Ranking Agricultural Sub-basins for Environmental Protection

Reconstructing long-term vegetation buffers along streams in agricultural landscapes has become a common environmental restoration strategy for improving water quality and wildlife habitat connectivity. This article developed a linear weighted model to rank the priority of agricultural sub-basins for the establishment of vegetative buffers. The method was applied to an agricultural watershed of 146 km2 in Ontario, Canada. The watershed was divided into 11 sub-basins as basic decision units. In each sub-basin, four stream buffer schemes with widths of 5, 10, 15 and 20m were generated. For each buffer, three benefit-cost attributes of reconstructing vegetation cover were estimated, which include acreage per dollar, sediment abatement per dollar and habitat benefit per dollar. These attributes were first normalized using a linear normalization approach to eliminate the effects across different units. The normalized attributes were then integrated using a simple additive weighting method to rank the 11 sub-basins for prioritizing spatial restoration action. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to observe the impact of a change in attribute weights on the management decisions. The results suggest that vegetation buffers reconstructed for achieving the water quality goal are not effective in improving habitat connectivity and vice versa.     

长江干流典型区域河流生境健康评价

河流生境是河流生态系统中的重要组成部分，是维持河流健康的重要因素。河流生境健康的准确评估可以为河流生态系统的保护与修复提供重要依据。针对长江干流生境特点，从河流物理生境形态、河流岸边带生境和水环境特征3个方面选取了10个指标，构建了长江干流生境评价的指标体系。基于该评价体系，在2017年8~9月对长江干流的金沙江下游、三峡库区、长江中下游3个典型区域的127个调查断面进行河流生境综合评估。结果表明：金沙江下游、三峡库区、长江中下游河流生境综合指数（RHI）分值的分别为133.9、124.6、130.8，总体评价等级均为“良”。水流情势、受人类活动干扰是金沙江下游生境变化的主要驱动因子，河岸渠化硬化、河岸植被覆盖、河岸植被带宽则是三峡库区和长江中下游生境变化的主要驱动因子。建议长江上游区域强化水生生物重要栖息地完整性保护，中下游区域加强岸边带、洲滩的生态修复，恢复江湖连通性，构建长江流域生态廊道和生物多样性保护网络。     

岷江上游植被生境适应性空间分异格局的间隙度分析

了解岷江上游不同植被生境适宜性类型在整体和局部上的空间分异格局对植被生境管理和修复具有非常重要的意义。基于岷江上游4类植被生境适宜性类型空间分布图借助分形和贝叶斯理论,建立间隙度指数模型和多水平贝叶斯模型,实现定量表征不同植被生境适宜性类型在整体和局部空间上的聚簇和分异程度。结果表明:1)汶川在Ⅰ~Ⅳ类、Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类生境适宜性下的间隙度指数最大,其对应的空间分异尺度为3 000 m(即为30倍网格边长,网格边长为100 m)、2 900 m、2 800 m,而松潘在Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类型下的间隙度指数最大,其空间分异尺度为3 000 m、2 700 m。2)Ⅰ~Ⅳ类、Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类生境适宜性分别在汶川、松潘和理县的间隙度维数最大,空间格局聚簇性较小,进一步证明空间分异尺度较大,而Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类生境适宜性在茂县的间隙度维数最大。岷江上游植被生境空间分异格局的间隙度分析,可以为研究生境空间格局及其生境管理尺寸在整体和局部上的差异提供必备的条件和依据。     

Theoretical and Empirical Analysis on Influence Factors of Modern Agricultural Equipment Level in the Process of Agricultural Sustainable Development

Abstract

To promote modern agricultural equipment level is one characteristic of constructing and developing modern agriculture in China. This paper makes up stepwise linear regression analysis model of influence factors of modern agricultural equipment level, and chooses rural labor, per capita income of rural residents, rural investment, proportion of people at secondary education level and at higher level in per hundred rural labor force and arable land area as independent variables, and total power of machine as induced variable. The major results show that the relativity of modern agricultural equipment level, rural investment and education level of peasants is remarkable, and they are the major influence factors of modern agricultural equipment level. Raising investment level of rural infrastructure construction as well as and research and development and promotion of advanced and applicable modern agricultural equipment, improving quality and education level of peasants can accelerate the development of China’s modern agricultural equipment effectively in the process of agricultural sustainable development.     

