Effect of typhoon with extreme precipitation on mountain reservoir drinking water treatment: a case study in Ningbo,China

Due to frequent drinking water pollution accidents in the past decade, it is common that mountain reservoirs were used as the source of drinking water in China. However, some coastal areas frequently suffer from typhoon with extreme precipitation, which results in the water quality deterioration of the reservoirs. The influence of typhoons with extreme precipitation on Jiaokou reservoir and the emergency treatment process of Maojiaping water treatment plant in the past three typical typhoons with extreme precipitation from the year of 2012–2015 were studied. It was found that the degradation of water quality, such as the increase of turbidity and bacteria index, may not merely appear during the events, but last for several days. Changing the dosage of water purification agent, such as coagulant and disinfectant at right time and place may be an efficient emergency water treatment process. Based on the analysis of water quality variation rule during and after the events, it was also found that emergency treatment can be fully prepared before the arrival of a typhoon with extreme precipitation. And in order to better respond to the typhoon with extreme precipitation, several suggestions are also proposed in this paper as follows: establishing vegetated buffers at right place, such as macrophanerophytes, shrub or herbage, increasing investments in infrastructure management, merging or cancelling the small-scale water treatment plants, preparing adequate water purification agent before the typhoon comes, etc.     

上海地区台风灾害损失评估

台风是一种生成于热带或副热带洋面上的破坏性很强的天气系统。历史上台风对上海曾造成较大的影响和经济损失。利用上海气象站风、雨观测资料、上海基础地理信息数据、上海社会和经济数据以及台风灾情资料,利用逐步回归方法建立了上海台风灾害损失评估模型,并开展了上海台风灾损的年际变化和地区分布差异评价。结果表明建立的台风灾害损失评估模型可以用来进行台风灾损评估。近50 a来上海台风灾损度的变化趋势不明显,上海地区因台风影响造成的损失以沿海的崇明、南汇最严重,其次是地势低洼的青浦、金山和松江,中心城区和闵行台风灾损最低。由于历史台风灾情资料记载的不完整性和本评估未充分考虑上海社会经济发展及自然灾害防御能力的提高对台风灾损的影响,评估结果还具有一定的不确定性。深入综合考虑台风灾害致灾性和当地社会经济发展变化,建立更科学的台风灾害损失评估模型,是今后的研究方向     

长江口拦门沙河槽季节性冲淤的主控因子探讨

根据长江口南槽3a中的23次地形实测资料,揭示拦门沙航道的季节性冲淤规律及其主要影响因子,并利用所获得的经验关系对入海水沙特征年份及洪水、风暴迭加情况下河床的冲淤幅度进行了预报,结果表明：拦门沙航槽的季节性冲淤变化主要受洪水和风暴控制,在不受风暴干扰的前提下,河槽纵向上各点的水深同大通站径流量之间存在负相关关系,相关性以径流同落后1-2月的地形之间的关系为最好;随着向海距离增大,这种“滞后”时间有延长趋势,正常年份径流引起的洪枯季最大冲淤幅度约为0.6-0.7m量级,特枯水（沙）年和特丰水（沙）年引起的洪枯季最大冲淤幅度估计分别为0.4-0.5m和0.9-1.0m量级,十年一遇的风暴引起约0.4m的淤积。苦特丰水（沙）年洪水和百年一遇的强台风碰头,拦门沙河床的洪枯季冲淤幅度可能达1.5m左右量级。     

Assessing the Eutrophication of Shengzhong Reservoir Based on Grey Clustering Method

Abstract

Reservoir water environment is a grey system. The grey clustering method is applied to assessing the reservoir water environment to establish a relatively complete model suitable for the reservoir eutrophication evaluation and appropriately evaluate the quality of reservoir water, providing evidence for reservoir management. According to China’s lakes and reservoir eutrophication criteria and the characteristics of China’s eutrophication, as well as certain evaluation indices, the degree of eutrophication is classified into six categories with the utilization of grey classified whitening weight function to represent the boundaries of classification, to determine the clustering weight and clustering coefficient of each index in grey classifications, and the classification of each clustering object. The comprehensive evaluation of reservoir eutrophication is established on such a foundation, with Sichuan Shengzhong Reservoir as the survey object and the analysis of the data attained by several typical monitoring points there in 2006. It is found that eutrophication of Tiebian Power Generation Station, Guoyuanchang and Dashiqiao Bridge is the heaviest, Tielusi and Qinggangya the second, and Lijiaba the least. The eutrophication of this reservoir is closely relevant to the irrational exploitation in its surrounding areas, especially to the aggravation of the non-point source pollution and the increase of net-culture fishing. Therefore, it is feasible to use grey clustering in environment quality evaluation, and the point lies in the correct division of grey whitening function     

