Farmers'''' Willingness-to-Pay for Environment and Human Health and Adoption of IPM

Although chemical control of pests increases crop production, it brings a lot of damage to environment and human health. There exist a number of alternative methods that are not so harmful to environment and human health. However, whether and how much in extent these technologies adopted are plausible depends on the comparison of benefit-cost between chemical control and the alternative control methods (such as Integrated Pest Management, IPM) and farmers' willingness-to-pay (WTP) for envirorment and human health. Using contingent valuation method (CVM), the author investigates farmers' WTP for environment and human health, recognizes the factors influencing WTP, and accordingly points out the importance of pest control technology extension and government regulation of pesticides.     

CVM研究中支付意愿问卷“内容依赖性”的实证研究——以上海城市内河生态恢复CVM评估为例

为检验意愿价值评估法(Contingent Valuation Method,CVM)中争论的焦点问题——支付意愿的问卷"内容依赖性",本文以上海城市内河生态修复为评估对象,构建CVM的假想市场,设计评估顺序、评估对象尺度、嵌套物品等四重方案,通过720份问卷平行调查对同一评估对象在不同问卷中获得的支付意愿,并进行估计值比较和t检验。研究结果显示:支付意愿的数值随评估尺度的增加并不显著增加;单独评估比作为嵌套物品评估具有更高的支付意愿值;在问卷中先被评估的物品居民给出的支付意愿较高;整体物品的支付意愿小于各部分的加总。研究结果验证了国外实证研究文献报道的"范围不敏感"、"嵌入效应"、"顺序效应"、"部分—整体效应"等现象的存在。对此现象的解释主要是收入效应和替代效应。因此,在将CVM研究结果应用于公共政策中应充分考虑上述因素引起的偏差。     

Estimating Ecological Value of Small Hydropower Using Contingent Valuation Method:An Application to Tongjiqiao Reservoir in Zhejiang Province,China

The small hydropower(SHP) will be less competitive in the absence of environmental value.The lack of information has become an important obstacle challenging decision-makers in resource-use choices.This paper is an application of contingent valuation method(CVM) in rural China to estimate the willingness-to-pay(WTP) for environmental services provided by exiting hydropower station.Using the single-bounded and dichotomouschoice CVM,the ecological value of Tongjiqiao Reservoir(TJQR) is estimated,and the annual mean WTPs of single-bounded and double-bounded CVM estimation are 141.05 and 219.52 Yuan(RMB)/a,respectively.The 95% confidence interval of annual WTP on an average is 118.47,166.79 Yuan(RMB)/a and 204.41,236.22(Yuan RMB)/a,respectively.In contrast,double-bounded model could obtain much more information of WTP of the investigated,thus reducing the confidence interval of estimation,and enhancing the estimation accuracy of the WTP.According to the estimated mean WTP of the double-bounded CVM,the total ecosystem service value of the TJQR is 15.54 million Yuan(RMB).Compared with the conventional electricity of fossil power and large hydropower,the SHP will be less competitive in the absence of non-market value,ignoring that the environmental impacts of existing SHP will undermine the healthy development of clean energy sector.     

江汉平原农地保护的外部效益研究

农地保护外部效益的货币化计量可为缓解我国农地流失形势,制定及实施农地生态保护政策,探寻农地保护和经济发展的均衡点提供理论及决策依据。运用条件价值评估法估算江汉平原农地保护的外部效益,研究表明：①随着农地保护意识的增强,受访居民已意识到农地外部效益的存在,8550%的受访居民对农地有正的支付意愿;受访居民的性别、年龄、家庭人口(老年人口、参加工作人口)、经济状况(土地面积、月生活开支、职业)等特征对支付意愿有显著影响。②江汉平原农地保护的年均总支付意愿达2805×108元,折合单位农地的保护效益为48 658元/hm2;区内现有农地目前无法通过市场价格表现的外部效益约1 24682×108元,具有无法忽略的重要地位。     

