分步实施,逐步建立一个集生产、防护与游憩于一体的多功能、多效益的综合体系,更好地发挥黄金水道对整个地区乃至整个国家国民经济建设的作用。     

耕地资源变化的空间计量及其驱动力分析——以江苏省为例

采用1998~2008年江苏省13个地级市的耕地数据,分析了近10 a来耕地数量变化的基本过程及空间差异。然后运用Moran I指数验证了耕地资源分布空间相关性的存在,并利用空间计量模型研究了江苏省耕地数量变化的驱动机制。结果表明：（1）1998~2008年,江苏省耕地面积净减少2969×104 hm2,平均每年减少270×104 hm2。耕地数量变化存在明显的空间差异,无锡、苏州、常州、南京和镇江5个地区耕地资源减少最为严重;（2）全省耕地资源空间分布存在明显的空间相关性,1998~2008年,耕地面积Moran I值由0400 3增加至0452 4,呈逐步增强的趋势;（3）人口、经济增长和粮经作物比是江苏省耕地数量变化的主要驱动因子,其弹性系数分别为-0803、-0070、0069;（4）相邻地区各因素的空间扩散效应对耕地数量变化存在显著的影响,其弹性系数为0779,因此,未来在制定耕地保护政策,应考虑区域耕地资源分布的空间相关性,推进跨区域耕地保护机制的形成,建立一体化的区域耕地保护政策。     

The spatial-temporal differentiation of green land use in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration

ABSTRACT

As the space carrier of the construction of ecological civilization, land’s green and efficient utilization is an important guarantee for realizing national sustainable development. Based on traditional land evaluation, this paper scientifically defines the green land use, puts land as one of the production factors, and brings energy consumption, environmental pollution, etc. into the input-output system to measure the green land utilization efficiency of the urban construction land of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration from 2006 to 2016. The study shows that the overall efficiency variation of the urban agglomeration is related with the land and environment policies. Efficiency of 2016 is higher than that of 2006, and energy and environment are the principal factors affecting the green land use. The efficiency of each city is positively correlated with its economic development, negatively correlated with the construction land expansion. Efficiency gaps in different cities are expanding. There is positive correlation with overall weak space between cities, and the partial spatial agglomeration phenomenon appears. Therefore, the green land use efficiency could be improved by improving land utilization efficiency, coordinating economic growth of construction land utilization with environmental protection and taking feasible ways to transregional renovation of the stock ecological land utilization, etc.     

Study on Economic growth,Urbanization and Sustainable Utilization of Cultivated Land in China

Abstract

By means of the dynamic regression model, this paper analyzes the relationships among economic growth, urbanization and changes of cultivated land in China, finds that the ratio of cultivated land occupied by economic growth is decreasing with social and economic growth. And, based on that, some policy suggestions on how to promote the sustainable use of cultivated land in China are put forward.     

基本农田保护政策的耕地保护效果评价

为分析基本农田保护政策对耕地保护的效果,论文把目标分解为两个问题,一是基本农田保护政策的实施是否对耕地流失面积的减少产生了影响;二是如果有显著影响,效果有多大,即因基本农田保护政策的实施,耕地流失面积减少了多少。论文收集了2004-2007年的省级面版数据,分别采用了固定效应模型、随机效应和混合OLS模型加以估计,固定效应和随机效应检验结果表明,固定效应和随机效应模型均不优于混合OLS模型。在模型估计结果的基础上,论文分析了基本农田保护政策对耕地流失的影响,并计算了基本农田保护政策的耕地保护效果。分析表明:①在2004-2007年期间,基本农田保护政策的实施对于减少耕地流失面积产生了显著影响,基本农田保护率每提高1%,每省每年平均耕地流失面积约能减少364.4 hm2;②由于基本农田保护政策的实施,2004-2007年期间,全国耕地流失面积分别减少了853 445.19 hm2,847 724.91 hm2,859 559.37 hm2和857 961.26 hm2,4年合计减少耕地流失面积3 418 690.73 hm2,约为期间实际耕地流失面积3 020 769.49 hm2的1.13倍。     

Research of the Response of Ecosystem to LUCC in Miyun County,Beijing: Based on Ecosystem Services Valuation