Relationship between the riverine nitrate–nitrogen concentration and the land use in the Teshio River watershed, North Japan

The present research investigated the relationship between nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃–N) in river water and the land use/land cover (hereafter, land use) in the Teshio River watershed located in northern Hokkaido island to understand the effect of human activities such as agriculture, forestry, industry, and urbanization in the drainage basin on the river ecosystem quality and services. River water was sampled at nine points seasonally during a 2-year period and the nutrients concentration was measured. Land use profiles were estimated at two spatial scales, riparian and sub-catchment, for each sampling station. The spatial pattern of water quality in the Teshio River showed increased NO₃–N levels associated with agriculture and urban expansion, and forest reduction in the watershed. Land use at the riparian scale closely reflected that at the sub-catchment scale, which masked the unique riparian buffer effect on the river water condition. The increased agricultural and reduced forest area in the riparian zone, especially in the upper middle reach, could be a possible reason for a decline of ecosystem service for the provisioning of clean water and habitat for aquatic organisms. Measures towards sustainable and more nature-friendly agricultural management are necessary in the area to protect the Teshio River ecosystem and its ecosystem services.     

退化山地植被恢复和重建的基本理论和方法

退化植被恢复和重建已成为我国农村社会经济环境持续发展面临的迫切任务,提出了人工恢复和退建退化山地植被的基本方法论。退化山地植被和重建必需以兼顾退化 治理和农村经济发展,建设生态经济型植被为目标,阐述了在恢复和重建过程中应的九项生态学原理和芾项技术方法,介绍了诊断一玫方案一物种选择－各种植物 群的设计及其组合与实施－监测和进一步优化调控等基本人工恢复和重建退化地山植被的步骤。该方法论已在岷江上游的在     

金沙江流域(云南部分)生态潜力及其变化

植被景观要素的生态潜力能够反映某区域内生态功能的综合潜力,研究植被景观要素的生态潜力可望为该区域的生态保护工作提供参考。金沙江流域是我国西部的生态脆弱区,因此选择本流域的云南省部分地区进行植被景观要素的生态潜力与变化研究。首先,对流域内各植被类型进行生态潜力的分级与打分;然后,采用1996与2006年的TM遥感数据,制作了流域内的两期植被分类图,并在此基础上,借助ArcGIS软件绘制了生态潜力图;最后,根据流域内10年期间的植被类型变化面积,计算出流域内生态潜力的变化量。分析得出,流域内生态潜力变化最大的为中、东部地区,而该地区正是人口分布比较集中的地区。研究成果一方面可望加强人们认识流域内植被的生态功能和保护价值,以及植被的发展和破坏趋势;另一方面为流域内植被的恢复方向和重点提供可靠的依据.     

基于遥感和GIS的赤水河水质对流域土地利用的响应研究

利用2009年TM影像和11个断面的水质监测数据,同时在缓冲区和子流域尺度上,分析了赤水河流域内土地利用方式与水质指标（溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮）之间的相关关系,并建立水质对土地利用结构的空间响应模型。由相关性分析得：从缓冲区尺度到子流域尺度,建设用地与氨氮的相关性由显著正相关变为高度正相关,相关系数达到0836;与高锰酸盐指数的相关性则由普通正相关变为显著正相关,相关系数为0776。耕地与高锰酸盐指数的相关性由显著正相关增加为高度正相关,相关系数达到0913;与氨氮的相关系数也增加到0782;而耕地与溶解氧则由缓冲区尺度的一般负相关变为子流域尺度的显著负相关,相关系数达0609。在缓冲区尺度上,林地与氨氮、高锰酸盐指数呈负相关,相关程度总体上随着缓冲半径的增大而增大;而当研究尺度为依自然属性划分的子流域时,林地与氨氮呈现出显著负相关,相关系数达到0673;与高锰酸盐指数呈现出高度负相关,相关系数达到0822;且在子流域尺度上林地对溶解氧的“汇”的作用才充分表现出来,相关系数达0718。研究结果表明：赤水河流域土地利用方式对水质有重要影响。赤水河流域内的城镇建设用地和耕地对流域水质有着严重的负面影响,承载在其上的城市生活、工业污水和农业面源污染(种养殖)是河流水质污染的重要污染源。林地对流域的水质污染有重要的缓解作用。总体上,各水质参数与土地利用类型间的相关性在子流域和缓冲区两种尺度下表现出一致的规律,但这种相关性在子流域尺度下表现的更为显著。研究成果可为赤水河流域的水污染防治、土地利用方式优化提供科学依据,并为同类研究提供借鉴     

