Desertification and Sustainable Development of the Heihe River Basin in Arid Northwestern China

The Heihe River Basin of northwestern China is one of several areas severely affected by desertification. This article outlines the status of desertification in this basin. There are mainly 5 types of desertification in the Heihe River Basin, namely soil and water erosion, sandy desertification, soil aridization, soil salinization and vegetation degradation. Among the 5 types of desertification, the main desertification type is sandy desertification with an area of 10 771.97 km2; Second type is soil salinization with an area of 10 591.82 km2; Next to the soil salinization is the type of soil and water erosion with an area of 5 747.68 km2 and the other types of desertification in the Heihe River Basin are soil aridization with just area of 1 369.96 km2 and vegetation degradation type with an area of 1 490.48 km2 respectively. Both natural and man-made factors are responsible for the causes of desertification development, among which the latter is the main driving force for desertification in the basin.     

Climatic and human drivers of recent lake-level change in East Juyan Lake,China

Drying of an inland river’s terminal lake in arid regions is an important signal of environmental degradation in downstream regions. A long-term, high-resolution understanding of the lake’s retreat and expansion and the driving mechanisms will inform future adaptive water management strategies, ecosystem restoration, and government decision-making in the context of a growing water scarcity in the inland river basin. The shrubs that grow along the shore of a lake often provide evidence of lake retreat or expansion. The chronological results showed that the earliest germination dates of the lakeshore shrubs, tamarisk, were in 1901, 1943, 1966, 2009, and 1990 from the higher terrace to the lower terrace of East Juyan Lake, a terminal lake of China’s Heihe River. Coupled with river and lake hydrological data, six obvious lake’s fluctuations were identified: shrinkage from 1900 to 1940s and during the early 1990s, expansion and retreat in the late 1950s and early 1970s, continued expansion from 2002 to 2008, and stabilization at a water area of around 40 km² from 2009 to the present. The water elevation in the 1900s was below 905 m a.s.l., resulting in a water area <80 km², but decreased to 40 km² after 1960 and dried up completely by the 1990s. By analysing climatic and hydrological records since 1950, tree-ring climate proxy data, river runoff outside the observation period, and water resource consumption in the middle and lower reaches of the Heihe River, we found that the periodic expansion and retreat of East Juyan Lake was influenced by both climate change and human activities, but especially by human activities. The lake’s recent recovery and stability was achieved by government policy designed to provide environmental flows to the lake.     

Hierarchical priority setting for restoration in a watershed in NE Spain, based on assessments of soil erosion and ecosystem services

Maintaining and enhancing ecosystem services through the restoration of degraded ecosystems have become an important biodiversity conservation strategy. Deciding where to restore ecosystems for the attainment of multiple services is a key issue for future planning, management, and human well-being. Most restoration projects usually entail a small number of actions in a local area and do not consider the potential benefits of planning restoration at broad regional scales. We developed a hierarchical priority setting approach to evaluate the performance of restoration measures in a semiarid basin in NE Spain (the Martín River Basin, 2,112 km²). Our analysis utilized a combination of erosion (a key driver of degradation in this Mediterranean region) and six spatially explicit ecosystem services data layers (five of these maps plotted surrogates for soil retention and accumulation, water supply and regulation, and carbon storage, and one plotted a cultural service, ecotourism). Hierarchical maps were generated using a geographic information system that combined areas important for providing a bundle of ecosystem services, as state variables, with erosion maps, as the disturbance or regulatory variable. This was performed for multiple scales, thereby identifying the most adequate scale of analysis and establishing a spatial hierarchy of restoration actions based on the combination of the evaluation of erosion rates and the provision of ecosystem services. Our approach provides managers with a straightforward method for determining the spatial distribution of values for a set of ecosystem services in relation to ecological degradation thresholds and for allocating efforts and resources for restoration projects in complex landscapes.     

汉江中下游流域土壤侵蚀高风险期及优先控制区协同分析

土壤侵蚀高风险期和优先控制区分别指土壤侵蚀发生的主要时段和区域。基于月尺度土壤侵蚀高风险期及优先控制区识别,对水土资源保护具有实践意义。基于USLE模型,定量分析汉江中下游流域不同月份土壤侵蚀时空分布特征,采用土壤侵蚀高风险期及优先控制区协同分析方法,先基于侵蚀量-时间曲线定量识别流域土壤侵蚀的高风险期,再基于侵蚀量-面积曲线识别高风险期内的优先控制区。结果表明,汉江中下游流域2010年土壤侵蚀具有集中分布特点,严重侵蚀区域主要集中在流域西北和东南地区,占流域面积的11.70%;轻度及以下侵蚀区域主要集中在流域东部和南部坡度较低的区域,占流域面积的88.30%。流域土壤侵蚀的高风险期为4月和7月,侵蚀量占全年的69.12%,其中,7月土壤侵蚀量最高,占全年的41.83%,4月土壤侵蚀量占全年的27.29%。汉江中下游流域高风险期内优先控制区占流域面积的12.22%,其侵蚀量达82.01%,优先控制区主要分布在流域北部、西部及东南部分县市。通过优先控制高风险期内的优先控制区域可以大大提高土壤侵蚀的控制效率。     