杭州地区大中型水库富营养化状况及影响因子分析

在2008年和2009年对杭州地区17个大中型水库进行了调查。结果表明：杭州地区大中型水库水质不容乐观,按照单因子指标评价法,只有3个水库符合Ⅱ类水体标准,2个水库符合Ⅲ类水体标准,2个水库为Ⅳ类水体,3个水库为Ⅴ类水体,其余7个水库均为劣Ⅴ类水体,定类指标均是总氮。根据综合营养状态指数结果：丰水期2个水库处于贫营养状态,13个水库处于中营养状态,2个水库处于轻度富营养状态;枯水期16个水库处于中营养状态,1个水库处于中度富营养状态。总氮和总磷作为营养物质是这些水库富营养化的主要影响因素。位于山区源头地区的水库水质最好,位于平原城乡附近的水库其次,位于城市下游及城区附近的水库水质最差     

太湖典型丘陵水源地水质时空变化及影响因素分析——以平桥河流域为例

基于太湖流域典型丘陵水源地平桥河流域12个采样点的水质监测数据,综合运用聚类分析和主成分分析法对平桥河流域水质时空变化及影响因素进行分析。聚类分析显示,按照水质相似性将平桥河流域水质分为枯水期、平水期、丰水期3个季节时段和中上游丘陵河谷区、下游紧邻平桥镇的平原区、下游暗沟出口区3个典型空间区域。主成分分析显示:(1)枯水期水质以氮污染为主导因素,磷和有机污染次之,受流量减小、流速缓慢导致的营养盐富集的影响加大;平水期水质以氮污染为主导因素,磷污染次之,受茶园等大量施肥导致的农业面源污染的影响;丰水期水质以氮和磷污染为主导因素,受到水稻种植等农业活动和大量降雨径流的影响。(2)中上游丘陵河谷区水质以氮和磷污染为主导因素,有机污染次之,受到茶园种植等农业活动导致的面源污染的影响;下游紧邻平桥镇的平原区水质以氮和磷的污染为主导因素,有机污染次之,受到居民生活污水和农业生产的影响;下游暗沟出口区水质以氮污染为主导因素,有机污染和磷污染次之,受到生活污水、农业生产和畜禽养殖的影响。研究结果可为太湖流域丘陵区水源地保护和管理提供参考。     

Assessment of groundwater contamination in a suburban area of Chennai,Tamil Nadu,India

Groundwater source is the major source of drinking water in most of the suburban areas of India. Groundwater quality was analyzed for pH, TDS, hardness, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, total coliform and E. coli for the period of January–December 2013. Samples were collected from 10 locations that include 10 shallow wells and 10 deep wells in each location. The quality variation between both shallow and deep wells during pre- and post-monsoon was analyzed. The improper disposal of solid waste and the distance of septic tank were pronounced on E. coli count. The analysis reveals that groundwater contamination is influenced by seasonal changes, environmental condition of the well and maintenance of the well. The high contamination was observed in the wells which are near to the Pallikaranai marsh, and during post-monsoon season, the total dissolved solids and nitrite parameters are slightly increased, whereas chloride increases during pre-monsoon season. Correlation analysis reveals that the chloride and nitrite have a significant relation. The results suggested that the groundwater immediately needs broader protection.     

Environmental Risk Information Seeking: The Differential Roles of Anxiety and Hopelessness

ABSTRACT

Americans’ concern about water quality has increased over the years. Indeed, several water issues made national news coverage during the past few years, such as lead in Flint, Michigan, algae blooms in Florida, and water quality at the Rio Olympics. In this study, we test two alternate paths of engagement relative to how people respond to water problems. First, we examine anxiety as a key variable that triggers active information seeking behaviors. Second, we look at hopelessness as an intervening variable that could explain why some people become disengaged with issues. Additionally, we test whether response efficacy moderates the relationships between perceiving a problem with water and these emotions. Using survey data collected during the fall of 2015, we examine the role of different emotions in increasing and decreasing active information seeking behaviors.     

