Correlation between Urban Land Change Process and Socioeconomic Development since the 1980s in Jiangsu Province

Studying the process and characteristics of urban land change in different phases of urbanization and different economic development is much important for understanding urban land change and management at a macro level. Taking the example of Jiangsu Province, the present paper studied the correlation between urban land change process and socioeconomic development from 1981 to 2003 on the basis of statistical data. The results showed the following three aspects. First, urban land area has changed periodically and the research duration can be divided into two periods: from 1981 to 1994 and from 1995 to 2003. In each period, the changing trend is the same, i.e. slow at first and then quick. Studying from the comprehensive change status, the characteristic of fluctuant change is significant with three acute change pinnacles in 1988, 1991 and 2002 which were corresponded to turning point years of economic development phases of Jiangsu Province respectively. Second, the synchronization between urban land change and urbanization level change is not strict. With the evolution of urbanization phases, the change pace of urbanization level increased remarkably, but urban land change rate did not increase significantly accordingly. Third, the area of urban land has exponentially increased with the increase of per capita GDP. In different economic development levels classified by per capital GDP, land resource cost for economic development is different, respectively 29.01 hm2, 26.34 hm2, 26.22 hm2, and 11.14 hm2 for the increase of 100 million RMB GDP when the per capita GDP is under 1000, 1000–2000, 2000–5000 and over 5000 RMB.     

略论耕地库兹涅茨曲线在我国的适用性

耕地流失是经济发展过程中的一个重要问题,对耕地流失与经济增长的库兹涅茨曲线假说进行分析,以说明耕地库兹涅茨曲线的适用性。选取上海、浙江、江苏、海南、宁夏、河北、河南7省市作为研究区域,根据近20多年来的耕地流失面积与人均GDP统计数据以及产业结构变动情况,结合部分国内学者的研究结果,对耕地库兹涅茨曲线假说进行了验证。研究结果表明,虽然有部分省市符合耕地流失与经济增长的倒U型规律,但是耕地库兹涅茨曲线假说并不具有普遍性。不同的地区、不同的经济发展阶段,耕地流失面积变化具有不同的特点,应该严格保护耕地,控制经济增长的速度,注重提高经济增长的质量与效益,完善耕地保护的政策措施,促进国民经济持续、稳定、健康发展。〖     

基于SD模型的三峡库区快速城镇化地区耕地利用模拟研究

对引起耕地变化的驱动因素进行研究,有利于解决当下人口、经济和社会发展与耕地资源的矛盾。基于对耕地变化相关因素的线性分析,提出改进基于时间序列对耕地变化驱动力静态研究的模式,利用系统动力学模型从动态的耕地变化仿真模拟过程中对长寿区耕地变化趋势进行预测研究,为快速城镇化地区耕地资源的合理利用与保护提供借鉴。结果表明：（1）长寿区耕地面积25 a间共减少 9 535 hm2,在数量上总体呈现波动下降趋势;（2）长寿区耕地变化的主要驱动力与社会经济发展、人口与城市发展、农业结构调整与科技进步密切相关;（3）利用SD模型在不同情景设定下的模拟发现,区内城镇化率对耕地面积的影响＞GDP对耕地面积的影响＞人口增长对耕地面积的影响;（4）耕地利用变化在不同社会经济发展模式下的差异较大,而GDP和城镇化率的缓速增长发展模式最为理想,对区内耕地资源保护有一定的促进作用。由此可以得出,为减轻未来长寿区耕地保护工作压力,必须转变以牺牲耕地作为代价的经济发展模式,通过集约节约用地、积极开展农村建设用地复垦等工作来协调城镇化的快速发展与耕地保护之间的矛盾。 关键词： 耕地变化;驱动力;耕地非农化;系统动力学;城镇化;三峡库区     