柑橘果园扩张对寻乌水径流和输沙的影响

土地利用变化的水文效应是当前人类活动环境影响的研究热点.柑橘果园扩张是近20年来寻乌水流域最主要的土地利用变化.利用寻乌水流域3个时期的土地利用数据,设定不同土地利用情景,以SWAT模型模拟不同土地利用情景下的径流与输沙,并结合2000年以来柑橘果园扩张的遥感制图成果和寻乌水径流和泥沙观测资料,分析柑橘果园扩张对流域径流和输沙的影响.研究表明:SWAT模型模拟径流的效果较好(Re =-0.05;R2 = 0.79;Ens = 0.72),输沙模拟效果也在合理范围(Re = 0.75;R2 = 0.8;Ens = 0.71);1990～2015年间,寻乌水流域林地面积减少36.83％,果园面积增加42.48％,径流与输沙变化率分别为2.57％和4.27％;新垦果园面积与河道输沙量的关系不显著,这是因为河道输沙不仅与土壤侵蚀有关,同时也与土壤侵蚀地块与河道之间的区位关系有关,同时,在反坡水平阶等水保措施的作用下,果园水土流失得到有效控制.     

Channel migration zone mapping of the River Ganga in the Diara surrounding region of Eastern India

River channel migration is the universal phenomenon that is common in almost all alluvial rivers. The holy River Ganga, the heartbeat of India, is also not an exception in this case. It has shifted its course from time to time. After crossing the Rajmahal hills that is situated in the north-eastern corner of the Chota Nagpur plateau, this main river of India has started its lower course by flowing over the great low-lying flat plain of Bengal. In this flat plain area, the channel migration is a common phenomenon which is observed in the River Ganga also. The study is done in the segment of the Ganga River which is situated in the Diara surrounding area. Diara is a physical cum administrative region of the Malda district of the state of West Bengal of India which occupies an area of almost 900 km². For the identification of channel migration zone, several methods are used like construction of historical migration zone (HMZ), erosion buffer (EB), avulsion potential zone (APZ), restricted and un-restricted migration area (RMA and UrMA) and retreating migration zone (RMZ). The impact of the channel migration over the villages of the Diara region has also been depicted in this study. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (RS–GIS) is used to perform this study by taking the help of historical maps, Survey of India topographical sheets, LANDSAT imageries, etc. The results show that the river has a historical migration zone of 855.55 km² during 1926–2016 period which is near the entire area of the Diara region (i.e. 900 km²). The construction of EB over the Ganga River for the next 100 years shows that more than half of the area of the Diara region will go under the river bed.     

The relationship between climate and streamflow in the Namoi Basin

The Namoi River Basin (42 000 km²) is located in the Murray-Darling Basin, west of the Great Australian Dividing Range in northeast New South Wales (NSW), and includes some of the most fertile agricultural lands in Australia. One of the environmental concerns for this basin is erosion and its effects on downstream water quality. Models that relate climate, land use, and these concerns require measurements of climate (rainfall and temperature) and streamflow. These measurements were examined as a preliminary to the modelling. The residual mass technique was used to examine the temporal variation of annual rainfalls over the approximately 100 years of available data, and significant spatial variations were found in annual rainfall trends over the catchment. Streamflow was examined at key river gauging stations. The impact of recent large-scale irrigation operations was clearly observed. The impact of changing land use and land management on runoff ratios was examined for eight subcatchments. Temperature variations were examined for the four major towns in the catchment. The duration of the temperature data is too short to make any comments about long-term trends. Significant variations were observed in an east to west direction.     