试论湖北省伏旱的环流特征

通过对湖北省几个典型伏旱年的同期环流特征的分析,揭示了与湖北严重伏旱灾害密切联系的几中大气环流系统,并进行了分型。指出,造成严重伏旱的主要天气系统有西太平洋副热高压,西风带环流和西太平洋台风,并根据伏旱期大气环流的不同型式,将造成湖北伏旱的环流特征主要归结为两类,一是副高势力强盛,西伸强烈,稳定控制长江中下游地区;中高纬度向环流占优势;台风活动较少,另一类是副高压势力较弱,主体位于太平洋面上空,西     

2005~2010年我国自然灾害救助应急响应的时间变化特征

自然灾害救助应急响应是减轻自然灾害风险的重要途径,也是政府的重要职责,2005年被纳入《国家自然灾害救助应急预案》,反映了我国自然灾害救助工作的发展变化和“以预防为主”的应急管理新思路。收集整理2005~2010年国家启动的历次自然灾害救助应急响应情况,对应急响应的时间变化特征进行分析讨论。结果表明：（1）2005~2010年,国家共针对130次重大灾害事件启动应急响应235次,各级别响应的比例与灾害发生的频次比例相当;（2）近年应急响应以洪涝、台风及其引发的滑坡和泥石流灾害为主,高发重发期在汛期（6～9月）,尤以7月为最;而旱灾、低温冷冻和雪灾以及风雹灾害的关键期分别为春夏秋三季、冬春季节和春末夏初;（3）应急响应特征研究启示减灾救灾工作要因时、因地、因灾制宜,并加快基于过程的灾害风险评估和脆弱性机理研究等 .     

基于Landset TM/ETM 和HJ 1A/B影像的丹江口水库水域变化监测研究

位于湖北和河南两省交界的丹江口水库是南水北调中线工程的水源地,水库的水域变化监测与评估,对保障水库调水能力具有重要意义。收集了2002~2011年47幅Landsat TM/ETM和HJ 1A/B卫星遥感影像,采用基于阈值分割的归一化水体指数法（NDWI）提取了过去10 a的水库水域动态信息。结果表明：水库各月份平均水域面积从12月至次年3月,呈现下降趋势,而从3月到12月,呈现波动上升的趋势,最小水域面积出现在3月份,最大水域面积出现在12月份;由于受上游明显季节性降雨及水库运行管理的影响,丹江口水库丰水期（7月~次年1月）水域面积较枯水期（2月~6月）波动更为明显。而四季之中,春夏季节水库水域面积相对稳定,秋冬季节水域面积波动较大。针对枯水季节水库水量少的情况,管理部门应该加强监测力度,合理调蓄,保证水库的供水能力。从过去10 a整体来看,水库水域面积基本维持在300 km2以上,通过分析水库水域面积波动较小、影像积累最多的5月份遥感影像,发现水库水域面积呈现增长趋势,并且在枯水期、丰水期和过去10 a整体上都呈现了不同程度的增长趋势;此外,水库蓄水新增的水域面积主要集中在水库东、北部地区,应加强对这部分地区的生态恢复和环境监测     

Study of the comparative dynamics of the incorporation of tissue free-water tritium (TFWT) in bulrushes (Typha latifolia) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the Almaraz nuclear power plant cooling reservoir

The Almaraz nuclear power plant (Spain) uses the water of Arrocampo reservoir for cooling, and consequently raises the radioactive levels of the aquatic ecosystem of this reservoir. From July 2002 to June 2005, monthly samples of surface water, bulrushes (Typha latifolia) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) were collected from this reservoir. They were analyzed to determine the temporal evolution of the levels of ³H in surface water and of its transfer from the surface water to free-water in the tissues (TFWT) of the aforementioned two organisms. The tritium levels in the surface water oscillate with a biannual period, with their values in the study period ranging between 53 and 433 Bq/L. The incorporation of tritium to bulrushes and carp was fairly similar, the respective mean concentration factors being 0.74 and 0.8 (unitless, as Bq/L tissue water per Bq/L reservoir water). The temporal evolution of the levels fairly closely followed that observed for the surface water tritium, although detailed analysis showed the dominant periodicity for the bulrushes to be annual. This difference reflects the influence on the incorporation of tritium to bulrushes of diverse environmental and metabolic factors, especially evapotranspiration and the seasonal growth of this plant.     