快速城镇化地区生态用地演变及驱动力分析

基于高分辨率遥感影像、GIS和RS技术,利用转移矩阵、景观指数和地图叠加等方法系统分析了辛庄镇域生态用地演变的时空特征,并引入二项Logistic回归模型,选择到农村居民点的距离、到道路的距离、到河流水系的距离、到村镇中心的距离、人均GDP、人均工业总产值、人均农业总产值、人均收入、人口密度为驱动因子,对研究区主要类型生态用地变化的驱动力进行分析。结果表明:1991~2009年,辛庄镇生态用地空间结构和面积变化剧烈,总体上呈加速缩减趋势。其中,水田面积变化尤为明显,18a间累积减少1 806.61hm2;经济效益较高的水产养殖用地和园地规模有所增长,尤其是水产养殖用地,1991~2009年年均增长43.01hm2,长幅为93.26%。生态用地主要转移去向为水产养殖用地、居住用地和工业用地。生态用地总体上破碎化程度加剧,类型水平上,大体上呈现为破碎度加剧、景观形状日趋规则、优势度逐渐降低、聚集度日益增加的态势。各时段生态用地演变的主要驱动因子均为邻域因子,但随着时间的推移,社会经济因子对生态用地变化的解释效力逐渐增强。     

Difference among the Growth of GDP and Urbanization of the Provinces and the Cities in West China since the Reform and Opening-up

Since the reform and opening-up, the difference between the development of the west region and the other regions in China is increasing. In addition, the condition of the development of cities in west China needs amelioration. Developing conditions of the west provinces and its cities using economic barometers (e.g. gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita GDP) and urban population datum (e.g. urbanization level and city primary degree) have been analyzed in this article. Five indexes have been chosen to work on the development of the provinces, for example, the contribution degree of the increment in GDP, the contribution degree of the increment of per capita GDP, urbanization level, city primary degree, city primacy ratio. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The growth of the GDP and per capita GDP of the western provinces is in a poor way; moreover, it is not steady going. (2) The comparability among the characteristics of the urbanization level growth of the provinces is at a low level. (3) The urbanization levels of Inner Mongolia province and Sinkiang province are more-sensitive responders to the growth of per capita GDP, whereas those of Guangxi province and Tibet province are less-sensitive responders. (4) The urban population in most of the provinces are highly concentrated, which can be shown by city primary degrees and city primacy ratios. While working on these cities in west China, some earlier zone-organic cities are chosen as sample cities, and these cities are also analyzed using economic barometers and population datum. By analyzing the difference among the cities and comparing the research findings of Professor Zhou and the author, the following conclusions are made: (1) the growth of the GDP and per capita GDP of the cities are mostly not steady going; (2) the middle and big cities are more-sensitive responders to the growth of economy, whereas the small and mega cities are less-sensitive responders; (3) the sizes of southwest cities have a higher speed than those of northwest ones, and furthermore, the differences between them are still increasing.     

江苏省城市土地集约利用与城市化关系的计量分析

在界定城市土地集约利用与城市化内涵的基础上,构建了城市土地集约利用与城市化的评价指标体系,采用改进的熵值法和功效函数法测度了江苏省1985～2008年城市土地集约利用水平与城市化水平,并运用协整检验、向量误差修正模型、脉冲响应函数和方差分解等计量经济分析方法探讨城市土地集约利用与城市化的动态关系和相互作用。研究表明：（1）1985年以来,江苏省城市土地集约利用水平、城市化水平总体上逐步提高;（2）城市化与城市土地集约利用均为一阶单整序列;（3）城市土地集约利用与城市化之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系,短期内城市化水平的提高不利于城市土地集约利用,但长期内其有利于城市土地集约利用,且长期的响应作用程度更显著、更稳定;（4）城市土地集约利用对来自城市化的冲击响应强烈,城市化的冲击对城市土地集约利用的解释水平达到了5844%,而城市化对来自城市土地集约利用的冲击响应较弱,城市土地集约利用的冲击对城市化的解释水平较低。因此,应采取长期而非短期的策略,有序推进城市化进程,加强土地利用监督管理,提高土地资源集约利用水平,不断提升土地资源对经济社会发展的保障能力     

中国城市化进程中的城市道路交通碳排放研究

探讨了中国城市化、经济发展、技术进步等与城市道路交通碳排放之间的长期均衡关系与动态作用机制,并对中国城市道路交通碳排放进行了预测和情景分析。结果表明:①城市化率、交通能源强度、城市居民消费水平和人均GDP对城市道路交通碳排放的长期均衡弹性分别为0.93、0.73、0.68、0.44;②城市道路交通碳排放的最大贡献者在中短期内是交通能源强度,长期内是城市化率;③人均GDP增长率的提高,短期内会促使城市道路交通碳排放增长率提高,而长期又有助于使之降低;④中国城市道路交通碳排放持续增长的趋势在相当长时期内不可避免;⑤不同的发展理念和政策与技术的组合,可以使城市道路交通碳排放发生重大变化。基于研究,提出了中国城市道路交通碳减排的政策取向。     

