Establish the Long-effective Mechanism of Food Security in China

In despite of fluctuation in recent years, the grain yield in China has been increasing, which relieves the conflict between supply and demand and turns the situation of food security good. However, because of the rapid increase in food consumption, the conflicts of food quality and structure in the supply and demand equilibrium has become more and more obvious and the long-effective mechanism of food security has not been established yet. It is found that the factors affecting food security in China include the scarcity and dissipation of resources, farmers＇ low enthusiasm in planting grain crops and the inappropriateness of the emphasis and measures of macro-economic regulation and control. Therefore, the authors advance to optimize resources allocation, strengthen macro-economic regulation and control and policy stimulation and establish the mechanism of allocating grain production cost, to set up the long-effective mechanism of China food security and keep it stable in the long term.     

近50年安徽省气候生产潜力演变及粮食安全气候承载力评估

安徽省是重要的粮食产区,在保障我国粮食安全中发挥着重要作用,研究该省气候生产潜力的演变特征,面向粮食安全分析其气候承载力具有显著的现实意义。本文从粮食生产与光温水等气候因子的关系出发,采用逐级订正的方法计算了安徽省的气候生产潜力及其变化特征,并根据不同生活水平下的粮食需求指标,分析了安徽省的气候承载力和剩余空间。结果表明,安徽省气候生产潜力的地理分异特征显著,其中北部高于南部、平原高于山区,高值区主要集中在沿淮及淮北地区,与耕种条件配合较好,有利于生产潜力的发挥。1961~2013年全省气候生产潜力基本呈一致下降趋势,近50年平均减少了约10%。安徽省目前粮食消费水平和结构属温饱型向小康型过渡阶段,在充分发挥气候生产潜力的前提下,全省气候资源所能承载的粮食产量均显著超过不同生活水平下的总需求量。小康水平下,气候承载力的相对剩余率总体呈东北向西南递减的趋势,除部分城市地区和山区外,全省大部地区气候承载力的剩余空间仍较富裕,能够较好的保障粮食需求。总的来看,由于安徽省光温水以及耕地等条件配合较好,气候承载力较高;虽然受太阳辐射影响,近年来气候生产潜力下降,但在保障未来小康社会的粮食安全方面,安徽省仍具有较好的气候承载力,粮食生产还有较大的提升空间。     

建设我国节水高效农业的战略对策

21世纪我国水资源供需矛盾进一步加剧,农用水资源严重短缺,解决我国粮食安全问题,必须发展节水高效农业,本文阐述了未来我国农业可持续发展面临的节水任务,分析了影响节水发展的制约因素,提出了促进节水高效农业发展的战略措施和对策。     

Cross-country income disparity and its effect on carbon emissions

This study is motivated by the interesting relationship between the income Kuznets curve and the carbon Kuznets curve.This paper focuses on the interaction effects of income distribution and income per capita on CO₂ emissions using country group panel data over the period of 1980 to 2006 by employing fixed effects（FE）,random effects（RE）and feasible generalized least squares（FGLS）estimation methods.The main findings are as follows.（1）There exists an inverted-U relationship between CO₂ emissions per capita and income per capita in all sample countries and high-income groups.（2）The cross-country income disparity has a negative effect on the average level of CO₂ emissions but a positive effect on the aggregate income elasticity of CO₂ emissions.（3）This negative effect of income disparity on the average level of CO₂emissions decreases along with the growth of per capita income.Thus,economic growth contributes to the reduction of this negative impact.     

农业结构调整对全国粮食安全的影响分析--以粮食主产区为例

基于粮食主产区农业发展及其结构调整中面临的问题分析，指出近5年来导致我国粮食产量持续下降的主要原因在于农业结构调整。大规模的“压粮扩经”趋势若不能有效控制，必将对国家粮食安全带来冲击。对2005-2010年我国粮食需求及粮食主产区占全国粮食产量比重进行测算．提出不同粮食自给率下国家粮食安全对粮食主产区粮食生产的目标要求。粮食主产区具有满足国家粮食安全产量需要的生产潜力。     