岷江上游不同植被恢复模式枯落物层水源涵养能力

为了阐明不同植被恢复模式水源涵养功能，采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法，以岷江上游山地森林-干旱河谷交错带为研究对象，开展不同植被恢复模式枯落物层现存量、持水过程、吸水过程等方面研究。结果表明：不同植被恢复模式中，枯落物现存量大小依次是天然次生林>刺槐林>岷江柏-油松幼林>岷江柏幼林>沙棘+金花小檗灌丛>荒草地。不同植被恢复模式枯落物半分解层占现存总量比例均在60%以上，且均大于未分解层占现存总量比例，其中岷江柏幼林最高（79.89%），天然次生林最低（60.66%）。刺槐林和天然次生林模式枯落物最大持水量较大，分别为53.25和53.22 t·hm-2，岷江柏-油松幼林模式次之，荒草地最小。不同植被恢复模式枯落物半分解层持水量均大于未分解层，且持水量与浸水时间间呈对数、幂函数、线性和指数函数等关系；而枯落物未分解层、半分解层的吸水速率与浸泡时间均呈幂函数关系。研究成果可为区域合理选择植被恢复模式提供科学参考。     

基于SWAT模型的丹江口水库流域农业非点源污染的时空分布特征

利用SWAT模型,基于GIS技术和流域DEM,构建了丹江口水库流域农业非点源污染基础信息库,并根据实测资料对模型的参数进行了率定和验证,在确定模型适用性的基础上分析了流域农业非点源污染负荷的时空分布特征,模拟计算了流域内主要的土地利用类型的单位面积农业非点源污染负荷量。结果表明：研究区农业非点源污染负荷年内分布不均,污染负荷与降雨量具有较强的相关性,氮负荷同月径流的相关系数为0896,磷负荷同泥沙负荷的相关系数为0920;氮、磷等营养物质的流失量具有较大的空间差异性,且不同土地利用方式下单位面积的农业非点源污染有较大的差别,耕地和裸露地的单位面积污染负荷均较高,而林地单位面积的泥沙负荷污染负荷最低,其单位面积的泥沙负荷、吸附态氮、溶解态氮、吸附态磷和溶解态磷分别为715 t/hm2、892 kg/hm2、835 kg/hm2、807 kg/hm2、006 kg/hm2;设计不同的情景,模拟了不同施肥量和水土保持措施对农业非点源污染物产出的影响,与基准情景相比,发现减少化肥施用水平对研究区农业非点源污染总氮和总磷负荷削减比例较大,采取退耕还林和还草两种水土保持措施能有效减少流域泥沙负荷和农业非点源污染负荷     

基于BMPs的鄱阳湖区小流域农村面源污染控制

鄱阳湖小流域农村面源污染严重,环境问题不断加剧。通过背景值调查与污染源解析,显示农村生活和种植业是鄱阳湖小流域农村面源污染的主要来源。采取集成式BMPs模式,将源头控制与末端治理相结合,充分利用当地优势,合理搭配植物缓冲带、沟渠湿地、人工湿地,兼性塘等,实现氮、磷流失的有效拦截,达到有效控制示范区小流域农村面源污染目的,从而为鄱阳湖农村面源污染控制提供借鉴。结果表明： BMPs系统污染物去除能力高,运行成本低。系统单位面积削减总量分别为CODcr 71017 kg、SS 11491 kg、TP 408 kg、TN 3593 kg、NO-3 N 474 kg、NH+4 N 1918 kg,而运行成本不到01元/t。整个系统中尤以表面流人工湿地减污效果最好,耐负荷冲击能力最强。沟渠湿地整体去污能力不低,但耐冲击负荷能力弱,易受外界因素的影响。为加强减污效果,可通过完善生态系统尤其是挺水性植物加以改进     

典型饮用水源地非点源污染的分布式模拟——以滁州市城西水库为例

城西水库（现改名西涧湖）是滁州市唯一地表水源,非点源污染已成为其水质污染的重要原因。基于土地覆被格局,依据非点源污染物质的产生、截留、汇流过程,构建了模拟每个栅格上污染物质向受纳水体的输出贡献量和被各种土地覆被截留量的物理过程模型。以磷素为例,对城西水库流域进行模拟。结果表明： 2000和2010年,流域向城西水库输出总磷量分别达到2 58038和2 46120 kg。库体西北部的市农科所、城郊居委会、水产研究所等地对水质危害最大。多数磷素在向库体的运移过程中被各类土地覆被有效的截留,总量在2000和2010年分别达到5 77449和5 42236 kg,占流域磷素总负荷的691%和68 8%。由于目前土地覆被布局的不尽合理,林地和草地对磷素的截留能力未能充分发挥。建议在流域水文敏感区布设林草缓冲带,将有效减少水库磷素的接纳量     