长江源和黄河源的大型底栖动物群落特征研究

本研究于2009年8月和2010年7月对黄河源和长江源的大型底栖动物开展了系统调查。调查期间两区域共鉴定底栖动物66种,隶属于28科57属。其中,环节动物2科5属8种,软体动物2科2属5种,节肢动物23科49属52种,其它动物1科1属1种。长江源大型底栖动物种数、密度、生物量分别为29种、59 ind./m2、00 307 g dry mass/m2;黄河源大型底栖动物种数、密度、生物量分别为48种、369 ind./m2、04 520 g dry mass/m2。长江源动物资源量较低归因于泥沙含量较高和湿地退化。从生态环境的可持续发展角度出发,建设河源区生态屏障尤为重要,这需要实施天然林保护工程,因地制宜开展乔灌草植被建设,防止草地退化和沙化,减缓土壤侵蚀速率,减少河流输沙量,维系河流生态健康。     

长江流域土壤保持能力时空特征

利用MODIS-NDVI数据、地面气象站数据等,采用通用土壤流失方程计算了长江流域2000~2010年土壤保持量,并基于GIS平台与GeoDa软件,辅以Morans I指数以及一元线性回归系数等方法分析了长江流域土壤保持能力的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)长江源区以及中下游沿岸至长江入海口地区的土壤保持量最低(≤560t/hm2),土壤保持量高值区(≥2 400t/hm2)主要分布于上游四川盆地周围以及中下游长江以南地区;(2)长江流域土壤保持量在市域单元上存在明显的空间聚集现象,"低—低"聚集区分布在长江源区、武汉西部以及流域入海口,"高—高"聚集区主体分布在流域上游与江西南部;(3)土壤保持量年际变化呈增加趋势的区域占62%,其中呈快速增加趋势(b5)的地区分布在陕西南部、湖南西北部、江西东部以及四川东部,呈减少趋势的区域占38%,主要分布于流域上游以及中下游长江以南部分地区。     

黑河流域水资源可持续利用对策

水资源私有制和生态环境恶化已成为黑河流域面临的严重问题。本文分析了黑河流域水资源开发利用中存在的问题，在结合大量翔实数据的基础上，以水资源可持续利用为原则，提出了黑河流域水资源可持续利用的途径与措施。     

Estimation on wetland loss and its restoration potential in Modern Yellow River Delta,Shandong Province of China

Wetland is one of the most important ecosystems with varied functions and structures, and its loss has been a major issue. Wetland loss in Modern Yellow River Delta (MYRD) becomes a serious environmental problem, so its restoration attracts a great deal of attention from academia and governments. This article proposes a GIS-based multi-criteria comprehensive evaluation methodology for potential estimation of wetland restoration, using MYRD as an example. The model uses four kinds of data (hydrology, terrain, soil, and land use) and could be adapted by planners for use in identifying the suitability of locations as wetland mitigation sites at any site or region. In the application of the model in the MYRD, the research developed a lost wetland distributed map taking the better wetland situation of 1995 as the reference, and elevated the overall distribution trends of wetland restoration potential based on wetland polygon. The results indicated that the total area of wetland loss from 1995 to 2014 was 568.12 km², which includes 188.83 km² natural wetland and 21.80 km² artificial wetland, respectively. The areas of lost wetland with low, middle, and high resilience ability are 126.82 km², 259.92 km², and 119.59 km², occupying 25.05%, 51.33%, and 23.62%, respectively. The high-restoration-potential wetland included 98.47 km² of natural wetland and 21.12 km² of artificial wetland, which are mainly bush, reed, and ponds. The high-restoration-potential wetland is mainly distributed in the vicinity of Gudong oil field, the Yellow River Delta protected areas, and the eastern sides of Kenli county and Dongying city.     

流域问题的本质与长江流域的适度开发

流域文明发端于水 ,流域发展依赖于水 ,流域问题的本质表现为水。长江流域是我国水资源最为丰富的战略发展区域 ,但水土流失严重 ,水旱灾害频繁 ,生态破坏 ,环境污染 ,直接影响着 2 1世纪长江流域水资源的开发前景。本文分析了水与流域的发展关系 ,并通过总结世界大河流域发展的经验与教训 ,揭示了长江流域的水资源问题 ,提出了长江流域要适度开发的原则和对策。     

土地利用/覆盖变化对长江流域非点源污染的影响及其信息系统建设

随着社会经济的发展,不合理土地利用方式/土地覆盖变化造成的非点源污染已成为长江流域水环境不断恶化的重要原因之一。长江流域,特别是长江中上游地区是我国水土流失的重点地区之一。水土流失将泥沙和土壤中的营养元素、残留的农药、化肥及动植物残体带入水体,使水体悬浮物、化学需氧量、总磷、总氮等含量增加,水质污染加重,这是造成长江干流汛期水质变差的主要原因。虽然针对长江流域的研究很多,但土地利用/覆盖变化对长江流域水质的非点源污染却一直没有引起人们的足够重视。在分析当前长江流域非点源污染现状和3S技术的基础上,提出建立基于土地利用/覆盖变化的长江流域非点源污染模拟信息系统,并结合3S技术勾画出该系统的框架。该系统的建设和应用,对维持流域生态平衡,采取合理的土地管理方式,保护长江水资源的可持续利用,特别是三峡库区的生态安全具有重要意义。     

