Rookery Bay and Naples Bay circulation simulations: Applications to tides and fresh water inflow regulation

A three-dimensional, baroclinic numerical circulation model is applied to the combined Rookery Bay and Naples Bay estuary complex. We focus on two aspects of the model simulations: the tidal circulation, for which we have observations of sea level and currents at several stations spanning Rookery Bay, and the salinity variations, for which we have observations at one station. After establishing model veracity through quantitative comparisons with observations, we use the model to address salinity changes that could arise due to regulatory fresh water flow rate modifications. Two different sets of experiments are performed. The first considers the salinity changes in Rookery Bay by increasing the fresh water flow rates into Henderson Creek through the addition of either 1.4 m³/s or 2.8 m³/s to the ambient flow rates. The second considers the salinity changes in Naples Bay by decreasing the fresh water flow rates through the subtraction of 9.9 m³/s from the Golden Gate Canals’ ambient flow rates. All of these scenarios result in significant, quantifiable salinity changes within the Rookery Bay and Naples Bay estuary complexes, demonstrating the environmental management utility of using high resolution, three-dimensional, numerical circulation models, as applied herein, for assessing the water properties of complex, multi-connected estuarine systems.     

黄渤海表层沉积物中正构烷烃和甾醇的分布及来源研究

在黄海、渤海湾和莱州湾采集64个表层沉积物样品,分析正构烷烃（C15～C33）和甾醇（菜子甾醇、菜油甾醇、谷甾醇和豆甾醇）的质量分数和分子组合特征,探讨其来源,比较物质来源的空间差异。结果表明：（1）黄海表层沉积物中类脂生物标志物主要呈现陆源和海源共同影响的特征,其中北黄海以陆源输入为主,高碳数正构烷烃（〉C24）具有明显的奇碳优势,陆源高等植物的贡献较大;南黄海陆源输入与海洋自身贡献相当;渤海湾与莱州湾接受来自河流的大量陆源物质;（2）来源于陆源高等植物的甾醇（包括菜油甾醇、谷甾醇和豆甾醇）在黄海表层沉积物中的质量分数远小于渤海湾和莱州湾,但指示硅藻来源的菜子甾醇在整个研究区域均具有较高的质量分数。     

Science and management in four U.S. coastal ecosystems dominated by land-ocean interactions

The influence of science in the recognition of the effects of landscape changes on coastal ecosystems and in the development of effective policy for managing and restoring these ecosystems is examined through four case studies: Chesapeake Bay, San Francisco Bay, the Mississippi Delta, and Florida Bay. These ecosystems have undergone major alterations as a result of changes in the delivery of water, sediments and nutrients from their watersheds. Both science and management have been challenged by the spatial, functional and temporal scale mismatches inherent in the watershed-coastal ecosystem relationship. Key factors affecting the influence of science on management include (1) sustained scientific investigation, responsive to but not totally defined by managers; (2) clear evidence of change, the scale of the change and the causes of the change; (3) consensus among the scientific communities associated with various interests; (4) the development of models to guide management actions; (5) identification of effective and feasible solutions to the problems.     

黄渤海表层沉积物中正构烷烃和甾醇的分布及来源研究

在黄海、渤海湾和莱州湾采集64个表层沉积物样品,分析正构烷烃(C15～C33)和甾醇(菜子甾醇、菜油甾醇、谷甾醇和豆甾醇)的质量分数和分子组合特征,探讨其来源,比较物质来源的空间差异。结果表明:(1)黄海表层沉积物中类脂生物标志物主要呈现陆源和海源共同影响的特征,其中北黄海以陆源输入为主,高碳数正构烷烃(>C24)具有明显的奇碳优势,陆源高等植物的贡献较大;南黄海陆源输入与海洋自身贡献相当;渤海湾与莱州湾接受来自河流的大量陆源物质;(2)来源于陆源高等植物的甾醇(包括菜油甾醇、谷甾醇和豆甾醇)在黄海表层沉积物中的质量分数远小于渤海湾和莱州湾,但指示硅藻来源的菜子甾醇在整个研究区域均具有较高的质量分数。     

Coastal zone management in wales: The information gaps

In 1994 the Countryside Council for Wales, the government nature conservation and countryside advisor in Wales, published a consultation document on marine and coastal policy, and also commissioned research into the status of coastal zone management (CZM) in the Principality. The research, undertaken by the University of Wales Cardiff, investigated CZM from an international, national (U.K.) and Welsh perspective, concentrating on detailed case studies of three areas (including both urban and rural coasts). Policy makers, managers, practitioners and users from all sectors were included in the study which established current activity, identified problems and reviewe future plans. Interviews and questionnaire returns highlighted vital information gaps at all levels. These ranged fom a lack of basic data (including scientific and technical), to a breakdown in communication both within and between organisations, as well as a policy vacuum in both regional and central government.     