中国未来的粮食安全与生态可持续性问题研究——基于粮食生产过程生态足迹的实证分析

自然资源与农业生态可持续开发是保障农业生产与粮食安全可持续发展的基础。随着我国人口的增长以及人们生活水平的提高,粮食需求量逐年增加。这不但加剧了我国人多地少的矛盾,还给我国农业资源与生态的可持续发展带来了挑战。利用计量模型测算出我国人口高峰时粮食安全背景下粮食生产活动的生态足迹,然后依据生态足迹指数法判断其生态可持续性状况。结果显示,按照目前的粮食生产模式依靠自给实现粮食安全,我国人均生态足迹指数将出现负值。这意味着我国农业生态将处于不可持续的状态。解决我国“粮食 耕地”矛盾与“粮食 生态”矛盾,实现粮食安全与农业生态的协调可持续发展,一方面需要把我国目前依靠要素投入的粗放式粮食生产模式转向生态友好型的种植模式;另一方面需要改变我国依靠自给的粮食安全保障模式,通过适当降低我国的粮食自给率、增加粮食进口缓解我国农业资源与生态环境的压力。这对我国未来的农业发展道路以及粮食安全政策都具有重要的参考价值     

The influence of Chinese population policy change on resources and the environment

Universal two-child policy has been implemented since the end of 2015 in China. This policy is anticipated to bring a significant increase in the total population, with profound influences on the resources and environment in the future. This paper analyzes the changing dynamics of urban and rural population, and forecasts urban and rural population from 2016 to 2030 at national and provincial scale using a double log linear regression model. Drawing upon the results of these two predictions, the impact of the population policy change on Chinese resources consumption and environmental pollution are predicted quantitatively. Given the future total population maintains current levels on resources consumption and environmental emission, the additional demand of resources and environment demand for the new population is forecasted and compared against the capacity on supply side. The findings are as follows: after implementing the universal two-child policy, China’s grain, energy consumption, domestic water demand, and pollutant emissions are projected to increase at different rates across provinces. To meet the needs arising from future population growth, food and energy self-sufficiency rate will be significantly reduced in the future, while relying more on imports. Stability of the water supply needs to be improved, especially in Beijing, Henan, Jiangsu, Qinghai, and Sichuan where the gap in future domestic water demand is comparatively larger. Environmental protection and associated governing capability are in urgent need of upgrade not least due to the increasing pressure of pollution.     

基于海外耕地投资的中国粮食供给安全研究

海外耕地投资是中国企业走出去,参与国际投资合作,获取耕地资源的重要手段。海外耕地投资能够通过国际合作和粮食进口,增加中国粮食供给,对国内粮食市场产生重大影响。基于柯布道格拉斯生产函数模型,对粮食播种面积、粮食成灾面积、农业机械总动力、农村用电量、粮食生产劳动力人数、有效灌溉面积、农业产品生产价格指数、农膜施用量、化肥施用折纯量、农药施用量等10个因素进行模型参数筛选,拟合中国粮食总产量关于粮食产量影响因子的函数关系,测算中国国内粮食生产总量;同时通过时间序列数据拟合出口粮、工业用粮、饲粮、种子粮以及粮食损耗的函数模型,测算中国国内粮食需求总量;在此基础上,通过情景分析法模拟不同情景下,中国在海外生产的粮食进入中国市场的比例,并以此作为影响中国粮食总产量的因子之一,构建关于中国粮食总供给的函数模型,分别测算不同情境中海外耕地投资生产的粮食对中国粮食供给安全的影响程度。研究结果表明,悲观情景和一般情境中,海外耕地投资生产的粮食对中国粮食安全的影响并不显著,乐观情境中中国海外耕地投资对中国粮食安全产生显著影响。进一步研究表明,当海外耕地投资粮食进口率超过75.3%时,海外耕地投资会对中国粮食供给安全产生显著影响。研究结论和建议:目前中国海外耕地投资对中国粮食安全的影响并不显著;中国的海外耕地投资能够直接或间接增加中国粮食供给,并且供给量显著提高,存在提高中国粮食供给率,保障国家粮食安全的巨大潜力,决策部门需要重视海外耕地投资,引导海外耕地投资良性发展。     