云南省姚安县水土保持生态修复措施的效益研究

姚安县是“长江上中游水土保持生态修复工程”项目县，在该县的洋派河小流域修筑同样面积的4个径流小区，采取不同的生态修复措施，分别为对照地（即撂荒地）、人工补植地（人工种植澳洲金合欢）、封禁措施地、坡耕地（人工耕种的坡耕地）4种，修复中控制人类活动对自然的过度干扰和侵害，充分利用生态自我恢复能力，大面积实施生态自我修复，提高植被覆盖度减少水土流失。从植被重要值，土壤理化性质，土壤的保土保水量以及经济效益等方面进行对比分析计算，研究结果如下：生态修复后人工补植地和封禁地:①植被恢复迅速，植被覆盖度达到60%以上；②土壤的结构得到改善，封禁地全N含量最高，补植地当人工恢复达到一定年限后含N量也会增加；③土壤的保持水土量增加；④生态修复后，经济效益得到明显提高。     

面源磷负荷改进输出系数模型及其应用

传统的输出系数模型是模拟较大流域面源污染的有效手段,但它假设同一土地利用类型的输出系数相同,忽视了营养物径流和截留过程中其他流域特征对输出系数空间分布的影响,难以为流域分区管理提供依据。在传统输出系数模型基础上,引入产污因子（CI）和截留因子（RI）,校正地形、降雨、植被缓冲带对面源磷流失空间格局的影响。用改进输出系数模型模拟滇池流域面源磷负荷并将模拟结果应用于流域管理。结果表明,改进的输出系数模型能更好地模拟面源磷污染的空间格局,识别出面源总磷的关键风险区--湖滨平原地带以及与入滇河流邻近的山谷、台地。以2008年滇池流域面源总磷的模拟结果（3525 t）为基准,若单位面积磷肥施用量减少20%,面源总磷负荷将减少86%;若环湖公路内侧全部实现退耕还林或还草,面源总磷负荷将减少60%;若同时实施减少磷肥施用量和环湖公路内退耕两项措施,面源总磷负荷将减少130%     

水文连通性对湖泊生态环境影响的研究进展

水文连通性对湖泊水资源调节、水质净化和生态安全等具有重要作用,但同时也可能带来潜在风险。因而厘清水文连通性对其生态环境的影响规律,对于开展水文连通性修复工作具有重要指导意义。基于广泛的文献调研,介绍了水文连通性的定义与内涵,分别综述了水文连通性对湖泊水文水动力、水质、水生态系统影响的研究进展。在此基础上,总结归纳了水文连通性通过改变水文水动力过程影响生态系统的路径：一是直接改变生境面积、植被格局和生物迁移繁殖特征,二是通过改变水质和沉积物特征而作用于生物的生长发育及其体内污染物累积转化过程。最后,对水文连通性变化的生态环境效应研究进行了展望：(1)加强对垂向连通性的研究以及拓展不同维度连通性耦合转化研究;(2）借助水动力-水质-水生态耦合模型研究水文连通性变化下的生态环境效应;(3）开展水文连通性的生态环境风险研究,并基于生态环境效益和社会经济效益权衡确定适宜的水文连通性。     

Identifying opportunities for long-lasting habitat conservation and restoration in Hawaii’s shifting climate

Conservation efforts in isolated archipelagos such as Hawaii often focus on habitat-based conservation and restoration efforts that benefit multiple species. Unfortunately, identifying locations where such efforts are safer from climatic shifts is still challenging. We aimed to provide a method to approximate these potential habitat shifts for similar data- and research-limited contexts. We modeled the relationship between climate and the potential distribution of native biomes across the Hawaiian archipelago to provide a first approximation of potential native biome shifts under end-of-century projected climate. Our correlative model circumvents the lack of data necessary for the parameterization of mechanistic vegetation models in isolated and data-poor islands. We identified locations consistently expected to remain the same in terms of the native biome compatibility by the end of the century with a robust evaluation of sources of uncertainty in our projections. Our results show that, despite large differences in climate projections considered, 35% of the areas considered are consistently projected to maintain their current compatibility to native biomes. By integrating our native biome compatibility projections with maps of current actual cover, we identified areas ideal for long-term habitat conservation and restoration. Our modeling approach can be used with relatively simple data; offers multiple forms of projection confidence estimates, model calibration, and variable selection routines; and is compatible with ensemble projections. This method is not only applicable to potential native cover, as done in this study, but to any set of vegetation classes that are related to environmental predictors available for modeling.     