Abstract

Miyun County, located in the northeast of Chinese capital Beijing, was underwent remarkable variations in land use in recent years. This paper aimed to detect changes in land use of Miyun from 1997 to 2005, and to qualify the response of ecosystem to LUCC based on ecosystem services valuation. With two-periods TM images, we got land use change data, and then ecosystem services values were calculated using ecosystem services valuation coefficients proposed by Chinese scholar Xie Gaodi. Results showed that water area, farm land and unused land decreased while residential land, forest land, grassland and orchard land increased during the study period. The loss of ESV was RMB 206 million and the main reason was the decrease of water area and farm land area. As for spatial variation, there were most dramatically land use change and ESV decline in reservoir ecological protection region. The coefficient sensitivity analysis indicates that valuation coefficients used in the study are suitable and results are reasonable. The driving forces of ESV loss were rapid population growth and economic development. More work should be done to make eco-environment stay healthy.     

Land use history of a floodplain area during the last 200 years in the Upper-Tisza region (Hungary)

Research into landscape history makes it possible to follow landscape changes in the past and support landscape management, conservation and restoration programs. Floodplain habitats are lost, isolated and fragmented on account of land use. Nowadays, these habitats are threatened by modifications in the natural water regime, as well as agricultural and forestry practices. Floodplains have great importance because they provide a transition between aquatic habitats and terrestrial biotopes. Our analysis of aerial photographs and topographical maps revealed that the major predicted changes in the study area are related to agricultural abandonment and afforestation. The comparison of land cover maps from 1784 to 2005 showed intensification of agriculture with land cover conversions from arable land and orchards to grasslands, marshes and woodlands. The land use types that are mostly responsible for the fragmentation of the landscape are arable land, economic plantations and orchards. We found that fragmentation was greater after 1956. This was caused by socioeconomic changes and showed that the habitats of floodplains have changed intensively during the last 200 years. Knowledge of this last 200 years of history contributes to a more careful and wiser management of the region through biodiversity protection and environmental development.     

Analysis of Soil and Water Balance on the Land Arrangement Function

Abstract

The natural supply of land resources is limited, but the economic supply may change along with social and economic development, and its size is decided bye nature and social and economic body conditions. When the supplying ability of land resources threatens the development of society and the conflict between people and land becomes tense, it forced people to improve land utilization and to increase the effective supply of land resources. The paper made an overall consideration on the characteristics of the irrigated farming and the frail ecological environment in Fuhai County, Altay Area, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region and explored land arrangement planning as well as water resource planning and environmental protection. The paper evaluated natural resources, land utilization and water resource of the case study areas and focused on the spatio-temporal balance between the utilization of water and land resources. In the end the paper a feasible plan was made out for the land arrangement project.     

高度城市化区域土地利用结构演化与驱动因素分析——以苏州市为例

分析高度城市化区域土地利用结构演化以及驱动因素,可为优化区域未来的土地利用结构、促进土地资源的保护和高效利用提供科学依据。采用1998～2008年苏州市土地利用变更调查数据,运用土地利用数量变化、程度变化和空间变化等指标测算模型分析土地利用演化规律。结果表明：1998～2008年,苏州市耕地面积显著减少,农业结构调整明显;居民点及独立工矿用地面积急剧增加,与耕地减少呈显著负相关;土地利用程度综合指数逐年提升;苏州全域耕地、园地、城市用地相对变化率最大的均为昆山市,建制镇和独立工矿用地相对变化率最大的分别是张家港市和吴江市;利用主成分分析法对影响土地利用结构演化的人文因素进行了分析,得出驱动因素主要为：人口增长、经济发展、工业化和城镇化水平。走集约型城市化道路,实现“效率型”土地利用模式,注重社会、经济、生态效益相结合是今后土地利用努力的方向     