全面放开二孩政策背景下人口增长对资源环境的影响和需求分析

2015年底,我国全面放开了二孩政策,势必对我国的人口总量和增长态势产生深刻影响,进而影响我国的资源需求和环境压力。在采用队列元素法预测全面放开二孩后我国总人口及各省(市、自治区)人口的基础上,运用城乡人口比增长法预测未来城镇化水平,本文依据这两种预测结果系统探讨人口政策变动对我国资源消费、环境污染的定量预测和具体影响。假定未来的人均资源环境消耗量保持现状不变,按照预测的未来人口总量和增量,得出人口增长对我国资源环境的需求变动。通过计算新增的资源环境需求量,对比需求总量与我国的资源环境供给能力,进一步分析人口增长对资源环境各方面的压力大小。研究发现:全面放开二孩政策后,我国的粮食、生活用能源、生活用水、城乡建设用地的需求量和生活污染物排放量均逐年递增,但变化速率有所差异。为满足未来人口增长所产生的需求,粮食和能源的自给率明显降低,未来将需要更多地依赖进口。全国的供水能力和保障水平急需提高,其中北京、河南、江苏、青海、四川的现状供水能力与未来生活用水需求差距较大。各省建设用地需求差异明显,吉林、湖北、山东、四川、江苏、湖南、新疆、广东、黑龙江、贵州等省市的城市建设用地新增需求量将快速释放,但已有的建设用地储备无法满足预测需求。生活污染物的治理压力加大,环境保护与治理能力应该继续加强。     

我国人口资源与食物问题

人口增多,耕地减少,部分地区供水不足,是我国人口与资源矛盾的基本格局。由于人口的压力,对资源实行超强度的利用,使较大范围的地区生态环境恶化,严重威胁农业生产,并成为许多地区多灾、低产、贫困的根本原因,较低的食物人均占有水平,将继续成为中国国民经济发展和人民生活水平提高的严重限制因素。增加食物,必须挖掘资源的潜力,开源与节流相结合,以内涵挖潜为主。首先是要立足现有的耕地,致力于提高单产;同时,合理开发水域、山地、草地等资源,广辟食物来源,提高非耕地资源的生产力,提高林牧渔业的发展水平。耕地应以深度开发为主,走资源节约型(节地、节水、节时、节能)的集约化道路。     

A Simple Discussion on the Supply and Demand of Water Resources in the Western Region of China

Abstract

We are accustomed to solve the problem of the water scarcity in the western region by the thought of increasing the effective supply of water to meet the needs of Go-west Campaign. After introducing the dynamic equilibrium principle on supply and demand in economy, we find that we should solve the problem of the water scarcity in the western region through reducing total demand to achieve the dynamic equilibrium of supply and demand. Finally water resources in the western region can be enlarged by an accumulated way.     

中国水资源状况与水资源安全问题分析

根据最新的水资源调查评价结果，分析了中国水资源的现状和特点：总量丰富，但人均占有量低；年内年际分配不匀，旱涝灾害频繁，水资源供需矛盾突出；地区分布不均，水土资源不相匹配；水资源利用率低，污染严重。在此基础上，分析了我国水资源安全目前存在的主要问题：水资源时空分布不均严重阻碍社会经济发展；水资源供需矛盾严重，水资源利用效率低下；水质危机导致水资源危机，生态环境恶化严重；水资源管理缺乏科学体制。认为21世纪中国的水资源矛盾将进一步加剧，我国必须进行大规模的改革和强有力的措施，包括节约用水，建立节水型工业，提高用水效率，加强水污染防治，引入市场机制，加强科技创新，树立可持续发展的思想，实行水资源的统一科学管理，维护我国的水资源安全，以缓解我国水资源的供需矛盾，实现经济和社会的可持续发展。     

中国区域能源安全供给脆弱性分析

随着经济持续快速发展,我国能源需求不断增加,能源安全,尤其是石油安全问题日益突出,而能源安全供给脆弱性是能源安全的核心问题.在对能源安全供给脆弱性概念进行界定的基础上,构建了脆弱性评估模型以及由对外依存度、能源消耗弹性指数、能源储量比、能源生产弹性指数、运输线路长度和人均GDP构成的评价指标体系.采用因子分析法确定评价指标的权重系数,并对全国30个省(市、区)"十五"时期的常规能源(煤炭、石油和天然气)安全供给脆弱性进行定量评估.结果表明:①我国区域能源安全供给脆弱性程度整体上处于中等偏下水平,且呈现出"东高西低"的特征;②能源安全供给风险的应对能力差异是区域脆弱性分异的主导因素.     