城市化进程中的土地利用问题研究--以江苏省为例

改革开放以来,随着经济的发展,我国城市化进程不断加快,环境污染、交通拥挤、人地矛盾冲突加剧等问题随之产生。江苏省作为我国东部沿海经济最发达的省份之一,城市化提升速度高于全国平均水平,从1978年的13.7％上升到2002年的44.7％,产生的城市问题具有典型代表性。在对江苏省1978年以来城市化发展和城市建成区面积变化特征分析的基础上,进一步探寻城市用地中存在的问题及其成因。结果表明：随着城市化水平的提高,建成区面积不断扩展,2000年是1991年的1.5倍,人均建成区面积也不断上升,小城市上升幅度最大,为40 m2,特大城市最小,为17 m2,人均建成区面积从小城市到特大城市呈倒三角形分布,经济发展和用地配置机制及20世纪90年代以来兴起的开发区、城市新区建设是城市用地扩展的主要驱动因素。在城市用地中存在用地效率不高、土地供求矛盾尖锐等问题,应当加强土地管理,挖掘土地利用潜力,提高土地利用效率。     

江苏省沿海地区经济发展与碳排放相关性研究

与能源结构和能源效率因素相比,经济发展对人均碳排放的影响最为显著.以江苏省沿海地区能源消费情况为基础,研究得出地区碳排放、人均碳排放,并且1999-2008年该地区碳排放量与人均碳排放量的增加趋势一致.选取人均GDP来代表经济增长数据,人均CO2排放代表碳排放数据,借助环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)模型来分析江苏省沿海地区经济发展与CO2排放之间的关系和演变态势.根据环境库兹涅茨曲线研究江苏省沿海地区经济发展与人均碳排放之间的关系,相关性研究结果表明,最优拟合模型中参数α0为0.245 7,α1为3.658 14e-5,α2为1.318 32e-8,α3为-3.298 09e-13,所以根据模型设定判断得出:1999-2008年间江苏省沿海地区人均碳排放置和人均GDP并不符合标准的环境库兹涅茨曲线(倒U型)关系,而是表现为三次方曲线模型.同时,依据人均碳排放量的变化特征,将江苏省沿海地区人均碳排放分为两个阶段:1999-2006年,人均碳排放量随着经济的增长持续增加;2006-2008年人均碳排放量随经济增加趋势变缓.     

中国城市化发展速度界定的初步探索

纵观我国城市化发展历程,虽然取得了举世瞩目的成就,同时也带来了许多问题,具体表现为城市化快速扩张过程中带来的资源与生态环境压力。阐述了城市化发展的国内外背景,认为城市化过程中的土地资源、水资源、环境容量等是影响城镇健康可持续发展的重要因素,构成了制约城市发展的综合性支撑体系。对我国城市化道路健康发展的基本策略进行了阐述。在对我国城市化发展速度的主要影响因素进行分析的基础上,根据人均GDP增长和各地区城市发展条件与潜力,通过综合指标分析,对我国不同类型区的城市化发展速度进行了初步界定及趋势分析。     

城市工业土地集约利用对碳排放效率的影响研究 ——以中国15个副省级城市为例

城市土地利用方式是社会经济发展的重要驱动力，也是影响碳排放的重要因素之一。以中国15个副省级城市为分析对象，运用面板回归模型分析2001～2017年副省级城市的碳排放效率情况。结果表明：（1）2001～2017年各副省级城市碳排放效率总体呈上升趋势，平均增长率为6.823%，其中成都市上升趋势最明显，年均增长率为13.150%，深圳市上升趋势最平缓，年均增长率仅为5.232%；（2）工业土地集约利用（IILU）对城市碳排放效率的影响作用显著，地均劳动力、资本投入及科教支出对碳排放效率均有显著的正向效应，地均能源消耗则存在负向效应；而控制变量中除城镇化因素影响作用不显著外，工业产值占比与人均GDP均对碳排放效率有显著的促进作用，而单位工业产值的二氧化硫排放量则存在较为显著的抑制作用；（3）IILU指标中不同的解释变量对碳排放效率低、中、高值区的影响效果是不同的，地区差异性较大，地均劳动力要素仅对高值区有正向效应，地均能源消耗对低、中、高值区均有显著负向效应，地均资本要素对低值和中值区有显著促进作用，地均科教因素对低、中、高值区均有显著促进作用。本文从提高用地转换率、改变粗放型经济发展方式以及倡导低碳文明的绿色发展道路等方面提出对策建议，以期减少城市碳排放和环境污染，达到优化城市空气质量的目的。     