江汉平原农地资源价值研究

农地价值的货币化计量为缓解我国农地流失形势。修订和完善农地分等定级成果、征地补偿制度，制定和实施农地生态管护政策提供理论与实践依据。在随机抽样调查的基础上．运用收益还原法及CVM对江汉平原不同类型农地资源的市场价值和非市场价值进行评估．研究表明：江汉平原包括耕地，圈地、林地及水域用地在内的农地资源的非市场价值现值达1246．82亿元，是农地资源价值构成中无法忽略的重要组成部分。其中．耕地资源整体价值达4563．28亿元，无法通过市场交易体现的非市场价值有545．30亿元．占耕地价值构成的11．95％；园地及水域用地的价值分别为623．09亿元和3210．06亿元，非市场价值所占比例份额分别为32．21％和8，57％；林地资源的非市场价值225．64亿元，折合非市场价值约85704元／hm^2。     

降低PM2.5健康风险的行为选择及支付意愿——以北京市居民为例

本文运用权变评价法(CVM)调查了北京市居民对大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)健康风险的认知状况、行为选择及降低健康风险的支付意愿。结果表明:182.5%的居民认为北京市空气污染较为严重,52.4%的居民知道雾霾天气是由PM2.5引起的并认为其会对自己和家人的健康带来影响,92%的居民认为政府应该承担更多降低PM2.5健康风险的责任。2在降低风险的行为中,能够节省生活成本、有益于身心健康的生活方式和符合日常生活习惯的行为得到了最积极的响应,而会降低居民生活舒适性和增加生活成本的行为支持率相对较低。3在降低30%的PM2.5浓度情景下,居民的支付意愿平均为22.78元/月;在降低60%的PM2.5浓度情景下,居民的支付意愿平均为39.82元/月。而且,居民的个体特征、经济条件、居住位置、交通方式、认知水平及风险沟通等因素,都对降低PM2.5健康风险的支付意愿产生显著影响。     

Fringe View: Problems and Construction of Human Settlement Environment for Village-in-City

1 INTRODUCTIONAs a special pattern of community in city, "village-in-city"has objectively existed for many years, but it is only inrecent years that the phenomenon of "village-in-city" hasreally aroused the attention of scholars, government andmedia. The attention of government and media is mainlyfocused on the urban managerial problems that areproduced by "village-in-city", while the academic circlestry to explain the phenomenon of "village-in-city" andput forward measures in the academic…     

Analysis on Problems during Evaluating and Compensating of Environment/Resources

The process of evaluation and compensation for environment or resources is a complex research field involving environment science, sociology, and economics. This essay mainly discusses the process from the sociological view and proposes the related paradigm. The possible problems during the process were pointed out: acceptor/donor may make an immoderate price by taking the advantage of the specialty of the environment/resources, using information asymmetry, or colluding with middleman; may cause behavioral transformation; may lead to unexpected results when the policy was not effectively making and evaluating; may result in insufficient supply of products with positive externalities being lack of enough physical or symbolic inspiration. The following methods might be helpful to improve the situation: establishing an effective supervising system, encouraging the development of cross-bencher evaluating organizations, encouraging the development of Non-Governmental Organizations, encouraging the public participation, and setting up the effective market.     

上海河岸带公众偏好及生态系统服务价值评估

针对上海地区河岸带的环境质量提升情况,基于条件价值法(CVM)研究上海市居民对河岸带的偏好、支付意愿及生态系统服务价值,并通过SPSS软件考察影响受访者支付意愿率的主要因素。得到以下结论:①受访者对上海地区河岸带满意度与其使用河岸带频率呈显著相关性(p=0.001),表明受访者与河岸带的亲疏关系主要取决于其利用河岸带的实际频率。②使用五点评价法对河岸带状况进行分析,亲水性指标得分2.94,水质指标得分3.51,分别为受访者对河岸带最满意与最不满意要素。③针对河岸带10项评价要素进行因子分析,可将受访者对河岸带的满意度因子归纳为河岸带的自然属性和社会属性,且后者的影响权重更大。④受访者对树草结合、人行道位于绿化间且护岸保留湿地的河岸带布局的评价结果得分1 199,为最高得分,表明受访者偏好该类河岸带布局。⑤投标金额在一系列影响支付意愿率因子中,显著性p=0.000,影响最为剧烈。⑥受访者的支付意愿为537.6元/(年.户),整个生态系统的估算价值为2.74亿元/年。     

