Optimization Research of Urban Space Configuration Based on Space Syntax

1 INTRODUCTION Urban space is a widely used concept in our everyday life. Architects and planners have always been concerned with the spatial and social functions of urban space. This is because of the growing recognition that the way urban space is designed and planned may determine the functional efficiency for urban space use, including its sociability and its habitability. Efficiency is a function of urban space itself since it is concerned primarily with form and organization, that i…     

城市绿地生态功能综合评价体系研究的新视角

在对城市绿地生态系统评价研究中人们关注的焦点主要集中在城市绿地为人类提供的生态服务功能,而忽视绿地自身运转功能。构建科学、完善的城市绿地生态系统功能综合评价体系,对于重新认识城市绿地生态系统的综合功能,提升绿地建设和管理水平具有重要的意义。本文分析了目前城市绿地生态系统功能评价容易忽略的绿地数量和面积与生态功能的关系、人工绿地生态系统与自然生态系统生态功能的差异、对城市绿地特殊生存环境和后期科学管护的忽视、只重视城市绿地功能和价值而忽视建设和管护成本以及绿地建设的内涵在城市园林绿化中被曲解等几个问题,在此基础上从绿地生存环境优良性、绿地健康状况、绿地综合效益评价、居民对绿地感知认识出发,探索并构建城市绿地生态系统功能综合评价体系,以反映城市绿地与城市环境之间的适应性和绿地是否能有能力提供足够的生态服务以及居民对绿地生态效益、景观效益、社会经济效益的感知和认同,旨在为城市绿地规划、建设和管护提供有力支撑和指导,更好发挥城市绿地生态系统综合效益。     

城市可持续发展的关键自然资本研究

城市是社会、经济与环境相互作用最为集中与深刻的区域，随着城市环境问题的日益严重，城市可持续发展成为共同关注的焦点。自然资本在可持续发展体系中起到关键的作用，因此，识别城市系统的关键自然资本是实现城市可持续发展的前提。通过分析城市绿色空间的生态服务功能，结果表明绿色空间是影响城市可持续发展的重要的自然资本。在此基础上，提出了通过保护与投资于绿色空间两种途径实现城市可持续发展的措施与建议。     

Benefits and Challenges of Urban Green Spaces

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the benefits, and challenges towards providing multifunctional urban green spaces. The results are based on critical analysis of study findings from different cities in Europe, America and to a lesser extent in Asia. Inner-city green spaces are especially important for improving air quality through uptake of pollutant gases and particulates which are responsible for respiratory infections. Due to their amenity and aesthetics, green spaces increase property value. To ensure multifunctional role of urban a green space is achieved, in particular the social and psychological role, certain standards of quantity, quality and distribution within the urban area should be adequately established. Green spaces need to be uniformly distributed throughout the city area, although each does not need to be extremely large but should be large enough to accommodate the city population.     

城市绿地生态系统合理供水辨识分析

城市绿地因具有美化环境、降低空气污染、控制城市热岛等作用而日益得到重视。合理的城市生态供水不仅有益于植被的正常生长,对城市水资源合理配置同样具有积极意义。为统筹城市生态与国民经济发展,保证绿地健康,需要合理的绿地供水管理。本文以土壤含水量为标准,根据田间持水量、临界土壤含水量和凋萎系数三个土壤含水量值划分不同等级的绿地需水量,将供水量分为四个等级,建立了城市绿地供水合理性评价模型,为有效辨识供水合理性提供了参照依据。以2009年北京市城市绿地供水为例,进行了供水合理性分析,结果表明,从全年来看,供水基本合理,虽然绿地蒸散发受到一定抑制,但不影响植被生长;从逐月供水来看,个别月份存在供水过少或过多现象,影响植被生长,且不利于水资源合理利用。     

论城市居住区绿地的景观生态规划

本文综述了城市居住区绿地规划现状及趋势,指出景观生态规划的内涵及其意义,并进一步指出城市居住区绿地系统的景观生态规划的特征及原则。为了创造良好的环境效益,提高居民生活质量,本文运用景观生态规划的原理,遵循城市居住区景观体系的规划原则,从生态设计和景观设计的角度来探讨城市居住区绿地景观生态规划设计的新思路,并提出了较为合理可行的建议。     

Integrating ecosystem services evaluation and landscape pattern analysis into urban planning based on scenario prediction and regression model