河西地区的生态建设与可持续农业发展战略及对策

本文分析了河西地区主要生态环境问题的现状和成因,认为人类不合理的经济活动和人口压力破坏了干旱区复合生态系统的良性循环维持机理,导致区域的水、土、生态环境之间的平衡被打破,使区域生态环境劣变。对此,文章提出了河西地区生态建设与可持续农业发展的对策建议。     

贵州山区石灰土侵蚀及石漠化的地质原因分析

石灰土是广泛分布于亚热带喀斯特山区的一种非地带性土壤，近几十年来，位于西南喀斯特分布中心的贵州石灰土地区石漠化扩张速度明显加快，已经对该地区数千万群众的基本生存条件构成严重威胁。从地质学角度详细分析这一地区石灰土土壤侵蚀和土地石漠化的形成原因，分析结果表明：石灰土本身的矿物学特征和基本理化性质较好，并不是造成土壤侵蚀和石漠化的主要原因。石灰土成土速率慢，土壤允许流失量小；作为土壤营养库的富含有机质和矿质养分的表土层一旦被剥蚀，土壤结构迅速退化，土壤侵蚀愈演愈烈；喀斯特独特的二元结构和地形地貌是石灰土侵蚀的主要影响因子；石灰土与基岩之间缺少风化母质的过渡，岩土界面的土壤侵蚀是石灰土侵蚀的重要特征；这些因素才是导致石灰土地区土地石漠化的主要原因。     

流域问题的本质与长江流域的适度开发

流域文明发端于水,流域发展依赖于水,流域问题的本质表现为水。长江流域是我国水资源最为丰富的战略发展区域。但水土流失严重,水旱灾害频繁,生态破坏,环境污染,直接影响着21世纪长江流域水资源的开发前景。分析了水与流域的发展关系,并通过总结世界大河流域发展的经验与教训,揭示了长江流域的水资源问题,提出了长江流域要适度开发的原则和对策。     

云南金沙江流域主要森林植被类型分布格局

云南金沙江流域具有复杂的地形地貌,从地貌格局及气候系统差异上,可将该区域的森林植被类型分异划分为3个区,即西部高山峡谷区、中部中山峡谷和滇中高原区、东部中山山原峡谷区,不同的区域决定不同的植被类型,而典型的植被类型具有指示特定区域的作用。通过分析,把云南金沙江流域不同区域的植被特点、类型进行了阐述。对于该区域的植被恢复,特别是植被类型,是遵照自然规律的原则,保证恢复效果的重要举措。同时,对不同区域森林植被类型及不同区域森林植被垂直差异的论述,阐明了云南金沙江流域不同区域的顶极和亚顶极植物群落,为人工按“近自然化”的原则恢复森林植被提供了参考依据。     

基于InVEST模型的秦岭山地土壤流失及土壤保持生态效益评价

为了解秦岭山地土壤侵蚀及土壤保持生态服务功能的空间分布特征,采用InVEST 土壤保持模型,从研究区、流域、县域3个尺度,对其潜在与实际土壤侵蚀量进行计算,在此基础上进一步应用该模型量化研究区土壤保持生态服务价值,得到土壤保持服务价值空间分布图。研究结果表明：（1）2012年秦岭山地潜在与实际土壤侵蚀量分别为4588×108 t、152×108 t,五大流域和各县区以轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀为主,较为严重的地区为汉江流域南部紫阳县6323 t/(hm2[DK]·a)[JP2]和岚皋县5869 t/(hm2[DK]·a),属强烈侵蚀。（2）全区土壤保持总量4337×108 t,[JP]其中泥沙持留量143×108 t,单位面积土壤保持量为71979 t/(hm2[DK]·a);减少泥沙疏浚工程和水质治理花费的土壤保持服务价值共计4184亿元。各县区土壤保持服务价值量在001亿元至475亿元不等,价值量在096~191亿元之间的县区占全区的4413%,其次为191~285亿元（2522%）。（3）对于秦岭山地土壤侵蚀的防治及其生态效益的建设,保证林地面积的绝对优势是首要条件;对于大于25°的坡耕地,应继续推行还林还草政策     

黑河流域退化生态系统恢复与重建问题探讨

黑河流域是河西走廊主要的内陆流域之一。本文在简要分析流域生态退化现象以及生态恢复与重建实质的基础上 ,讨论和提出了黑河流域退化生态系统恢复重建的基本思路和不同生态类型区生态优化的方向 ,进一步提出了生态恢复重建的基本框架构想和基本对策