Application of Remote Sensing Detection and GIS in Analysis of Vegetation Pattern Dynamics in the Yellow River Delta

Abstract

Regional vegetation pattern dynamics has a great impact on ecosystem and climate change. Remote sensing data and geographical information system (GIS) analysis were widely used in the detection of vegetation pattern dynamics. In this study, the Yellow River Delta was selected as the study area. By using 1986, 1993, 1996, 1999 and 2005 remote sensing data as basic information resource, with the support of GIS, a wetland vegetation spatial information dataset was built up. Through selecting the land-scape metrics such as class area (CA), class percent of landscape (PL), number of patch (NP), largest patch index (LPI) and mean patch size (MPS) etc., the dynamics of vegetation pattern was analyzed. The result showed that the change of vegetation pattern is significant from 1986 to 2005. From 1986–1999, the area of the vegetation, the percent of vegetation, LPI and MPS decreased, the NP increased, the vegetation pattern tends to be fragmental. The decrease in vegetation area may well be explained by the fact of the nature environment evolution (Climate change and decrease in Yellow River runoff) and the increase in the population in the Yellow River Delta. However, from 1999–2005, the area of the vegetation, the percent of vegetation, LPI and MPS increased, while the NP decreased. This trend of restoration may be due to the implementation of water resources regulation for the Yellow River Delta since 1999.     

大型水利水电工程扰动区植被的生态恢复

大型水利水电工程具有防洪、发电、航运等综合效益,是开发治理江河的骨干工程.水利水电工程建设常对项目区自然生态环境带来影响,施工中所产生的岩质边坡、土质边坡、弃土和弃渣等扰动可能导致项目区的生态系统退化、生物多样性丧失、水土流失和地质灾害加剧.扰动区植被生态恢复关系到工程安全运行和其所在区域的可持续发展.以向家坝水电工程为例,研究了大型水利水电工程扰动区植被生态恢复的目标、原则及方法.按生产、生态和社会功能,向家坝水电工程扰动区可划分为工程核心区、服务区和过渡区等3个功能区来系统规划其生态恢复.结合各自的功能需求和干扰特征,各功能区可采取相应的生态恢复技术和配置适宜物种来构建植物群落,形成结构稳定、多样性丰富、具有复合功能的植被景观.还简要评价了向家坝水电工程植被恢复现状,提出一些完善其生态恢复的建议.     

Simulating potential vegetation distribution in a mountainous region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau:A case study of Barkam County

The main objective of this study is to simulate the potential vegetation types on the basis of environmental parameters.The paper took Barkam County in a mountainous region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau as the study area.The vegetation distribution was mapped in 1994 and 2007 based on TM remote sensing images by object-oriented interpretation method.We overlaid the two maps to find out the vegetation patches which have not changed,and took them as stable types.Fifty per cent of the stable patches were randomly sampled to operate the logistic regression with related environmental parameters;others were used as test data of simulated results.Seven environmental parameters were mapped,including elevation,slope,aspect,surface curvature,solar radiation,temperature and precipitation,based on DEM data and meteorological site data by GIS technology.The relationship between the spatial distribution of vegetation and environmental variables were quantified by logistic regression.The distribution probabilities of each vegetation type were calculated.Finally,the spatial distribution of potential vegetation was simulated.This research can provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration and ecological construction in this area.     

Theoretical and Empirical Analysis on Influence Factors of Modern Agricultural Equipment Level in the Processof Agricultural Sustainable Development

To promote modern agricultural equipment level is one characteristic of constructing and developing modern agriculture in China.This paper makes up stepwise linear regression analysis model of influence factors of modern agricultural equipment level,and chooses rural labor,per capita income of rural residents,rural investment,proportion of people at secondary education level and at higher level in per hundred rural labor force and arable land area as independent variables,and total power of machine as induced variable.The major results show that the relativity of modern agricultural equipment level,rural investment and education level of peasants is remarkable,and they are the major influence factors of modern agricultural equipment level.Raising investment level of rural infrastructure construction as well as and research and development and promotion of advanced and applicable modern agricultural equipment,improving quality and education level of peasants can accelerate the development of China’s modern agricultural equipment effectively in the process of agricultural sustainable development.