ABSTRACT

Urban planning has become a widely concern for minimizing the negative effects of urban expansion on terrestrial ecosystems. We developed an interdisciplinary modeling framework to evaluate the effectiveness and shortcomings of urban expansion management strategies. A three-step method was applied to Yinchuan Plain in the northwestern of China, including (1) analyzing the relationship between landscape pattern and ecosystem service values through mathematical statistics; (2) predicting landscape pattern and ecosystem services change under different scenarios based on cellular automaton model (SLEUTH-3r model); and (3) designing and validating optimized scenario through integrating historical analysis experiments and future multi-comparison suggestions. Results have suggested that landscape composition and configuration can significantly affect regional ecosystem service values, especially the connectivity and shape of landscape. Compact urban growth policy and medium environment protection policy are the appropriate setting for urban expansion plan. Optimization validation of the combined designed scenario implied the reliability of this method. Our results highlighted the significance of integrating application of landscape pattern analysis, ecosystem service value evaluation, model simulation and multi-scenario prediction in urban planning.     

居民活动空间与生态约束协调的城市开发边界划定方法——以长沙市为例

为了遏制长沙市城市的无序扩张,促进土地节约集约、高效利用,保障生态空间质量,划定长沙市城市开发边界成为重要举措。基于居民活动空间扩展,选取人口密度、居民活动分布、基础设施布局等多源时空数据,通过量化居民活动空间扩展概率,并利用植被覆盖度构建生态约束强度,确定二者协调规则,作为CA模型的约束条件,进行城市建设用地模拟,划定城市开发边界。结果表明：划定的长沙市城市开发边界,结果与长沙市“十三五”规划的城市空间发展框架基本一致,对未来建设用地扩展方向预测合理,而且避免了侵占重要生态资源,达到了兼顾城市空间发展和生态资源保护的多重目的。     

20世纪90年代以来沈阳市人口、经济、空间与环境的协调度分析

在中国城市化迅速发展的背景下．城市人口、经济、空间与城市环境的矛盾日益复杂和激化，从可持续发展的角度出发．迫切需要研究城市人口、经济、空间与城市环境之闻的协调关系。运用主成分分析和回归分析等方法。在市区尺度上构建城市人口、经济、空阃与城市环境的协调评价体系，并以老工业城市沈阳为例，进行实证分析。分析结果表明：沈阳城市人口经济空间的综合发展于1993—1999年处于困境．2000年以后城市综合发展逐步好转；沈阳城市环境在1998年以后稳定上升；沈阳城市综合发展与城市环境的静态协调度具有明显的阶段性和波动性特征，动态协调度具有平滑和滞后性的特点；静态协调度于1993—1994年属于基本不协调阶段．1995—2005年基本处于协调状态。于1999年出现了低谷。并存在着下降的趋势；动态协调度于1993—1996年属于基本不协调阶段。1997年以后总体上属于基本协调阶段。     

基于空间句法的街区制与小区制路网结构与空间感知研究——以南京仙林地区为例

街区制与小区制是现代城市两种不同的居住模式。近年来,随着我国城市化水平的迅速提高和城市规模的扩大,城市居住模式对城市居民生产生活与交通产生何种影响引起众多学科的高度关注。以南京仙林地区为例,运用空间句法理论与GIS空间分析功能,选择可达性和居住区便捷性等空间特征变量,对两种居住模式的路网结构与空间感知研究后发现：（1）研究区实行街区制,路网具有“核心-外围”可达性逐渐减小的空间结构,而小区制可达性高的路网结构与主干道形态相关,呈“井”字型;（2）路网可达性的结构差异影响着居住区便捷性,街区制与小区制相比,存在着核心区与外围区便捷性差异。街区制的核心区全局便捷性较高且分布均匀,而外围区全局便捷性与局部便捷性较低且分布相对不均匀;（3）居住便捷与路网可达是空间感知的基础,街区制呈现核心区高,外围区低的空间感知差异,而小区制的空间感知整体较高并呈均质性特点;（4）空间句法理论运用于居住区模式的路网结构与空间感知研究,拓展了该理论应用的领域,提出了推广街区制的有效措施,也为城市规划实行何种居住模式提供了科学依据     

Theoretical and Empirical Study on Urban Population Carrying Capacity: Case of Haidian District in Beijing

Abstract

The measurement of urban population carrying capacity is the basis for cities’ sustainable development. However, the traditional study on population carrying capacity which was based on food supply is not applicable to the single urban area. This paper built a model for the analysis of urban carrying capacity, and took Haidian District in Beijing as an example to calculate the urban carrying capacity of Haidian District in the future, which was the basis for the improvement of the population carrying capacity. This study would also provide a reference to the measurement of the urban population carrying capacity for other cities and districts in China.     