我国粮食生产布局变化特点及其成因分析

建国以来,我国粮食生产呈波浪型上了四个台阶,粮食总产量分别达到２亿ｔ、３亿ｔ、４亿ｔ、ｔｗｎ ｔ。总的来说,粮食产量呈现超伏涨落但缓慢上升的趋势。过去５０年,我国的粮食生产及布局发生了巨大的变化。首先,粮食增长逐渐由以前的单产和总产并重转变为以提高单为主。其次,粮食结构也发生了变化,很长一段时间,我国的粮食增长主要信赖于水稻增产,８０年代以后,水稻在粮食生产中的比重迅速下降,而小麦和玉米所占比重帽     

黄淮海地区水土资源粮食安全价值核算

水土资源是粮食生产和粮食安全的基础.水土资源粮食安全价值核算对于促进水土资源可持续利用,平衡地区粮食生产任务促进粮食安全具有积极意义.目前国内尚未有关于水土资源粮食安全价值系统的核算方法.本文根据虚拟水和虚拟土理论,综合考虑自然、经济和社会因素对粮食安全的影响,构建了粮食生产中的水土资源粮食安全价值核算方法体系,并以黄淮海地区为例进行了实证分析.结果表明:水土资源的粮食安全价值真实存在且可以量化,黄淮海地区各省市水土资源的粮食安全价值存在差异,河北、江苏、安徽、山东和河南省的水土资源粮食安全价值总量远远高于北京和天津,并提出了建立粮食安全补贴完善粮食安全价值实现途径的政策建议.     

小城镇能源优化配置研究

构建我国能源安全体系面临诸多困境。小城镇能源保障是其最薄弱的环节之一。但小城镇能源保障及其优化配置问题并没有得到政府、学术界应有的重视。通过与城市的比较分析。得出小城镇能源类型和结构特征，指出能源自然禀赋构成小城镇能源类型和结构的“本底”。社会经济发展水平。产业结构变迁主宰小城镇能源类型和结构变迁。在此基础上，提出了小城镇能源优化配置战略目标和导向。根据这一目标和导向，对小城镇能源优化配置的政策措施进行初步探讨。包括编制小城镇能源资源利用规划；加快可再生能源的应用技术研究；建立小城镇能源资源分配、开发、流通的市场机制；保护小城镇能源资源；优化小城镇产业结构。大力推动循环经济；推广分布式能源供给模式，提高小城镇能源供给安全。     

四川水土资源可持续利用与生态保护

保护好四川水土资源和生态环境,对保障全国粮食安全,对全国的生态保护与建设和长江中下游地区的经济发展均有十分重要的意义。系统分析研究了四川水土资源与生态保护现状,针对水土流失面广强度大、土地沙化、退化和荒漠化严重、人地矛盾日益尖锐、粮食安全保障问题日益凸显、水资源利用率低、旱灾严重等问题,提出了切实保护耕地资源,确保基本农田保护面积总量不减少、质量不降低;合理确定退耕还林规模,稳定和保护现有耕地面积;加大中低产田土改造力度,节约集约利用有限的土地资源;节约用水,加强水利工程建设,提高水资源利用率和供水能力;加强对水土流失的综合治理等5条水土资源可持续利用与生态环境保护的相应对策与措施。     