Coastal zone management in Wales: The information gaps

In 1994 the Countryside Council for Wales, the government nature conservation and countryside advisor in Wales, published a consultation document on marine and coastal policy, and also commissioned research into the status of coastal zone management (CZM) in the Principality. The research, undertaken by the University of Wales Cardiff, investigated CZM from an international, national (U.K.) and Welsh perspective, concentrating on detailed case studies of three areas (including both urban and rural coasts). Policy makers, managers, practitioners and users from all sectors were included in the study which established current activity, identified problems and reviewe future plans. Interviews and questionnaire returns highlighted vital information gaps at all levels. These ranged fom a lack of basic data (including scientific and technical), to a breakdown in communication both within and between organisations, as well as a policy vacuum in both regional and central government.     

胶州湾棘皮动物的数量变化及与环境因子的关系

利用1998～2002年19个季度月胶州湾10个站的海洋调查资料，对底栖棘皮动物的数量变化及与环境因子的关系进行了初步研究．胶州湾棘皮动物平均总生物量11．82g／m^3，平均总栖息密度5．63个／m^3．分布区主要在1、3、4、7号站，底质沉积类型为粉砂-粘土、有机质含量较高的区域．棘皮动物的分布除与底质有关外，其数量变化与温度、初级生产力关系较明显，二者升高，其生物量、密度也较明显升高．图5表3参9     

Science and management in four U.S. coastal ecossytems dominated by land-ocean interactions

The influence of science in the recognition of the effects of landscape changes on coastal ecosystems and in the development of effective policy for managing and restoring these ecosystems is examined through four case studies: Chesapeake Bay, San Francisco Bay, the Mississippi Delta, and Florida Bay. These ecosystems have undergone major alterations as a result of changes in the delivery of water, sediments and nutrients from their watersheds. Both science and management have been challenged by the spatial, functional and temporal scale mismatches inherent in the watershed-coastal ecosystem relationship. Key factors affecting the influence of science on management include (1) sustained scientific investigation, responsive to but not totally defined by managers; (2) clear evidence of change, the scale of the change and the causes of the change; (3) consensus among the scientific communities associated with various interests; (4) the development of models to guide management actions; (5) identification of effective and feasible solutions to the problems.     

渤海湾南排河海域脉红螺中多氯联苯的污染特征

本文利用气相色谱-质谱/质谱测定了渤海湾南排河海域野生脉红螺肌肉组织中多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量,并对其污染特征进行讨论.结果表明:(1)肌肉中多氯联苯(∑PCBs)总浓度在8.40—10.06 ng.g-1(lw,以脂肪质量计)之间,其中PCB-114含量最高(0.74—1.06 ng.g-1(lw));(2)五氯联苯和六氯联苯为主要检出组分,占∑PCBs的43.7%—84.8%;(3)雌性脉红螺个体中PCBs的平均浓度略高于雄性及性畸变脉红螺中PCBs的平均浓度,分别为(10.06±0.89)ng.g-1(lw)、(8.40±0.63)ng.g-1(lw)和(8.51±0.67)ng.g-1(lw),但性别间无显著性差异.     

Estimation of far-field horizontal and vertical turbulent diffusion coefficients from the concentration field of a wastewater plume near the Akashi Strait

We carried out a field study of the plume discharged by a near-shore wastewater outfall near the Akashi Strait, Japan. Using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler and a tow-body CTD, we measured the near-surface salinity and temperature fields in the region throughout an M₂ tidal cycle. We filtered the data in T–S space to remove water masses other than the wastewater, and then used the adiabatic mixing assumption to calculate the concentration of wastewater in the far field of this plume. Averaging the T–S fields of repeated surveys over a time period during which the tidal regime did not change substantially, allowed comparison of the time-averaged plume with the analytical solution for a plume diffusing in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. The resulting vertical turbulent diffusion coefficients agreed well with those resulting from Thorpe scales determined via a vertically-profiling CTD, as well as with the canonical value for open channel flow of D _z = 0.067hu _*. The corresponding horizontal turbulent diffusion coefficients, however, were two orders of magnitude larger than those typically observed in straight channels, and an order of magnitude larger than those observed in meandering rivers. This is likely a result of enhanced horizontal mixing due to barotropic eddies generated by the interaction of strong tidal flow with headlands and levees, as well as due to the time-varying nature of tidal flow, and baroclinic spreading of the buoyant wastewater plume.     