丹江口水库对汉江中下游径流特性的影响

随着汉江流域水资源开发利用程度的提高,汉江径流特性在一定程度上发生了变化,并在一定程度上影响了汉江生态系统的健康。为分析人类活动对汉江径流特性的影响,以白河、皇庄和仙桃3个水文站为研究对象,以丹江口水库关闸蓄水时间划分研究时段,利用3站1955~2006年的日流量资料对比分析了研究时段内汉江中下游年、汛期、非汛期、月及日径流量的变化特性。结果表明：丹江口水库的运行对其下游的年径流特性无明显影响,而对汛期、非汛期、日径流量和径流年内分配有显著的影响,汛期径流量所占比例显著减少,非汛期径流量所占比例显著增加,径流量年内分配过程均匀化,中小量级日流量出现频次增加,大量级日流量出现频次减少,但影响随与水库的距离增加而减小。研究成果可为评价人类活动对汉江生态系统健康及稳定性提供参考.     

Assessing and selecting interventions for river water quality improvement within the context of population growth and urbanization: a case study of the Cau River basin in Vietnam

In this study, a multi-criteria methodology is proposed to identify and prioritize interventions for water quality improvement with the aid of computer simulation models. The methodology can be used to elaborate and compare future socio-economic development scenarios to select the best interventions based on three criteria: (1) ideas of experts and stakeholders about the importance of scenarios, (2) impacts of each scenario on surface water quality in watershed, and (3) benefit–cost analysis for each scenario. A score is computed for each scenario based on a weighted sum technique which enables to take into consideration different level of importance for the three criteria. The methodology is applied to Cau River basin in Vietnam, with the aid of a computer tool, to assess interventions for river water quality improvement within the context of population growth and urbanization. The results show that fast future population growth in upstream has significant impacts. In 2020, an increase of 116 % of the population in Bac Kan town can lead to an increase of 120 and 135 % in BOD₅ and NH₄ ⁺ median concentrations, respectively, with the implementation of a treatment plant for 10,000 people in Bac Kan town. Therefore, the increase of the domestic wastewater treatment plant’s capacity in Bac Kan town, at least twice as the projection of local government, is necessary. These results will help decision makers to select the best interventions for Cau River basin management.     

Water balance and sustainability of eucalyptus plantations in the Kouilou basin (Congo-Brazzaville)

To appreciate the sustainabilty of these plantations of Eucalyptus, it is necessary to make a comparative study of energy, carbon, mineral and water balances of two ecosystems, i.e. the original savannah ecosystem, and the man-made ecosystem the Eucalyptus plantations that have succeeded it. The aim of this work is to study the water balance of the two ecosystems and more particularly their actual evapo-transpiration. Throughfall, net interception during the rainy seasons (1996–99) were 867. mm and 112 mm for the Eucalyptus plantation and 878 mm and 101 mm for the savannah, respectively. The mean total annual actual evapo-transpiration respectively 1127. mm for a plantation and 821 mm for a savannah. During the year transpiration/potential evapotranspiration ratio (T/E _p ) is related to the soil-water depletion: The T/E _p ratio of 0.79 was not reduced from field capacity until 65% of R _FC , and then it decreased quickly to near zero at wilting point. The drainage out of rooting depths of savannah during the rainy season was of 827. mm, a total over 3 years; while the drainage out of rooting depths of Eucalyptus plantation was of 470 mm, a difference in drainage between two ecosystems of 357. mm a total over these three years. The Eucalyptus plantation is manmade ecosystem which takes up and transpires every day throughout the year and uses all available water. The succession of several rain-deficient years will reduce the wood production of the plantation but, knowing that between 1949 and 1998 four successive rain-deficient years have only occured once while the length of rotation is seven years; this dry episode does not compromise the survival of the plantation, although it reduces its wood production. The savannah has a cycle of vegetation such that at the end of the dry season the water remaining in the rooting depths of savannah is sufficient for three successive rain-deficient years to have no impact on its production.     