The Comparative Approach on Outdoor Leisure Behavior of Urban Elderly People: A Case Study in Beijing

Abstract

With the income increase of elderly people in Beijing and the improvement of leisure facilities since 2000, the quality of elderly people leisure life in Beijing has obviously increased compared to ten years ago. According to the investigation and comparative analysis on more than 900 elderly people, who usually exercise in public parks in Beijing City, we have found out several new features of elderly people’s outdoor recreation in Beijing: the increase of the leisure time, the expansion of leisure space, the individuation of interest and the diversification of consumption. The leisure life quality evaluation index system of urban elderly people can be built based on these analyses. In order to accommodate the development tendency of elderly people’s demand for leisure diversification, we should strengthen the organization and management of elderly people’s leisure activity in urban construction, and pay more attention to function complementation between communities and parks.     

Cooperative Game Among Cities in Urban Agglomerations and Economical Sustainable Development

Abstract

This paper analyses redounded profits of cooperation and non-cooperation among cities in urban agglomerations based on game theory. It discusses the problems of economical development among cities with feeble cooperation, and deduces the conclusion that only cooperation of cities produces the maximum profits and realizes Pareto efficiency for cities and urban agglomerations. The paper states that cooperation is the cornerstone of economic sustainable development in urban agglomerations in profits produced by cooperation among cities. Some suggestions to accelerate cooperation among cities are proposed.     

Correlation between Urban Land Change Process and Socioeconomic Development since the 1980s in Jiangsu Province

Abstract

Studying the process and characteristics of urban land change in different phases of urbanization and different economic development is much important for understanding urban land change and management at a macro level. Taking the example of Jiangsu Province, the present paper studied the correlation between urban land change process and socioeconomic development from 1981 to 2003 on the basis of statistical data. The results showed the following three aspects. First, urban land area has changed periodically and the research duration can be divided into two periods: from 1981 to 1994 and from 1995 to 2003. In each period, the changing trend is the same, i.e. slow at first and then quick. Studying from the comprehensive change status, the characteristic of fluctuant change is significant with three acute change pinnacles in 1988, 1991 and 2002 which were corresponded to turning point years of economic development phases of Jiangsu Province respectively. Second, the synchronization between urban land change and urbanization level change is not strict. With the evolution of urbanization phases, the change pace of urbanization level increased remarkably, but urban land change rate did not increase significantly accordingly. Third, the area of urban land has exponentially increased with the increase of per capita GDP. In different economic development levels classified by per capital GDP, land resource cost for economic development is different, respectively 29.01 hm², 26.34 hm², 26.22 hm², and 11.14 hm² for the increase of 100 million RMB GDP when the per capita GDP is under 1000, 1000–2000, 2000–5000 and over 5000 RMB.     

Urban water-related environmental transitions in Southeast Asia

This article reviews water-related urban environmental conditions in Southeast Asia. It argues that the development of urban environmental challenges in the region follows a unique pattern compared with those experienced in the now developed world. The new pattern is defined by the so called time–space telescoping of the development process. The process of time–space telescoping reduces the levels of income at which environmental challenges emerge and forces their appearance in a simultaneous fashion, as sets of problems. During previous eras, cities experienced sequential environmental transitions. Urban water-related environmental burdens emerged on local scales and expanded geographically and temporally in impact, with growing levels of affluence. Moreover, certain environmental challenges appeared later in economic growth because the technologies and practices that induced these problems emerged at higher levels of income. The article has two main findings. First, except for wealthy urban centers, for example Singapore, cities in the region are experiencing multi-scaled water burdens simultaneously. Second, low-income and middle-income cities are experiencing burdens at lower levels of income than did their contemporaries in the north.