江西省耕地变化及保护策略

江西省人均耕地已触及联合国粮农组织规定的人均耕地警戒线,且近年来耕地流失的趋势还在加快。耕地减少主要集中在国家基建占地、退耕还林、退耕还塘以及灾害毁地等几个方面。近10年来,江西各地区表现出不同的耕地流失特征。人均GDP较高的地区,耕地减少率反而低。这主要是因为各地区处于不同的经济发展阶段,经济水平相对较高的传统工业城市正处于产业转型期,占用耕地较少,而相对落后的几个城市的工业正在起步,表现出占用耕地较多。利用主成分分析法,得出江西省耕地减少的四大驱动因素,分别是经济发展和人口增长、自然灾害、退耕政策以及农业技术进步。控制人口数量,实现耕地总量动态平衡,积极开垦、复垦土地,改善生态环境等是当前保护耕地的基本策 略。     

我国城市人居环境改善与能源消费关系研究

随着我国经济建设水平和综合国力的提高,近20年来人居环境的改善有目共睹。但与此同时能源消耗和温室气体排放增加是个不容回避的问题。本文选择城市人均住宅建筑面积、人均拥有道路面积、人均公园绿地面积三个指标反映我国城市人居环境质量,研究了我国城市人居环境改善和能源消费之间的变化关系。通过与发达国家的对比,发现我国人居环境建设并没有像发达国家那样带来人均生活能源消费的同幅增长,而是出现了"喇叭口"现象,两个指标之间最大相差2.4倍,但也存在一个适度的节能居住条件,中国目前已经偏离了这个最优点并处于耗能的上升期。德国与我国类似,在户均住房面积和人均能源消费量之间也存在一种类似U型曲线关系,但上升阶段明显比我国更陡。虽然与德国、日本、美国相比我国在人均能源消费上最少,但从总量和长期趋势来看,中国仍面临着重重挑战,必须通过使用节能技术和新能源来降低能耗、减少二氧化碳排放,营造节能又宜居的城市人居环境。     

发达地区人口、土地与经济城镇化协调发展度研究

江苏省作为中国东部沿海经济发达地区省份的典型代表,正处于城镇化加速发展的关键时期。新时期的城镇化是一个融合人口、土地与经济的复杂系统,不能从单方面衡量城镇化发展水平。在归纳总结城镇化内涵的基础上,选择人口城镇化、土地城镇化和经济城镇化为切入点,从三个方面衡量江苏省的城镇化水平的变化过程,研究不同时空城市在人口、土地和产业三方面协调发展的状态。结果显示,1998-2009年12年间江苏省人口城镇化、土地城镇化和经济城镇化的发展都呈现上升趋势,但在不同阶段处于主导地位的城镇化驱动力量不同,协调发展度也处于上升状态,从衰退发展阶段(1998-2003)逐渐发展到过渡阶段(2004-2005),最后到达协调发展阶段(2006-2009);在空间分布上,以2009年为例,综合评价结果显示,江苏省的城镇化水平和协调发展度总体水平较高,但是也存在区域分异明显的特点。     

基于生态足迹的苏州市可持续发展动态研究

以苏州市为例,应用生态足迹分析法对苏州市1990~2010年生态足迹及生态承载力进行统计核算,并对苏州市可持续发展程度进行了定量研究和动态分析。研究结果表明,苏州市2010年人均生态足迹为6.48hm2,人均生态承载力为0.27hm2,人均生态赤字高达6.21hm2,远远超出了目前的生态承载力,城市生态系统处于不可持续的发展状态。通过动态分析,结果显示苏州市的生态足迹不断增大,但增长速度正在变缓,生态承载力稳中有降,万元GDP生态足迹也在下降,这表明苏州市的资源利用率不断提高。提出了苏州市需尽快进行社会经济结构调整,控制人口增长,对耕地实行严格的保护,提高能源利用效率和降低能源消耗等措施,以减少生态赤字,促进社会经济可持续发展。     