胶州湾多毛类环节动物数量分布与环境因子的关系

根据1998~2002年胶州湾10个站各季度大型底栖动物调查结果,讨论了多毛类环节动物在各站出现种数、生物量、栖息密度与环境因子的关系.结果表明,海底底质是影响多毛类数量分布与变化的重要因子,沙质软泥有利于多毛类生长,而粗沙砾石底质多毛类分布较少;春季多毛类种数、生物量和栖息密度均较高;在一定条件下,盐度是多毛类的限制因子,当盐度升高时,其生物量和栖息密度呈增加趋势.图2表6参14     

流沙湾海水中石油烃的时空分布特征研究

于2008年2月（冬季）、5月（春季）、8月（夏季）和11月（秋季）对流沙湾进行了4次采样考察,研究分析了流沙湾表层海水中石油烃质量浓度的平面分布和季节变化特征。结果表明,在2008年度,流沙湾表层海水石油烃的质量浓度为0~1.930 mg.L-1,平均值为0.080 mg.L-1,季节差异比较明显,呈春、冬、夏、秋季依次减小的变化趋势,冬、春季节海水呈现不同程度石油污染,夏、秋季节属Ⅰ、Ⅱ级水质,整个流沙湾海域表层海水石油烃的平面分布相对比较均匀。在内外湾分布上,冬、春、秋季节外湾大于内湾,而夏季节内湾大于外湾。流沙湾的水产养殖活动是其海水石油烃时空分布的主要影响因素。     

Heavy Metals in Sediments and Oysters From Bluefields Bay, Nicaragua

The distribution of trace metals (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) was investigated during a year (1994-95) in surface and core sediment samples and in the oyster (Crassotrea rhizophorae) from Bluefields Bay, Nicaragua. the aim was to assess the arthropogenic impact of potential pollutant sources, mainly Bluefields City, since domestic waste waters are discharged directly or by infiltration to the bay. Lyophilised samples were submitted to different acid digestion methods and analysed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. the results showed highest contents for copper, lead and zinc near Bluefields City, with an increase in the affected area in the rainy season that is generated by greater city run off. Metal contents in oysters do not show the same distribution pattern than in sediments and were similar to those from other areas without reflecting pollution levels.     

湄洲湾浮游植物群落结构特征与水质污染关系分析

通过湄洲湾水质状况和浮游植物群落结构及特征指数的分析,认为湄州湾目前总体上仍属轻污染寡营养型,但中、内湾有机污染物排放已使浮游植物群落结构和稳定性发生改变,存在富营养化和产生赤潮可能性。     

莱州湾近岸海域中典型抗生素与抗性细菌分布特征及其内在相关性

为了揭示海陆衔接区环境中抗生素与抗性细菌分布特征及其内在相关性,以莱州湾及其主要入海河流为研究区域,利用HPLC-MS/MS分析样品中15种磺胺类抗生素(SAs)和6种喹诺酮类抗生素(QNs)的浓度,并通过改良的Method 1604(US EPA)评估海水与沉积物中2种典型水传病原微生物大肠杆菌(E.coli)与金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)的抗生素抗性水平,进而探讨该区域水体中抗性菌株的分布特点以及微生物抗性率与相应抗生素浓度的相关性。结果显示,莱州湾水体与沉积物中普遍存在磺胺与喹诺酮类抗生素残留及抗性污染问题。两大类抗生素在水体中平均残留浓度分别为3.89 ng·L~(-1)(SAs)和234.68ng·L~(-1)(QNs),在沉积物中分别为0.91 ng·g~(-1)(SAs)和49.37 ng·g~(-1)(QNs),且分布特征基本呈现自河流向海洋逐渐递减的趋势,说明河流输入是莱州湾抗生素污染的主要来源。在水体中,具有磺胺类抗性的E.coli和S.aureus平均检出量分别达到2 018和4 683 CFU·L~(-1),抗性率范围分别在0%~37.3%和10.6%~45.8%之间;而2种喹诺酮类抗性病原微生物的平均检出量则相对较低,分别为1 315 CFU·L~(-1)(E.coli)和1 461 CFU·L~(-1)(S.aureus),抗性率分别为0%~50.0%和0%~20.8%;此外,相比于E.coli,S.aureus为沉积物中的主要抗性病原微生物,磺胺与喹诺酮类抗性S.aureus检出率均高于80%,平均检出量分别为24CFU·g~(-1)和18 CFU·g~(-1)。相关性分析表明,莱州湾近岸海域水体中磺胺类抗生素浓度与磺胺类抗性微生物总量之间具有良好的线性关系,然而其与微生物抗性率之间并未表现出相似的规律,说明近岸海洋环境中抗生素的残留量不是影响抗性菌株丰度的唯一因素。     