三峡工程的环境与移民问题

三峡水利枢纽是在长江上修建的世界第一大水电站,它规模宏大,举世属目,具有巨大的防洪,发电,航运等综合效益,是开发治理长江的骨干工程。三峡工程建设将对生态与环境产生广泛而深远的影响,为国内外所关注。它的有利影响主要在长江中下游,能有效地抗御洪水和提供巨量的清洁洁能源;不利影响主要是在库区,将形成库区淹没和大量移民。     

Analysis of Integration Mode of Human Resources Development and Cultural Ecology in Hebei Province

People and culture coexist and human resources development and regional cultural ecology integrate.The present thesis for the first time puts forward the integration mode of human resources development and cultural ecology,argues that personnel innovation should be attracted by motive injection,open culture,resources integration,culture dilution,thinking blending and people-orientation and discusses the transmission mechanism for functions of integration mode of human resources development and cultural ecology from the aspects of cultural values,living styles and cultural industry.     

Combining Stated Preference and Revealed Preference Methods for the Valuation of Non-market Goods

In this paper, we introduce the combining stated pref- erence and revealed preference methods which is the state-of- the-art method for the valuation of non-market goods. Revealed preference methods an...     

Ecological and Economic System Health Assessment Based on Fuzzy Set Pair Analysis： A Case Study of Northwest Region, China

Due to the increasingly serious environmental pollution and destruction,especially humans’ unreasonable activities,the ecological and economic system(EES) issues of Northwest region in China have attracted more and more attention of the researchers.Aiming at evaluating its ecological and economic system health,a multi-objective evaluation framework called PressureState-Response(PSR) was established to describe the ecological and economic health situations.Meanwhile,an integrative set pair model combining set pair analysis(SPA) and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(FAHP) was proposed to assess the ecological and economic system.Then the EES status of five northwest provinces(Shanxi,Gansu,Qinghai,Ningxia and Xinjiang) of Northwest region in China was evaluated during 1985 to 2009.The EES development trends of five provinces are obtained.In general,the health values of five provinces showed a rising trend.The health values of five provinces grew rapidly during 1985 to 2000.After 2000,the health values of five provinces still followed the present growth trend,but the growth is relatively smooth.The results show that the method proposed is effective for assessing the health of ecological and economic system.     

天津市节能减排绩效及经济效益协调性研究

利用节能绩效-减排绩效关系图,以及节能绩效、减排绩效与经济效益协调关系三角图,研究了2006-2008年天津市17个区县及滨海新区的节能减排绩效关系及其经济协调性状态和趋势.结果如下:①2006-2008年,天津市17个区县及滨海新区的节能减排绩效整体上较差,河西区、西青区、津南区、北辰区、宝坻区、静海县和蓟县的节能减排绩效呈现变差趋势,东丽区和滨海新区(塘沽区、汉沽区和大港区)节能减排绩效很差且无明显变好趋势;其他6个区县的节能减排绩效呈现变好趋势.②2008年,北辰区、武清区、静海县3个区县的经济协调性很强,河西区、河北区、汉沽区、蓟县处于强不经济协调性状态,滨海新区处于弱不协调性状态;2006年,大部分区县(包括滨海新区)处于弱不经济协调性状态,且按强协调趋势发展,其协调性增强主要来自经济效益驱动.③天津市17个区县及滨海新区的节能减排绩效及经济协调性评估权重选择较为合理,能准确地反映节能减排现状.