三峡水库支流神农溪库湾倒灌异重流特征及成因分析

三峡水库蓄水以来，库区干支流水动力变化显著。探明三峡水库支流库湾倒灌异重流的成因对库区水华防控调度十分关键。基于2018年野外观测数据，对神农溪库湾水流速度，水温，浊度等因素进行分析。结果表明：库湾春冬季由于水温变化不大，泥沙含量很低，干支流密度差较小，导致倒灌异重流呈无规律状态；夏秋水温变化较大，泥沙含量大幅升高，水体多以中、底层倒灌形式从干流潜入库湾。库湾在汛期受泥沙含量较高的影响，导致水体密度增大形成异重流，且大部分出现在库湾中底层，其他月份异重流是由水体温差形成的，温差是倒灌异重流的主要成因；汛期6~8月，干支流泥沙含量升高，泥沙含量对水体密度的贡献率增大，最大为75%；其他月份水体密度主要受水温影响，水温对水体密度的贡献程度在各月均超过80%，最大贡献率为95%。     

Studying Trophic Relationships of the Bee Seladonia subaurata (Rossi) (Hymenoptera,Halictidae) by Analyzing Pollen from Nest Cells

Abstract–Pollen of 42 plant species from 17 families has been found in the food stores of Seladonia subaurata nests, with 61–86% of the pollen being accounted for by the Compositae. The foragers are characterized by strict flower preferences: more than 90% of the pollen in each cell belongs to two or three, sometimes four, plant species. At the eusocial stage of the existence of a colony, two or three foragers usually provision each cell. In especially large colonies, foragers are divided into groups and provision several cells during the day.     

Radiological assessment of surface water quality around proposed uranium mining site in India

The gross alpha and gross beta activities were estimated for radiological assessment of surface water quality around the proposed uranium mining site Kylleng Pyndengsohiong Mawthabah (Domiasiat), West Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya situated in a high rainfall area (12,000 mm) in India. 189 Surface water samples were collected over different seasons of the year from nine different locations covering around 100 km². Gross beta activities were found to vary from 144 to 361 mBq/L which is much below the prescribed WHO limit of 1000 mBq/L for drinking water. Gross alpha activities varied from 61 to 127 mBq/L. These values are much below the reported gross alpha values by other countries. In about 7% of the samples the alpha activities remain exceeded the WHO guideline limit of 100 mBq/L. Surface water samples collected during the summer season of the year show higher activity whereas low activity was found from samples collected during monsoon season. Results show that all water sources are acceptable as drinking water for human consumption from the radiological point of view, the higher gross alpha concentrations in a few locations remains so only for short duration during the summer season.     

Reuse of mining wastewater in agricultural activities in Jordan

A pilot study was completed in the Al-Abyad area near phosphate mining activity in Jordan. Six plots of 50 m² each were planted with two types of plant species (Zea mays spp. and Medicago lupulina spp.) and irrigated using three types of water (fresh groundwater, mine wastewater, and hydride water consisting of 50% fresh and 50% mine wastewater) to investigate the suitability of utilizing mine wastewater for food production in the area. Water, soil and plant sampling was completed for each plot over different time intervals and analyzed for heavy metal (Cr⁺⁶, Ni⁺², Zn⁺² and Pb⁺²) in addition to major ionic composition of the water used for irrigation. Crop yield was estimated at the end of the experiment. Plots irrigated with mine wastewater showed slightly higher heavy metals concentrations and soil salinity during the experiment period was higher for plots irrigated with mine wastewater compared to plots irrigated with fresh water, and it was uniform through the upper 45 cm of the soil profile due to the high amount of irrigation water used during the experiment. Crop yield was inversely proportional to salinity as an increase of salinity by 2-folds resulted in reducing yield by almost 50%. However, no risk of heavy metals contamination was found in plants and soil. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Selection of an effective sludge dewatering system for a small wastewater treatment plant

The Jahra Plant was commissioned in 1981 as a secondary treatment plant employing the extended aeration process. The plant has been upgraded since that time by constructing additional tertiary filtration units to improve effluent quality. The plant has a design capacity of 66 000 m³/d. At present, the daily inflow to the plant is about 47 000 m³/d of domestic sewage. The sludge produced at the Jahra Plant can be classified as excess activated sludge which combines the primary and secondary solids. At present, there are 30 drying beds receiving about 100 m³ of sludge dally. Sewage-sludge production represents about 0.5% of the total flow treated at the plant and is increasing yearly with increases in population and water consumption. Present dewatering systems are not adequate to cope with expansion in sewage treatment. Increasing the capacity of the existing plant would require more drying beds that could exacerbate existing odor problems. Some dewatering systems, such as the belt filter press and the centrifuge, have been tested to determine the most effective one under local conditions. Appropriate polymer doses for thickening have been determined. This paper describes present sludge dewatering units and operating techniques which have been developed during the operation of this facility.