上海市中心城区公园绿地对居住区的社会服务功能定量分析

城市公园绿地的社会服务功能是城市绿地系统生态服务功能的重要组成;评价其社会服务功能需同时考虑服务的公平性和有效性。为科学合理的定量分析城市公园绿地的部分社会服务功能,建立了一套评价体系,包括公园绿地服务范围覆盖率、公园绿地服务重叠度和单位面积公园绿地服务人口数等3项指标。以上海市中心城区为例,介绍了3项指标的定义;基于地理信息系统平台实现了计算流程,并对上海市中心城区主要公园绿地对于居住区的社会服务功能进行了定量分析。研究表明：2009年上海市中心城区的主要公园绿地对于居住区的服务范围覆盖率已超过80%,服务重叠度平均值为221,单位面积公园绿地服务人口数的平均值为117人/m2。3项指标可为城市公园绿地的社会服务功能分析提供有效的定量研究手段     

Mutual Conversion of Land Use between Urban and Rural Area in the Process of Urbanization: A Case Study of Shandong Province

Abstract

Urbanization is one of the driving forces for the land use change in type and structure, and its prominent effect is to convert rural land to urban land. This paper takes Shandong Province as an example to analyze the current situation of the mutual conversion between the urban and rural areas from the aspects of the structure of land use, the decreasing tendency of the cultivated land, the changes of land use in urban and rural residential areas. It points out that cultivated land is converted to residential area land, industrial and/or mining area land. The relationship between the urban area land and the cultivated land is more direct; meanwhile, the changes of rural residential area lag behind obviously. The decrease of the cultivated land and the decline of soil quality will be the two difficult problems in the process of urbanization.     

Urban Land-banking Planning: A New Instrument to Regulate Urban Land Supply-demand of Nanjing City

Abstract

It is the major purpose of the paper to present the urban land-banking planning and its functions of promoting the urban land-banking system and land use administration. The urban land-banking system has the potential attribute of acting as an irreplaceable role in urban land administration, but its unexpected function-deviation has impacted its implementation effect in China. A few city governments are attempting to deal with the problem by the urban land-banking planning which is expected to contribute to the extension of urban function, optimization of urban patterns, promotion of urban core competitiveness and overall construction of the urban value chain. In this paper, we primarily discuss the necessity, functions, purposes and main contents of the urban land-banking planning. Subsequently, the implementing situation of the urban land-banking system in Nanjing is analyzed, including its integrated mode, spatio-temporal quantitative distribution and main characteristics. Finally, the background and targets including total, compositions, space, and regulation points are gradually introduced to present the Nanjing land-banking planning version 2.     

城市绿地防灾规划建设和管理探讨——基于四川汶川大地震的思考

随着我国城市规模的急速扩张和人口密度的过度集中,健全城市防灾系统已成为刻不容缓的艰巨任务.城市绿地作为城市防灾系统的重要组成部分,不仅具有生态、景观、游憩和文化功能,还具有突出的防灾避险功能.通过分析成都、都江堰等四川汶川地震受灾城市绿地的使用情况,结合对北京市部分作为应急避难场所的公园建设和使用情况的实地调查,总结认为我国城市绿地防灾规划建设和管理现阶段存在的主要问题是:①对城市绿地的防灾避险功能认识不足;②适合用于防灾的城市绿地总量不足,分布不均;③用于防灾的城市绿地防灾配套设施及功能有待完善.最后从建立城市绿地防灾规划体系,明确城市绿地防灾建设工作重点和优化城市绿地防灾管理体制三个方面探讨如何对城市绿地防灾规划建设和管理进行优化,从而达到加强我国城市绿地防灾功能,完善城市防灾系统的目的.     

城市化过程及其绿地储碳研究——以上海“城-郊-乡”样带为例

城市化会影响城市生态系统的结构和功能,基于航空遥感影像,选取了上海市典型的"城-郊-乡"样带,利用地理信息系统(ArcGIS9.3)和景观格局分析(Frastates3.3)软件,选用6个城市化指标,基于主成分分析(PCA)和多元线性回归分析,在对研究区域城市化水平进行评估的基础上,结合植物相关生长方程和城市绿地冠层面积,对研究区域绿地系统碳储量的空间分异性进行研究。结果表明:(1)所选用的城市化物理指标和景观指数,能够快速地用于评估城市化水平;(2)"城-郊-乡"样带上,总的碳储量为4 475 410.7 Mg C,碳密度为71.1Mg C/hm2;(3)城市绿地系统碳储量空间分异性明显,绿地碳储量大小表现为城市化水平高的市中心、城市化水平相对较高的郊区以及城市化水平最低的乡村依次升高,主要原因是由于市中心绿地分散且面积较小,而在农村和郊区其面积较大的生产绿地较多。