Food security and ecological footprint of coastal zone of Bangladesh

This paper presents the present status of food security and ecological footprint, an indicator of environmental sustainability of the coastal zones of Bangladesh. To estimate the present status of the food security and ecological footprint of the coastal zone of Bangladesh, primary and secondary data were collected, and the present status of food security and environmental degradation (in terms of ecological footprint) were calculated. To estimate the household food security, primary data were also collected from all the households in a representative selected village. A quantitative method for computation of food security in grain equivalent based on economic returns (price) is developed, and a method of measuring sustainable development in terms of ecological footprint developed by Wackernagel is used to estimate the environmental sustainability (Wackernagel and Rees in Our ecological footprint: reducing human impact on the earth. New Society, Gabrioala, BC, 1996; Chambers et al. in Sharing nature’s interest-ecological footprint as an indicator of sustainability. Earthscan, London, 2000). Overall status of food security at upazila levels is good for all the upazilas except Shoronkhola, Shyamnager and Morrelgonj, and the best is the Kalapara upazila. But the status of food security at household levels is poor. Environmental status in the coastal zones is poor for all the upazilas except Kalapara and Galachipa. The worst is in the Mongla upazila. Environmental status has degraded mainly due to shrimp culture. This study suggests that control measures are needed for affected upazilas and any further expansion of the shrimp aquaculture to enhance the food security must take into account the environmental aspects of the locality under consideration.     

农地流转背景下地块规模对农户种粮投入影响分析

近年来粮食安全受到国家和社会的广泛关注,农地投入作为粮食生产的重要要素,是保障粮食稳定产出的前提。学者就农地规模对农户种粮投入的影响已进行了较多研究,但受农地流转的影响,土地要素更具多样化,土地规模与农户种粮投入的关系发生变化。随着农地流转在我国的快速发展,探析农地流转影响下土地规模对农户种粮投入影响的变化成为一个亟待研究的问题,对保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。考虑到地块的异质性,本文基于山东、河南、安徽三个粮食主产省622户农户1 284个地块的粮食生产数据从村庄和农户两个层次控制了生产要素市场价格、地块要素等非主观因素,进行多层模型回归分析。结果表明,农地流转特征及地块特征对农户粮食生产单位面积投入有显著影响。地块规模和转入地占比对农地投入影响为负,转入地占比越大,地权稳定性越低,农户投入积极性受到挫伤越明显,在转入地上的投入减少。随着转入土地面积的增加,农户从事粮食生产的机会成本增大,使其有更强的动力增加种粮投入,地块规模的负向影响程度降低。基于分析结果,本文得出以下3点结论:(1)规模化经营有利于降低单位面积种粮成本;(2)农地流转发生时,地块规模对种粮投入的影响发生改变,成片规模化经营将成为我国粮食生产的必然趋势;(3)提高土地综合条件可以降低投入成本,并提高农户投入积极性。要保障国家粮食安全,需从降低种粮成本、提高农户收益着手,建议鼓励农村土地流转,推动粮食规模化生产,同时也要注重增加财政拨款,建设高标准粮田,强化高标准粮田的农业基础设施建设,完善田间配套工程。     

Modeling of food security and ecological footprint of coastal zone of Bangladesh

This paper presents the present status of food security and ecological footprint, an indicator of environmental sustainability of the coastal zones of Bangladesh. To estimate the present status of the food security and ecological footprint of the coastal zone of Bangladesh, primary and secondary data were collected, and the present status of food security and environmental degradation (in terms of ecological footprint) were calculated. To estimate the household food security, primary data were also collected from all the households in a representative selected village. A quantitative method for computation of food security in grain equivalent based on economic returns (price) is developed, and a method of measuring sustainable development in terms of ecological footprint developed by Wackernagel is used to estimate the environmental sustainability (Wackernagel and Rees in Our ecological footprint: reducing human impact on the earth. New Society, Gabrioala, BC, 1996; Chambers et al. in Sharing nature’s interest-ecological footprint as an indicator of sustainability. Earthscan, London, 2000). Overall status of food security at upazila levels is good for all the upazilas except Shoronkhola, Shyamnager and Morrelgonj, and the best is the Kalapara upazila. But the status of food security at household levels is poor. Environmental status in the coastal zones is poor for all the upazilas except Kalapara and Galachipa. The worst is in the Mongla upazila. Environmental status has degraded mainly due to shrimp culture. This study suggests that control measures are needed for affected upazilas and any further expansion of the shrimp aquaculture to enhance the food security must take into account the environmental aspects of the locality under consideration.