重庆市江津区土地资源承载力时空差异研究

针对重庆市江津区脆弱的生态环境本底和土地利用特点,从承载强度、承载效益、承载潜力3方面构建评价指标体系,对江津区2007～2016年土地资源承载力进行综合评价,并引入障碍度模型得出各乡镇土地资源承载力障碍因素。结果表明:(1)2007～2016年期间,江津区的土地资源承载力整体呈现出上升趋势,但上升幅度较小,土地资源承载力仍然偏低,各乡镇土地资源承载状态均未达到良好状态,仍需采取各种措施不断提升土地资源承载力,土地资源承载力的区域差距近年有所减小,空间上呈现出南高北低的空间格局;(2)各子系统对承载力的贡献大小不一,承载强度贡献最大,承载潜力次之,承载效益贡献最小,承载效益是提高土地资源承载力的关键;(3)江津区土地资源承载力的主要障碍因素是单位建设用地产出、林地占比、人均生态用地、环保投资指数、人均耕地面积、水域占比、水土流失率、未利用地占比、单位农用地产出,各乡镇障碍因素差别较大;(4)障碍因素不同的区域,应采取不同的措施提升土地资源承载力。主要城区和工业园区所在地应适当控制人口数量,严格限制农用地转为建设用地;生态环境脆弱地区应大力实施耕地休耕和退耕还林政策,促进农民生计方式转变;经济发展受生态保护限制的地区应转变经济发展方式和土地利用方式。     

山东省耕地资源价值评估研究

显化耕地资源价值，有利于耕地保护和农业可持续发展。本文以山东省为例，将耕地看作一个生态经济系统，按耕地资源价值形成的影响因素，以收益倍数法为基础，应用模糊数学和灰色系统原理，对耕地资源进行价值核算。     

1980~2010年江苏沿海城市土地利用变化及其与环境因子关系分析——以东台市为例

2009年江苏省沿海开发规划上升为国家战略,了解江苏沿海城市过去土地利用变化轨迹以及驱动因子是未来江苏省沿海城市土地利用规划的重要基础性工作。基于5期TM30 m×30 m RS遥感影像和GIS技术,分析东台市1980~2010年土地利用结构与变化轨迹,并通过典型对应分析(CCA)分析其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,东台市1980~2010年主要土地利用类型为耕地(2029.02 km²)、建设用地(155.31 km²)、草地(60.41 km²)和水域(56.56 km²)。近30年土地利用变化量占总面积的16.98%,其中耕地、草地和建设用地变化量最大。土地利用变化最主要轨迹为耕地转建设用地,主要位于市区及周边地区,其次为草地转耕地,主要位于海岸带地区。东台市土地利用变化热点区域分别为市中心和海岸带,二者相距较远,相对独立。CCA分析显示城镇、交通和斑块形状复杂程度等是影响沿海城市土地利用变化的重要因子,海岸线作为沿海城市主要特征,随着海岸滩涂围垦开发,到海岸距离也是沿海城市土地利用变化的重要影响因子。因此,在沿海城市土地利用规划中需要重点考虑城镇布局、交通等基础设施分布、斑块的形状等因子,通过海岸带土地利用方式转变来加强市区与海岸带之间联系,促进社会经济转变,进一步保护海岸生态环境,提高海岸开发综合效益,引导土地利用走向可持续发展道路。     

我国粮食主产区耕地产出效率研究

根据我国粮食主产区11个省1990~2004年地均种植业产值、地均劳动力及各种农业生产物质的投入情况,以耕地产出效率为主要研究对象,运用随机前沿生产函数方法计算出各省历年来的耕地产出效率值。研究表明：现阶段我国耕地经营仍以人力与物质成本的投入为主。与机械化生产相比,化肥等化学和人力密集型的生产方式更能与小规模农户经营的体制相适应;我国耕地产出效率的整体水平不高,耕地的实际产出与现有投入水平下的潜在产出之间存在较大差距;省际间耕地产出效率与经济发展水平没有必然联系,且其差距有着缩小的趋势;近15年来,我国耕地产出效率虽然逐渐提高,但提高的速率却在下降。表明我国现阶段的农业高产需要依靠大量物质投入来维持,生产成本越来越高,继续增加物质上的投入对耕地产出效率的提高意义不大。因此,充分、合理地利用现有资源和技术条件,依靠生物技术的进步,即作物品种的改良来提高耕地的产出,是提高我国耕地产出效率、增加农民收入的重要途径。     