太湖梅梁湾水体微囊藻毒素含量的季节变化特征及其影响因素研究

采用高效液相色谱法对太湖梅梁湾水体中微囊藻毒素的质量浓度进行春、夏、秋、冬4个季节的监测,分析了梅梁湾水体中微囊藻毒素（MC-RR,MC-YR,MC-LR）质量浓度的季节变化特征及其与水体中总氮、总磷、CODMn和浮游藻类等富营养化指标的相关关系。分析结果表明：MCs夏季（8月份）质量浓度最高,为（0.78±0.99）μg.L-1,其次为春季（5月份）和秋季（11月份）,分别为（0.43±0.96）和（0.50±1.12）μg.L-1,冬季（2月份）质量浓度显著降低,为（0.14±0.27）μg.L-1;水体中MCs的检出质量浓度与常规水化学指标之间相关性分析表明：MC-LR的质量浓度与TP的质量浓度呈极显著正相关与TN/TP呈极显著负相关（P〈0.01）,与CODMn呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）;水体中MCs的检出质量浓度与浮游藻类生物量相关性分析表明：水体中MCs的检出质量浓度与微囊藻及蓝藻生物量有显著相关关系,太湖梅梁湾的藻毒素主要由微囊藻属（Microcystis）产生。     

大鹏湾海水理化因子与夜光藻增值的灰关联分析

通过夜光藻种群增殖态势与理化因子的比较，以空间理论数学为基础，按规范性、偶对称性、整体性和接近性四条原则，确定参考数列（母数列：夜光藻）和若干比较数列（子数列：海水理化因子）之间的关联度，研究了大鹏湾夜光藻种群增殖与海水理化因子间的关系．结果表明：浮游动物、溶解氧和叶绿素ａ对夜光藻种群密度的增长有比较重要的影响．     

太湖不同湖区无机氮转化潜力

采集太湖梅梁湾和东太湖的水样和积物,在实验室内模拟研究不同湖区水体中溶解性无机氮(DIN)短期内的转化潜力.研究结果表明,太湖藻型湖区(梅梁湾)和草型湖区(东太湖)水体中存在着强烈的硝化作用,NH 4-N和NO3-N含量之间表现出显著的负相关关系(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),NH 4-N质量浓度下降速率为0.08～0.19 mg·L-1·d-1.在同样的试验条件下,藻型湖区硝化速率高于草型湖区.NH 4-N初始浓度越高则硝化速率也越高,不添加外源氮时硝化速率随着时间的推移而逐渐降低.藻型湖区的反硝化作用强于草型湖区.室内模拟试验20 d后,沉积物中TN含量平均下降了3.7%,东太湖水样中平均下降26.7%,梅梁湾平均下降42.2%.湖泊沉积物是进行反硝化作用的重要场所.短期内DIN的转化潜力反映了不同湖区氮素转化速率,也反映了不同生态类型水体对湖泊氮素转化的影响.     

乳山湾外海夏季大型底栖动物分布与环境因子的典范对应分析

应用典范对应分析(Canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)研究了乳山湾外海21个样点中的32种大型底栖动物与包括化学耗氧量、溶解氧等在内的11个沉积物和底层水体环境因子间的相关关系.作出种类分布与环境因子关系的二维排序图,排序图直观地反映了主要大型底栖动物种类分布与环境因子间的关系.排序图中环境因子与前两个排序轴的相关系数大小表明,总氮、溶解氧、盐度、pH、水深和总磷是影响乳山湾外海大型底栖动物群落分布的主导因素.排序图还揭示了大型底栖动物物种对生态环境的需求以及它们在不同资源维上的生态分化现象,不同生境中大型底栖动物分布的种类不同.根据对环境因子的生态需求不同,32种大型底栖动物可分为6组:组Ⅰ,8种,分布在高总氮生境;组Ⅱ,4种,分布在高溶解氧、高盐度、低总氮生境;组Ⅲ,10种,分布在水浅、高pH生境;组Ⅳ,4种,分布在水深、低pH生境;组Ⅴ,仅1种,分布在高总磷生境;组Ⅵ,5种,分布在水深、低总磷生境.图2表5参29