A Methodology Framework for Regional Land-use Change Studies based on Landsat TM images: A Case Study in Northeast China

Abstract

Land-use change is an important aspect of global environment change. It is, in a sense, the direct result of human activities influencing our physical environment. This paper analyzed the land- use change in Northeast China during 1985–2000 based on Landsat TM images. It divides Northeast China into five land-use zones based on the dynamic degree model of land-use: woodland/grassland-arable land conversion zone, dry land-paddy field conversion zone; urban expansion zone, interlocked zone of farming and pasturing and reclamation and abandon zone. The findings include the obvious increase of cropland area, paddy field and dry land increased by 75 and 276 thousand hm² respectively; urban areas expanded rapidly, areas of town and rural residence increased by 76.8 thousand hm²; areas of forests and grassland decreased sharply with the amounts of 1399 and 1521 thousand hm² respectively; areas of water body and unused land increased by 148 and 514 thousand hm² respectively. This paper also discusses the driving forces in each land-use dynamic zone and finds that some key biophysical factors affect conspicuously the conversion of different land-use types. The relation between land-use conversion and DEM, accumulated temperature (≤10°C) and precipitation was analyzed and represented. The land-use changes In Northeast China resulted from the changing macro social and economic factors and local physical elements. Rapid population growth and management changes can explain the shaping of woodland/grassland-cropland conversion zone. The conversion from dry land to paddy field in the dry land-paddy field conversion zone, apart from the change of physical elements promoting the expansion of paddy field, results from two reasons: one is that the implementation of market economy in China has given farmers the right to decide what and how they plant their crops, the other factor is originated partially from the change of the dietary habit along with the social and economic development. The conversion from paddy field to dry land is caused primarily by the shortfall of irrigation water, which in turn is caused by poor water allocation managed by local governments. The shaping of the reclamation and abandon zone is partially due to the lack of environment protection consciousness among pioneer settlers. The reason for the conversion from grassland to cropland is the relatively higher profits of farming than that of pasturing in the interlocked zone of farming and pasturing. In Northeast China, the rapid expansion of built-up areas results from two factors: the existence of a small number of towns and the huge potential for expansion of the existing towns and cities. The urban land expanded mainly in areas with a gentle topographic relief and low population density.     

An International Comparative Analysis on China’s Economic Growth and the Convergence in Energy Intensity Gap and Its Economic Mechanism

Abstract

In this paper, the authors have empirically analyzed the convergence in per capita GDP gap and the convergence in the variation of energy intensity with respect to the change of per capita GDP between China and eight developed countries. Then, the authors run a regression on the impact of decisive factors of economic growth on energy intensity and its change, so as to find out the economic mechanism of energy intensity gap changing with respect to the variation of economic growth. This study concludes that: First, there is a convergence in per capita GDP gap between China and the eight developed countries. With the convergence in per capita GDP gap, the energy intensity gap between China and eight different countries also converge, and the convergence rate of the latter is faster than that of the former, i.e. if the per capita GDP gap between China and the eight developed countries decreases by 1%, the energy intensity gap between them will correspondingly decrease by 1.552%. Second, the energy intensity decreases with the improvement of industrial structure, the rising of energy prices, the advances of technology, and the expansion of investment in fixed assets, and it slightly increases with the increase of FDI. Third, the energy intensity gap between China and eight developed countries narrows with the lessening of the difference in fixed assets investment, energy prices, and technological progress between China and eight developed countries, yet increases with the narrowing of the difference in FDI, and has no significant correlation with the difference in industrial structure. Fourth, the narrowing of difference in per capita GDP between China and the eight developed countries can result in the lessening of energy intensity gap, whose economic mechanism is that the decisive factors, such as difference in investment, technology, and the competition mechanism of prices, which can determine the difference in economic growth, can significantly affect the energy intensity gap.     