基于SLEUTH模型的无锡市区土地利用变化情景模拟

以城市化快速发展和生态环境压力突出的无锡市区为研究区,综合集成地形图、交通图以及1980、1995和2000年TM/ETM土地利用遥感解译资料,应用SLEUTH元胞自动机模型对土地利用变化过程进行情景模拟,揭示不同土地保护强度下的土地利用变化趋势。研究结果：SLEUTH模型首先对过去土地利用变化实现了动态模拟,模拟精度较高;在模拟形成的未来土地利用变化情景中,情景Ⅰ是基于维持现状土地利用保护强度基本不变的假设,城镇用地将迅速扩张,并占用大量水田和旱地,城镇扩张形态以边缘增长为主;情景Ⅱ则将水田保护强度提高50%,旱地提高12%,林草地提高50%,则城镇用地迅速扩张及耕地大量被占用的趋势得到有效控制;研究也进一步证明了SLEUTH模型在我国快速城市化背景下土地利用变化模拟和预测中的适用性。     

Decoupling Relationship Between Cultivated Land Occupation by Construction and Economic Growth in China During 1998–2007

Abstract

With the rapid development of economy, the conversion of cultivated land into nonagricultural land occurs more frequently and makes cultivated land sparser. This article based on the decoupling theory takes the situations of cultivated land occupation by construction and economic growth in China from 1998 to 2007 as an example to evaluate and analyze the decoupling. The conclusions are drawn as follows. First, the article applies IU curve and gross method. The decoupling status by gross method, in contrast to that by IU curve, can express the pressure from cultivated land occupation better and is similar to the decoupling status based on the model of decoupling in this article. Second, in most provinces of China, the relationship between the cultivated land occupation by construction and economic growth has transformed from expansive negative decoupling to strong decoupling. In general, the transformation was firstly from economically advanced eastern municipalities under the central government directly, then to economically advanced eastern coastal provinces, and lastly to central, western and northeastern regions. Third, the decoupling status was relative to contemporaneous policies and laws on cultivated land protection and regional development planning. Their effect is obvious and positive.     

Research on the Variation of Population Distribution and Its Characteristics Based on Spatial Autocorrelation Method: A Case Study of Poyang Lake Region in Jiangxi Province

Abstract

According to Statistical Yearbook of Jiangxi Province (2001~2006), We analyze the time-space variation of population distribution of Poyang Lake region from the two points of view. The former is quality of population, which involves culture structure, occupational structure, age structure and sex structure of population. The latter is quantity of population, which only involves the amount of population. Furthermore, we can reveal the internal relations and action mechanism of variation of population distribution by analyzing the regional economic development, population urbanization, land use and ecological landscape of Poyang Lake region. It is important to provide help for region planning, ecological landscape planning and environmental protection by correct understanding the man-land relationship of natural-human ecosystem in Poyang Lake region.     

关于耕地总量动态平衡的思考

中国是一个人多地少的国家，伴随着80年代经济高速增长而加剧的人地矛盾已经成为区域可持续发展面临的一个重要问题。本文以大量的数据分析了自耕地总量动态平衡实施以来的1999-2001年耕地数量和质量的变化，其中用播面单产和复种指数来度量耕地质量，得出了我国总体耕地质量下降的结论，指出仅仅从数量上实施耕地总量动态平衡，保证不了我国粮食安全的需要。并在此基础上提出了相关的建议。     

江淮生态经济区土地利用格局及生态系统服务价值变化

基于2005~2015年土地利用变更调查数据，结合土地利用变化模型和生态系统服务价值理论，分析了江苏省江淮生态经济区县域单元土地利用结构演化规律及生态系统服务价值变化。结果表明：研究期间建设用地、水域面积增加的最多；土地利用程度指数呈现北高南低的空间格局；生态系统服务价值略有上升，空间上总体为南高北低的格局，呈现市区较低，周边县（市）较高的现象；研究期内水域对于江淮生态经济区生态系统服务价值的贡献和生态环境的调控作用十分显著；结合区域建设开发现状，利用生态系统服务价值敏感性指数，在县域尺度上将研究区划分为以下五种类型：优先保护区、优先开发区、保护均衡区、开发权衡区、开发调整区，并提出建设开发策略，以期为江淮生态经济区开发建设、环境保护提供科学指引。