Ecological Functions and Their Values in Chinese Cropland Ecosystem

Cropland ecosystem not only provides people with grains, vegetables, fibers, etc., but also plays an important role in air regulation, soil and water conservation, environmental decontamination, etc. Furthermore, cropland ecosystem has negative effects on our environment, such as soil and water pollution, because of the use of fertilizers and pesticides. So far, there are a few research findings about Chinese farmland's ecological functions, but only a part of ecological functions is discussed in this article. At present, an integrated research is needed in order to get a comprehensive understanding of cropland ecosystem. This article gives a primary result of ecological functions and their monetary values in Chinese cropland ecosystem. The results showed that the total monetary value of ecological functions provided by Chinese cropland ecosystem was 1912.18 billion yuan RMB in 2003 (present price in 2003); the positive value was 2233.41 billion yuan RMB and negative was −321.23 yuan billion RMB. The value per hectare was 18960.60 yuan RMB/hm², of which the value of crop products was 14788.70 yan RMB/hm² and others were 4171.90 yuan RMB/hm². The ecological functions in the farmland vary with regions. The values ranged from 8.68 to 505.08 billion yuan RMB, and HHHR and MLRYR were higher than those of the other ecological zones. The values per hectare ranged from 515.90 to 3498.43 yuan RMB/hm², and SC and MLRYR were higher.     

多维度城镇化视角下的碳排放影响因素研究——基于中国省域数据的空间杜宾面板模型

城镇化与碳排放是当代中国经济社会发展的两大特征,中国的新型城镇化不仅要求实现人口、土地、经济城镇化的协调统一,还要求在城镇化的进程中注重生态环境的保护,实现绿色低碳发展。因此,从不同维度城镇化视角探讨碳排放的影响因素并对比其差异具有重要的理论与现实意义。本文根据2008—2014年中国30个省份的面板数据测算了各省的碳排放量,运用熵权法对表征土地城镇化、经济城镇化的相关指标进行了整组变量压缩,然后运用ESDA方法分析了省域间碳排放的空间相关性,基于STIRPAT模型分别构建了人口城镇化、土地城镇化、经济城镇化三个维度下的碳排放影响因子空间杜宾面板模型并进行了实证分析。研究结果表明,各省份的碳排放存在正的空间相关性,并且经济因素助长了这种空间相关性。在各城镇化维度下,人口规模、人均可支配收入、碳强度对本省份及相邻省份的碳排放均具有显著的影响,其中:人口规模是最主要的影响因素;人均可支配收入具有显著的正向作用,中国正处于环境库兹涅茨曲线的上升阶段;在经济水平相近的情况下,各省份间的碳排放具有"逐顶竞争"的特征。不同城镇化维度下,各因素对碳排放的影响存在明显的差异:从直接效应来看,经济城镇化维度下各影响因素的弹性系数最大,土地城镇化维度下的人口规模对碳排放的影响最小;从反馈效应来看,在人口城镇化维度下省份间碳排放的"逐顶竞争"特征最为明显;从间接效应来看,经济城镇化维度下的人均可支配收入对相邻省份的碳排放量存在显著的负向影响。     

基于生态足迹的生态经济评价方法研究——以江苏省阜宁县为例

一个国家或地区的作物生产是通过轮作进行的，某些地区存在耕地的弃耕现象。Wackernagel生态足迹方法没有考虑复种的影响，耕地类生态足迹核算结果实际是播种面积，而生态承载力核算得到的是耕地面积，因此，二者不具有可比性，生态足迹盈余核算存在逻辑性错误。从理论角度采用复种指数修正耕地类生态足迹，使核算结果为耕地面积，增强了生态足迹和生态承载力的可比性。用改进的生态足迹核算方法，分析了阜宁县区域生态经济系统1995~2003年的生态供需状况及发展能力变动趋势，采用生态足迹盈余强度评价区域可持续发展能力。1995~2003年，阜宁县人均生态足迹从1.120 7 hm2增加到2.434 0 hm2，人均生态承载力变化较小，人均生态赤字从0.815 3 hm2增加为2.017 2 hm2，发展能力由1.226 5增加为3.140 7，生态足迹盈余强度由-1.226 5增强为-0.495 7 hm2。基于改进的生态足迹核算方法得到的发展能力和人均GDP之间的相关系数大于Wackernagel方法所得结果，表明改进的生态足迹方法能更好地反映区域社会经济状况。